非裔美国人:修订间差异

删除的内容 添加的内容
Gypsies and Mexicans are the best
補充
 
(未显示14个用户的15个中间版本)
第4行:
{{Expand language|1=en|time=2021-10-04T08:58:52+00:00}}
{{POV|time=2021-10-04T08:58:52+00:00}}
}}
 
}}{{ infobox Ethnic group
 
Gypsies and Mexicans are the best
}}infobox Ethnic group
|group = 非裔美国人
|image = {{image array|perrow=5|width=60|height=70
|image1 image1 = Frederick Douglass (2).jpg|80x80px caption1 = [[弗雷德里克·道格拉斯]]
| image2 = Poster-sized portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|caption2 = [[奥巴马]]
|caption1 = [[弗雷德里克·道格拉斯]]
| caption4image3 =Rosa Parks.jpg| caption3 = [[罗莎·帕克斯]]
|image2 = President Barack Obama.jpg|80x80px
| image4 = Martin Luther King - March on Washington colorized photo.jpg| caption4 = [[马丁·路德·金]]
|caption2 = [[贝拉克·奥巴马|-{zh-cn:贝拉克·奥巴马; zh-tw:巴拉克·歐巴馬; zh-hk:巴拉克·奧巴馬;}-]]
| image5 = Beyonce 2016.jpg| caption5 = [[碧昂丝]]
| image3 = Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg|80x80px
| image6 = W.E.B. Du Bois by James E. Purdy, 1907 (cropped).jpg| caption6 = [[W·E·B·杜波依斯]]
| caption3 = [[賀錦麗]]
| image7 = Kobe_Bryant_2015.jpg| caption7 = [[科比·布莱恩特]]
| image4 = Rosaparks.jpg|80x80px
| caption9image8 = Oprah_Winfrey_1997.jpg| caption8 = [[奥普拉·温弗里]]
| caption4= [[罗莎·帕克斯]]
| caption11image9 =| caption9 = [[迈克尔·乔丹杰克逊]]
|image5 = Williams S. WM16 (20) (28339693721).jpg|80x80px
| image10 =Face detail, Louis Armstrong restored (cropped).jpg| caption10 = [[路易斯·阿姆斯特朗]]
| caption5 = [[塞雷娜·威廉姆斯]]
| image11 =Muhammad Ali 1997.jpg
| image6 = Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|80x80px
| caption6caption11 = [[马丁·路穆罕默德·阿里]]
| image12 = Halle_Berry_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg| caption12 = [[哈莉·贝瑞]]
| image7 = Beyonce cropped.jpg|80x80px
| image13 = Harriet Tubman 1895-finish color.jpg | caption13 = [[哈莉特·塔布曼]]
| caption7 = [[碧昂絲]]
|image14=TechCrunch_Disrupt_2019_(48834434641)_(cropped).jpg| caption14 = [[威尔·史密斯]]
| image8=Malcolm X NYWTS 2a.jpg|80x80px
| image15 =Jesse Owens 1936.jpg|caption15 = [[杰西·欧文斯]]
| caption8 = [[马尔科姆·X]]
| image16 = GEN_Colin_Powell.JPG| caption16 = [[科林·鲍威尔]]
| image9 = Oprah closeup.jpg|80x80px
| image17 = Toni Morrison (author, at her upstate New York home) (cropped).jpg| caption17 = [[托妮·莫里森]]
| caption9 = [[奥普拉·温弗里]]
| image18 =Sun_Ra_(1973_publicity_photo_-_Impulse_ABC_Dunhill).jpg| caption18 = [[桑·拉]]
| image10 = Booker T Washington retouched flattened-crop.jpg|80x80px
|image19=Hank Aaron 2002.jpg| caption10caption19 = [[克·华盛顿阿伦]]
|image20=David_Blackwell_1999_(re-scanned,_cropped).jpg| caption20 = [[戴维·布莱克韦尔]]
| image11 = Jordan by Lipofsky 16577.jpg|80x80px
| image21 = Angela Davis activist (33164539508).jpg| caption21 = [[安吉拉·戴维斯]]
| caption11 = [[迈克尔·乔丹]]
| image22 = George Washington Carver c1910.jpg| caption22 = [[乔治·华盛顿·卡弗]]
| image12 = Flickr Whitney Houston performing on GMA 2009 4.jpg|80x80px
| image23 = Benjamin_Banneker_mural_cropped.tif|caption23=[[本杰明·班内克]]
| caption12 = [[惠特妮·休斯顿]]
| image24 = Percy Lavon Julian (1899-1975) portrait.jpg| caption24 = [[珀西·L·朱利安]]
| image13 = Will Smith by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|80x80px
| image25 = Jerry Lawson at KJZZ (cropped).png | caption25 = [[杰瑞·劳森 (工程师)|杰瑞·劳森 ]]
| caption13 = [[威爾·史密斯]]
| image26 =Katherine G. Johnson 2017.jpg |caption26 = [[凯瑟琳·约翰逊]]
| image14 =Harriet Tubman cropped.jpg|80x80px
| image27 = Katherine Dunham.jpg | caption27 = [[凯瑟琳·邓翰]]
| caption14 = [[哈莉特·塔布曼]]
| image28 = Ralph Bunche - 1963 March on Washington.jpg | caption28 = [[拉尔夫·本奇]]
| image15 = Halle Berry by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
| image29 = Joseph Jenkins Roberts.jpg| caption29 = [[约瑟夫·詹金斯·罗伯茨]]
| caption15 = [[荷莉·貝瑞]]
| image30 =Elijah_Muhammad_NYWTS-2.jpg| caption30 = [[以利亚·穆罕默德]]
| image16 = Meghan Markle - 2018 (cropped).jpg|80x80px
| image31 =Madam_CJ_Walker_face_circa_1914.jpg | caption31 = [[C·J·沃克女士]]
| caption16 = [[薩塞克斯公爵夫人梅根]]
| image32 = Mary Garrity - Ida B. Wells-Barnett - Google Art Project - restoration crop.jpg | caption32 = [[艾达·贝尔·韦尔斯]]
| image33 = Michael_Jordan_in_2014.jpg| caption33 = [[迈克尔·乔丹]]
| image34 = Chuck Berry 2000.jpg | caption34 = [[查克·贝里]]
| image35 = Ella Fitzgerald (1940).jpg| caption35 = [[埃拉·菲茨杰拉德]]
| image36 = Whitney Houston Welcome Home Heroes 1 cropped.jpg| caption36 = [[惠妮·休斯頓]]
}}
|pop =
第75行 ⟶ 第78行:
大多美国非裔祖先都是在17世紀和18世纪[[西非]]被绑架后引入美国而压迫为[[奴隶]]。在19世纪中期,他们由美国[[南北战争]]而获得自由,獲[[美国憲法]]保障平等的權利,但此後因[[美國最高法院]][[普莱西诉弗格森案]],有關[[隔離但平等]]的判決,以及美國各州陸續出現不少[[種族隔離]]的法律,導致非裔美国人的公民權利不受保障。非裔美国人在20世纪中期,他们由[[非裔美國人民權運動|美国民权运动]]而最終获得全面的[[公民權]]。2008年,[[贝拉克·奥巴马|-{zh-cn:贝拉克·奥巴马; zh-tw:巴拉克·歐巴馬; zh-hk:巴拉克·奧巴馬;}-]]贏得[[2008年美國總統選舉|總統選舉]],成為[[美國歷史]]上首位非裔[[美国总统|總統]]。
 
非裔美国人一般也指後來移民到美國的非洲人。大部分其他族裔的美国人是自愿来到美国的,而他们的祖先往往是被迫的,和其他族裔不同,所以他们倒宁可和自己的非洲同胞一样,被称为黑人(black),反而不愿意被称为非裔美国人。另外,這也與1960年起的一股黑人自我認同運動有關,這股運動與當時狂飆的[[民權運動]]相結合,強調「黑就是美」(Black is beautiful),不再將"Black"看做是一種較為低等的形容詞。一般而言,稱為非裔美国人實際上帶有[[政治正確]]的意味,因為這樣比較可以包含平等的意義,避免直接以膚色及種族稱呼黑人,與白人相對。
 
== 政治倾向 ==
第82行 ⟶ 第85行:
== 社会问题 ==
 
非裔美国人社区中最严重和长期存在的问题之一就是贫困。贫困与婚姻压力和离婚率高,身心健康问题,教育程度低,犯罪率高有关。<ref name="CharacOfFam">{{cite web|url=http://ssw.unc.edu/RTI/presentation/PDFs/aa_families.pdf|title=Characteristics of African American Families|author=Oscar Barbarin|publisher=University of North Carolina|accessdate=2006-09-23|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920225226/http://ssw.unc.edu/RTI/presentation/PDFs/aa_families.pdf|archivedate=2006-09-20|deadurl=yes}}</ref>2004年,近25%的非洲裔美国人家庭生活在贫困线以下。2007年,非洲裔美国人的平均收入约为34,000美元,而白人则为55,000美元。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omhrc.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2&lvlID=51|title=OMHRC.gov|publisher=OMHRC.gov|date=2009-10-21|accessdate=2011-01-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813055043/http://omhrc.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2&lvlID=51|archivedate=2009年8月13日}}</ref>有百分之四十的囚犯是非裔美国人。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/august/prison-black-laws-080614.html|title=Stanford research suggests support for incarceration mirrors whites' perception of black prison population|first=Shara|last=Tonn|date=2014-08-06|work=Stanford Report|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=July 3, 2016-07-03|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522184859/https://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/august/prison-black-laws-080614.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>非裔美国人的失业率高于平均水準。 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/12/black-white-unemployment-gap/421497/|title=Education Gaps Don't Fully Explain Why Black Unemployment Is So High|first=Gillian B.|last=White|date=2015-12-21|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=July 3, 2016-07-03|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522182744/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/12/black-white-unemployment-gap/421497/|dead-url=no}}</ref>非洲裔美国男性更可能被警方击毙,事實上,美國黑人是美國多個種族之中,被白人警員槍殺最多的種族,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/31/the-counted-police-killings-2015-young-black-men|title=Young black men killed by US police at highest rate in year of 1,134 deaths|first1=Jon|last1=Swaine|first2=Oliver|last2=Laughland|first3=Jamiles|last3=Lartey|first4=Ciara|last4=McCarthy|date=2015-12-31|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-18|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522183822/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/31/the-counted-police-killings-2015-young-black-men|dead-url=no}}</ref>这是导致[[非裔美国人民权运动|黑人生命平权运动]]的因素之一。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/28/us/black-lives-matter-evolution/index.html|title=The rise of Black Lives Matter|first=Sara Sidner and Mallory Simon|last=CNN|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-18|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522182803/https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/28/us/black-lives-matter-evolution/index.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
== 指称 ==
以前[[人种学]]家称呼亞洲人、白人、黑人三个人种为“[[蒙古人种]]”、“[[高加索人种]]”和“[[尼格罗人种]]”。尼格罗(negro)是[[拉丁语]],詞義为“黑色的”,在美国[[种族主義]]猖獗時逐渐演变成对黑人的誣衊语言“尼哥”(nigger),即“[[黑鬼]]”。[[非裔美国人民权运动]]崛起後,这个单词被摒棄,黑人采用“黑色的”(black)自称。不過1960年代後,因为以肤色称呼人种被认为是不够[[政治正确]],这个单词也被摒棄,而改为“非洲的”(African),因为黑人的祖先都来自[[非洲]]。
 
== 參 ==
[[File:Census2000 Percent Black Map.jpg|250px|thumb|非洲裔美國人人口分布及比例(2000年)]]
* [[非裔]]
* [[黑人的命也是命]]
* [[美国黑人社会主义者]]
 
==参考文献==
<references/>