厄尔·沃伦：修订间差异

|1T=zh-hans:厄尔·沃伦; zh-hanttw:厄爾·華倫;zh-hk:厄爾·禾倫;

|name = 厄尔·沃伦<br/>Earl Warren

|office = {{flagicon|US}} 第14任[[美国首席大法官]]

|successor = [[沃倫伦·厄尔·伯格|沃伦·E·伯格]]

|birthplace = {{USA}}[[加利福尼亞州]][[洛杉磯]]

|party = [[共和黨 (美國)|共和黨]]{{GOP}}

'''厄尔·沃伦'''（{{lang-en|Earl Warren}}，{{bd|1891年|3月19日|1974年|7月9日|}}），[[美国]]著名政治家、[[法学]]家，第14任[[美国首席大法官]]（1953年-1969年）、第30任美国[[加利福尼亚州州长]]（1943年-1953年）。<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Earl Warren, 1953-1969|url=https://supremecourthistory.org/timeline_warren.html|accessdate=2019-08-23|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Supreme Court Historical Society|language=en|dead-url=noyes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202734/http://supremecourthistory.org/timeline_warren.html|archive-date=2018-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Governors of California - Earl Warren|url=https://governors.library.ca.gov/30-Warren.html|accessdate=2019-08-23|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=State of California|language=|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718014734/https://governors.library.ca.gov/30-Warren.html|archive-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> 他也是曾担任[[沃伦委员会]]的主席，负责调查1963年[[肯尼迪遇刺案|肯尼迪总统遇刺案]]。<ref name=":0" /> 截止2019年至目前，沃伦倫是最后一位曾在政府内担任过要职的美国首席大法官，他被广泛视为美国历史上最具影响力的首席大法官和政治领袖之一，其主政下的[[美国最高法院]]（[[沃伦法院]]）掀起主导了美国历近代史上一场划时代的[[自由主义]]“[[宪政]]革命（Constitutional Revolution），彰显出对[[自由]]、[[民主]]、[[平等原則|平等]]、[[人权]]的深刻信仰”。<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":92">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/09/15/how-americas-supreme-court-became-so-politicised|title=How America’s Supreme Court became so politicised|date=2018-09-15|work=''The Economist''|access-date=2019-10-04|issn=0013-0613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813011908/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/09/15/how-americas-supreme-court-became-so-politicised|archive-date=2019-08-13|dead-url=no|author=|publisher=|accessdate=|language=en|format=}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Earl Warren|url=https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1370/earl-warren|accessdate=2019-09-22|author=William D. Pederson|date=|last=|first=|format=|work=|publisher=Middle Tennessee State University|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706160255/https://mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1370/earl-warren|archive-date=2019-07-06}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|title=The Warren Court And The Pursuit Of Justice|author=Morton J. Horwitz|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1814&context=wlulr|last=|first=|date=Winter 1993|journal=''Washington and Lee Law Review''|issue=|doi=|others=|year=|volume=50|page=|pages=|pmid=|via=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103327/http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1814&context=wlulr|archive-date=2015-09-25|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Earl Warren|url=https://www.californiamuseum.org/inductee/earl-warren|language=en|dead-url=no|website=California Museum|access-date=2019-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601091254/http://www.californiamuseum.org/inductee/earl-warren|archive-date=2019-06-01}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=厄尔·沃伦：让法之正义普照天下|url=http://rmfyb.chinacourt.org/paper/html/2010-02/05/content_3812.htm?div=-1|accessdate=2019-09-25|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=《人民法院报》|language=zh|archive-date=2021-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517071138/http://rmfyb.chinacourt.org/paper/html/2010-02/05/content_3812.htm?div=-1}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=沃伦法院在民权运动中的行动|url=http://bjgy.chinacourt.gov.cn/article/detail/2012/09/id/887562.shtml|accessdate=2019-09-30|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=北京法院网|language=zh|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930230235/http://bjgy.chinacourt.gov.cn/article/detail/2012/09/id/887562.shtml|archive-date=2019-09-30}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|title=宪政改革者：厄尔·沃伦大法官|url=http://news.163.com/10/0420/08/64MT02PN00014AEE.html|accessdate=2019-10-01|author=|date=2010-04-20|last=|format=|work=|publisher=网易|language=zh|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001014318/http://news.163.com/10/0420/08/64MT02PN00014AEE.html|archive-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>

沃伦出生于美国[[洛杉矶]]，在[[加州]]的[[贝克斯菲尔德 (加利福尼亚州)|贝克斯菲尔德]]长大，毕业于[[伯克利加州大学]]，先后获得本科学位（1912年）及[[法律博士]]学位（1914年）。<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> 1920-1943年间，他先后担任[[旧金山湾区]][[奥克兰 (加利福尼亚州)|奥克兰市]]副检察官、[[阿拉米達郡|阿拉米达县]]地方检察官、[[加州检察总长]]等职务，是加州[[共和黨 (美國)|共和黨]]的领导人之一。1943年他就职第30任[[加州州长]]，并于1946年及1951年连续两次成功连任，是历史上唯一一位连任三届的加州州长。<ref name=":1" /> 在沃伦担任州长期间，加州的经济迅速发展，以[[加州大学]]为首的[[加利福尼亚州大学列表|公立大学体系]]日趋完善，州内的[[种族隔离]]逐渐瓦解，而沃伦也参加了1945年的[[联合国国际组织会议]]、见证了《[[联合国宪章]]》在加州[[旧金山]]的签署。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (April 25, 1945 – June 26, 1945)|url=http://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/uncio.pdf|accessdate=|author=|date=|last=|first=|format=|publisher=|language=en|website=Library of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811051614/https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/uncio.pdf|archive-date=2020-08-11|access-date=|dead-url=no}}</ref>

在[[1948年美国总统选举]]中，沃伦作为[[托马斯·杜威]]的竞选搭档、参选[[美国副总统]]，但杜威最终败给了[[民主党 (美国)|民主党]]参选人[[哈里·杜鲁门]]；在[[1952年美国总统选举]]中，沃伦寻求[[共和黨 (美國)|共和黨]]的提名参选，但共和党最终却提名了[[德怀特·艾森豪威尔]]。<ref name=":20" /> 1953年，美国第34任当选总统艾森豪威尔任命厄尔·沃伦作为第14任[[美国最高法院]]首席大法官。<ref name=":1" /> 在担任首席大法官期间，沃伦领导的最高法院成为了美国[[自由主义]]、[[进步主义]]的堡垒，作出了确立美国“[[一人一票]]”民主[[普选]]制、禁止[[种族隔离]]、推广[[美国权利法案|权利法案]]、[[政教分离]]、[[逮捕]]程序改革（[[米兰达警告]]）、抗击[[麦卡锡主义]]、保障[[言论自由]]、保障婚姻自由等众多里程碑式的判决，他还协助废除了美国的种族隔离法——[[吉姆·克劳法]]。<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Tragedy of William O. Douglas|author=David J. Garrow|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/tragedy-william-o-douglas/|last=|first=|date=2003-03-27|journal=''The Nation''|issue=|doi=|others=|year=|volume=|page=|language=en-US|issn=0027-8378|pmid=|access-date=2019-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924175752/https://www.thenation.com/article/tragedy-william-o-douglas/|archive-date=2019-09-24|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=UI Press {{!}} Robert M. Lichtman {{!}} The Supreme Court and McCarthy-Era Repression: One Hundred Decisions|url=https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/43mam8fk9780252037009.html|accessdate=2019-09-09|author=Robert M. Lichtman|date=|last=|first=|format=|work=|publisher=University of Illinois Press|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512060527/https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/43mam8fk9780252037009.html|archive-date=2019-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The struggle for civil rights|url=https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/age-of-eisenhower/struggle-civil-rights|accessdate=2019-09-30|author=|date=2018-01-05|format=|work=|publisher=Miller Center|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930073038/https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/age-of-eisenhower/struggle-civil-rights|archive-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>

1969年6月，厄尔·沃伦从最高法院正式退休，由[[联邦上诉法院]]的保守派法官[[沃伦·厄尔·伯格]]（{{le|伯格法院|Burger Court}}）继任首席大法官。<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Warren E. Burger, 1969-1986|url=https://supremecourthistory.org/timeline_burger.html|accessdate=2019-09-30|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Supreme Court Historical Society|language=en|dead-url=noyes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926210844/https://supremecourthistory.org/timeline_burger.html|archive-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> 尽管{{le|[[沃伦法院|Warren Court}}]]所作的部分判决受到了许多[[保守派]]人士的批评，但却获得了[[自由派|民主自由派]]人士的广泛支持和称赞，而且这些裁决几乎没有被沃伦法院的继任者们所推翻。2006年12月，美国知名杂志《[[大西洋月刊]]》将沃伦评为“美国历史上最具影响力的100位人物（The 100 Most Influential Figures in American History）”第29名，也是美国历史上第二有影响力的首席大法官、仅次于[[约翰·马歇尔]]。<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=The 100 Most Influential Figures in American History|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/12/the-100-most-influential-figures-in-american-history/305384/|accessdate=2019-08-23|author=|date=2006-12-01|format=|work=''The Atlantic''|publisher=|language=en-US|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823040900/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/12/the-100-most-influential-figures-in-american-history/305384/|archive-date=2019-08-23}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=They Made America|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/12/they-made-america/305385/|accessdate=2019-08-23|author=Ross Douthat|date=2006-12-01|last=|first=|format=|work=|publisher=''The Atlantic''|language=en-US|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823040900/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/12/they-made-america/305385/|archive-date=2019-08-23}}</ref>

[[第一次世界大战]]爆发后，美国于1917年4月正式参战，沃伦最初志愿申请加入一个美军军官训练营（officer training camp），但因为患了[[痔疮]]而被拒绝。<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" />当他通过手术移除痔疮、身体完全恢复后，训练营已经结束，沃伦只能于1917年8月以[[二等兵]]（private）的身份加入[[美国陆军]]。<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":23">{{Cite web|title=Earl Warren|url=https://constitutionallawreporter.com/chief-supreme-court-justices/earl-warren/|accessdate=2019-10-06|work=Constitutional Law Reporter|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006200131/https://constitutionallawreporter.com/chief-supreme-court-justices/earl-warren/|archive-date=2019-10-06|dead-url=no}}</ref>1918年5月，他晋升到[[少尉]]（second lieutenant）军衔，之后他一路晋升到[[中尉]]（first lieutenant）军衔。<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":23" />一战结束后，沃伦回到加州[[奥克兰 (加利福尼亚州)|奥克兰]]，但依然保持{{le|美国陆军预备役人员|United States Army Reserve}}的身份直至1934年，那年他最终晋升到[[上尉]]（captain）军衔。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=32–33}}

1918年底，沃伦回到[[奥克兰 (加利福尼亚州)|奥克兰]]，成为了[[加州众议院]]新当选议员莱昂·E·格雷（Leon E. Gray）的助理，他们之前在奥克兰私人律师所工作的时候就认识。<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Chapter 3: The Deputy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oS_DhU7zfkC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=Earl+Warren+Leon+E.+Gray+1918&source=bl&ots=uwLi9EIrs1&sig=ACfU3U2wLe-p4UiKK1ReezRHdJ9AOknuLw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCzsjstojlAhUKZKwKHV6AD28Q6AEwE3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Earl%20Warren%20Leon%20E.%20Gray%201918&f=false|publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=1997|isbn=9780684808529|language=en|first=Ed|last=Cray|title=''Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren''|year=|location=|pages=35-36|access-date=2019-10-06|archive-date=2021-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910082330/https://books.google.com/books?id=2oS_DhU7zfkC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=Earl+Warren+Leon+E.+Gray+1918&source=bl&ots=uwLi9EIrs1&sig=ACfU3U2wLe-p4UiKK1ReezRHdJ9AOknuLw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCzsjstojlAhUKZKwKHV6AD28Q6AEwE3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Earl%20Warren%20Leon%20E.%20Gray%201918&f=false}}</ref>1919年，他当选奥克兰的副检察官（Deputy City Attorney）。<ref name=":14" />

在担任阿拉米达县地方检察官期间，沃伦曾于1926年、1930年、1934年三度连任，被称为“罪犯的剋星（crime fighter）”。<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Community Outreach: Earl Warren Fellowship|url=https://www.alcoda.org/community_outreach/earl_warren_fellowship|accessdate=2019-10-06|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Alameda County District Attorney's Office|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001021140/https://www.alcoda.org/community_outreach/earl_warren_fellowship|archive-date=2019-10-01|dead-url=no}}</ref>沃伦在1926年竞选期间拒绝接受政治赞助，他的竞选活动几乎完全依靠自费。<ref name=":3" />相比于竞选对手，沃伦很明显在财政上处于劣势，但他最终的得票依然以大比例获胜。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=44, 50–53}} 而到了1930年，他的连任几乎毫无悬念，其他的候选人并未对其造成实质性的挑战。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|p=57}}

在当选检察总长后，沃伦进行了大刀阔斧的改革，他将州内的{{le|执法部门|Law enforcement}}以不同片区进行划分，并大力在全州范围内对犯罪展开预防。他在任內嚴正執法，當時被譽為最有效率的[[州检察长|檢察总長]]。他最主要的政绩之一就是打击从[[南加州]]出海的各种赌博船只， 还延续了前任检察总长的许多政策，包括[[优生学]]法的[[绝育]]措施等等。<ref>{{cite web|title=Redeeming Whiteness in the Shadow of Internment: Earl Warren, Brown, and a Theory of Racial Redemption|url=http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1183&context=twlj|accessdate=|author=|date=1998|last=Cho|first=Sumi K.|format=|publisher=''Boston College Third World Law Journal''|language=en|dead-url=no|access-date=2019-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305020707/http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1183&context=twlj|archive-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>{{sfn|White|1982|pp=44–67}} 在担任加州检察总长期间，沃伦曾经任命[[伯克利加州大学]]的法学教授[[罗杰·托雷诺]]作为他的一个副检察长（Deputy Attorney General），而托雷诺之后成为了第23任[[加州最高法院|加州首席大法官]]、也是美国最具影响力的法官及法学家之一。<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Roger J. Traynor, Political Science; Law; Jurisprudence: Berkeley and Hastings|url=http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4d5nb20m&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00167&toc.depth=1&toc.id=|accessdate=|author=|date=|format=|publisher=University of California|language=en|website=texts.cdlib.org|access-date=2019-10-03|archive-date=2022-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421195008/http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4d5nb20m&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00167&toc.depth=1&toc.id=}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|title=Roger Traynor: Teacher, Jurist, and Friend|author=James R. McCall|url=https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1541&context=faculty_scholarship|last=|first=|date=1984|journal=''Hastings Law Journal''|issue=|doi=|others=|year=|volume=|page=|pages=|pmid=|via=|access-date=2022-06-09|archive-date=2021-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910083925/https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fsummer-heart-0930.chufeiyun1688.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1541&context=faculty_scholarship}}</ref><ref name=":110">{{cite web |first=Les |last=Ledbetter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/17/obituaries/roger-j-traynor-california-justice.html |title=Roger J. Traynor, California Justice |work=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=1983-05-17 |page=B6 |access-date=2017-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225818/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/17/obituaries/roger-j-traynor-california-justice.html |archive-date=2017-10-03 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

沃倫伦早期虽然是[[共和黨 (美國)|共和黨]]人，在政治上卻標榜摒棄黨派成見。<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Earl Warren|url=https://www.nga.org/governor/earl-warren/|accessdate=2019-10-06|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=National Governors Association|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626133922/https://www.nga.org/governor/earl-warren/|archive-date=2019-06-26|dead-url=no}}</ref>1942年州長選舉，沃伦同時參加共和黨和[[民主党 (美国)|民主党]]的两个黨內初選、赢得了共和党的初选，他甚至差点击败時任州長{{le|卡尔伯·特奥尔森|Culbert Olson}}也赢得民主党的初选。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=112–114, 124–125}}{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=126–132}}1942年11月，沃伦在最终选举中顺利击败特奥尔森、当选新一任加州州长。<ref name=":1" />

[[1946年加利福尼亞州州長選舉|1946年州長選舉]]，沃倫伦谋求连任，他同時贏得了共和黨與民主黨的黨內初選，并成功连任加州州长。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=171–176}}1951年他再度成功連任，成為加州史上第一位连续擔任三屆的[[加利福尼亞州州長|州長]]（截止2019年，也是历史上唯一一位）。<ref name=":1" />

沃伦在担任加州州长期间，“州长”及“州政府”的行政方式实现了现代化变革，着重强调效率和计划。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":14" />由於加州得天獨厚的地理條件以及沃倫伦的改革計畫及行政效率，在沃伦州长任內，加州的收入、預算及建設節節增加，为二战后直到1960年代中期的近20年的经济腾飞打下了坚实基础。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":14" /> 在他任内，加州失业保险金逐渐提高、[[消费税]]下降、[[退休金]]上涨，而加州的医疗及监狱系统都得到了很大的改善。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":14" />1940-1950年的十年间，加州的人口增长超过50%，而沃伦的改革也为新到来的人口提供了各种便利服务。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=168–169}}

虽然沃倫伦从第二任州长任期起曾多次提出全面實施[[醫療保險]]法案，但均遭州[[加州州議會|議會]]否決。{{sfn|Mitchell|2003|pp=205–206, 219–222}} 他曾试图建立一个研究“就业歧视（employment discrimination）”的委员会，但也被共和党多数的州议会给否决。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|p=196}}

沃倫伦在[[政治光譜]]上被視為共和黨的溫和派。<ref name=":14" />由於沃倫伦在加州的政績及全國的知名度，1948年他曾參加[[共和黨 (美國)|共和黨]]的美国總統候選人的黨內初選，但因得票不盡理想而退出。<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|title=Did Earl Warren wink?|url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2008/10/22_warren.shtml|accessdate=2019-10-02|author=Carol Ness|date=2008-10-22|format=|work=|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002020516/https://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2008/10/22_warren.shtml|archive-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>後來在贏得初選的[[紐約州州長]][[托马斯·杜威]]极力邀請下，沃伦同意搭档、成为[[美国副總統]]候選人，但在該次大選中，杜威最终以些微之差败给了后来的美国總統[[哈利·杜鲁门]]。<ref name=":20" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=On This Day In 1948: Republicans Nominate Dewey & Warren|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/politicaljunkie/2009/06/on_this_day_in_1948_republican.html|accessdate=2019-10-02|work=NPR.org|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523215918/https://www.npr.org/sections/politicaljunkie/2009/06/on_this_day_in_1948_republican.html|archive-date=2019-05-23|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=154–157}} 这次竞选也成为沃伦一生中唯一一次失败的竞选。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography of Earl Warren|url=https://warren.ucsd.edu/about/biography.html|accessdate=2019-10-03|work=warren.ucsd.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407030848/https://warren.ucsd.edu/about/biography.html|archive-date=2019-04-07|dead-url=no}}</ref>

[[File:EarlWarren.jpg|thumb|第14任[[美国首席大法官]]厄尔·沃伦]]1952年，沃倫伦又被視為[[共和黨 (美國)|共和黨]]的熱門總統候選人之一，但因[[德怀特·艾森豪威尔]]五星上將的參選而退出。作為退選的交換條件，艾森豪威尔向沃伦保证，未来如果[[美国最高法院]]大法官的职位出现空缺，就提名沃伦接任。沃伦起初同意加入第34任美国当选总统艾森豪威尔的内阁，并担任{{le|美国司法部首席诉讼官|Solicitor General of the United States}}。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=246–249}}但巧合的是，1953年9月，时任[[美国首席大法官]][[弗雷德·文森]]突发[[心脏病]]逝世，而艾森豪威尔也在深思熟虑后决定信守承诺、提名厄尔·沃伦继任首席大法官。{{sfn|Abraham|1992|p=255}}{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=250–253}} 艾森豪威尔在写给其兄弟的信中说道：“沃伦拥有17年的[[公法]]从业经验，而且作出了令人瞩目的成绩... ……他一直是一个保守派内的自由主义者，我相信他身上融合了最高法院所需要的政治、经济和社会思维。”{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=261–262}}

出乎眾人意料，原本屬於溫和保守派（[[共和黨 (美國)|共和黨]]）的沃倫伦上任後，在其盟友[[小威廉·布伦南]]大法官等人的协助下，带领最高法院頻頻作出傾向[[自由派]]（[[民主党 (美国)|民主党]]）的判決，以至于曾有评论称，属于共和党的艾森豪威尔总统後來評論提名沃伦乃是他“一生中所犯的最愚蠢的错误（the biggest damn-fool mistake I ever made）”。<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=The Warren Court, 1953-1969|url=https://supremecourthistory.org/timeline_court_warren.html|accessdate=2019-10-01|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Supreme Court Historical Society|language=en|dead-url=noyes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401175508/http://supremecourthistory.org/timeline_court_warren.html|archive-date=2019-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=From the Archives: Earl Warren Dies at 83; Chief Justice for 16 Years|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-earl-warren-19740710-story.html|accessdate=2019-08-23|author=|date=1974-07-10|format=|work=|publisher=''Los Angeles Times''|language=en-US|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823045216/https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-earl-warren-19740710-story.html|archive-date=2019-08-23}}</ref>{{efn|艾森豪威尔的传记作者让·爱德华·史密斯（Jean Edward Smith）于2012年曾下结论说：“艾森豪威尔从未说过此话，我没有证据证明他发表过此番言论。”<ref>{{cite book|first=Jean Edward|last=Smith|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|url=https://archive.org/details/eisenhowerinwarp0000smit|year=2012|publisher=Random House|page=603N}}</ref> 尽管如此，艾森豪威尔私下里还是对沃伦所作的一些判决感到不满，与此同时沃伦也对艾森豪威尔不愿公开地支持最高法院在[[布朗诉托皮卡教育局案]]中的立场而感到沮丧。 在时任最高法院大法官{{le|哈罗德·希茨·伯顿|Harold Hitz Burton}}的日记中，记载了沃伦曾经和伯顿透露说：“艾森豪威尔对我和布伦南为首的自由派的判决立场感到失望。” <ref>{{cite web|last=Lippman Jr|first=Theo|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1997-09-07-1997250003-story.html|title=Anecdotes are dangerous to biographers and truth Mistakes: When essential little stories are distorted, vast damage is done.|work=[[巴尔的摩太阳报|The Baltimore Sun]]|date=1997-09-07|accessdate=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628021738/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1997-09-07-1997250003-story.html|archive-date=2019-06-28|dead-url=yes}}</ref> 1961年，当艾森豪威尔被问及在总统任期内是否有犯过什么大错误时，这位美国前总统回答：“当然有，而且他们两个现在都还在最高法院里坐着。”{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=336–337}}}}

{{See also|沃伦时期美国最高法院案例列表|沃伦法院}}厄尔·沃伦担任[[美国首席大法官]]期间（1953年-1969年），在自由派大法官[[小威廉·布伦南]]、[[休戈·布莱克]]、[[威廉·道格拉斯]]等人的协助下，美国最高法院（常称为{{le|[[沃伦法院|Warren Court}}]]）成为了美国[[自由主义]]、[[进步主义]]的堡垒。<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":19" />沃伦法院曾作出了一系列-{}-里程碑式的判决，主要包括：

|{{link-en|埃尔南德斯诉德克萨斯州案|Hernandez v. Texas}}

|{{link-en|恩格尔诉维塔莱|Engel v. Vitale}}

|6-3，1，多数意见撰写：休戈·布莱克。裁定公立学校要求学生背诵官方制定的祷告祷词这一做法违宪，保障[[祈祷]]自由权利。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Engel v. Vitale|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1961/468|accessdate=2019-09-30|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Oyez|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812141319/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1961/468|archive-date=2019-08-12|dead-url=no}}</ref>

|{{link-en|贝克诉卡尔案|Baker v. Carr}}，{{link-en|韦斯伯里诉桑德斯案|Wesberry v. Sanders}}，{{link-en|雷诺兹诉西姆斯案|Reynolds v. Sims}}

|{{link-en|亚特兰大之心汽车旅馆诉美国案|Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States}}

|5-4，多数意见撰写：厄尔·沃伦。要求警方羁押当事人时必须告知其拥有某些权利，包括请律师的权利，常称[[米兰达警告]]。<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Miranda v. Arizona|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1965/759|accessdate=2019-10-06|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Oyez|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905222214/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1965/759|archive-date=2019-09-05|dead-url=no}}</ref>

|{{link-en|洛文诉弗吉尼亚州案|Loving v. Virginia}}

退休后，沃伦曾表态反对[[越南战争]]、支持消除贫困。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=515–516}} 他虽然在公开场合没有批评继任的{{le|伯格法院|Burger Court}}，但私下里还是对该法院的许多保守派立场感到忧虑。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=518–520}} 1972年，而沃伦对尼克松的评价一直很低，1972年的[[水门事件]]丑闻爆发后，沃伦一直保持对尼克松很低的评价，他甚至私下里评价称尼克松“也许是美国历史上最可鄙的总统。”{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=521–522}}沃伦后来对从最高法院退休感到懊悔，他反思到：“如果我早知道之后这个国家和这个法院会发生什么，我是绝对不会退休的。最后应该是他们拿着棺材板把我抬出去。”{{sfn|Hutchinson|1983|p=928n23}}

[[第一次世界大战]]后，厄尔·沃伦返回加州[[奥克兰 (加利福尼亚州)|奥克兰]]，与其姐姐和姐夫一起居住。<ref name=":14" />1921年，30岁的沃伦和他未来的太太尼娜·伊丽莎白·梅耶斯（Nina Elisabeth Meyers）在奥克兰相识。当时28岁的尼娜是一个寡妇，是一家商店的经理，还带着一个3岁的孩子。<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=|url=https://archive.org/details/chiefjusticebiog0000cray|publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=1997|isbn=9780684808529|language=en|first=Ed|last=Cray|title=''Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren''|year=|location=|pages=}}</ref>她出生于[[瑞典]]，在婴儿时期就随家里移民美国。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=40–41}}

在逝世前的几个小时，沃伦在美国最高法院的盟友[[小威廉·布伦南]]大法官、[[威廉·道格拉斯]]大法官曾前往医院探望他，直到下午5点30分。<ref name=":21" />当时，沃伦还忍不住向他们询问，最高法院是否会判决美国时任总统[[理查德·尼克松]]必须向[[水门事件]]调查组提交64份相关录音带（[[美国诉尼克松案]]）。<ref>{{Cite web|title=United States v. Nixon|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-1766|accessdate=2019-10-06|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Oyez|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929175531/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-1766|archive-date=2019-09-29|dead-url=no}}</ref>当得知最高法院九位大法官一致同意尼克松总统必须提交录音带时，沃伦深感欣慰、确信他深爱着的最高法院将会给世间带来一场正义的审判。{{sfn|Newton|2006|pp=514}}{{efn|面对[[弹劾]]，尼克松最终选择于1974年8月9日辞去美国总统一职，由[[杰拉尔德·福特]]继任美国总统。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=528–529}}}}

厄尔·沃伦被广泛视为美国历史上最具影响力的首席大法官和政治领袖之一。<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":92" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Earl Warren--A Tribute|url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2731&context=californialawreview|accessdate=|author=|date=|last=|first=|format=|publisher=|language=|dead-url=|website=University of California, Berkeley|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}{{Dead link|date=2020年4月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>他主政下的[[美国最高法院]]（[[沃伦法院]]）掀起主导了美国历史上一场划时代的[[自由主义]][[宪政]]革命，彰显出对[[自由]]、[[民主]]、[[平等原則|平等]]、[[人权]]的深刻信仰。<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Earl Warren, 83, Who Led High Court In Time of Vast Social Change, Is Dead|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0319.html|accessdate=|author=|date=|format=|publisher=''New York Times''|language=en|dead-url=no|website=archive.nytimes.com|access-date=2019-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701083148/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0319.html|archive-date=2019-07-01}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|title=The Constitutional Conservatism of the Warren Court|author=Justin Driver|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23408735?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|last=|first=|date=October 2012|journal=''California Law Review''|issue=|doi=|others=|year=|volume=100|page=|pages=1101-1167|pmid=|via=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-date=2021-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910082859/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23408735?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Warren Court: Completion of a Constitutional Revolution|author=William F. Swindler|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf|last=|first=|date=1970|journal=''VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW''|issue=|doi=|others=|year=|volume=23|page=|pages=|pmid=|via=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003223936/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf|archive-date=2019-10-03|dead-url=noyes}}</ref> 1974年7月，美国《[[洛杉矶时报]]》在对沃伦的悼文中称他“与[[约翰·马歇尔]]、[[罗杰·B·托尼]]并列为美国历史上最重要的首席大法官。”<ref name=":21" /> 2006年12月，美国知名杂志《[[大西洋月刊]]》将沃伦评为“美国历史上最具影响力的100位人物”第29名，也是美国历史上第二有影响力的首席大法官、仅次于约翰·马歇尔。<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />2018年9月，英国知名周报《[[经济学人]]》评价沃伦是“二十世纪最重要的美国法学家”以及“二十世纪最伟大的自由派法学家之一。”<ref name=":92" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/americas-highest-court-needs-term-limits|title=America’s highest court needs term limits|date=2018-09-15|work=''The Economist''|access-date=2019-10-04|issn=0013-0613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921040933/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/americas-highest-court-needs-term-limits|archive-date=2019-09-21|dead-url=no|author=|publisher=|accessdate=|language=|format=}}</ref>

另一方面，许多[[保守派]]人士则批评{{le|[[沃伦法院|Warren Court}}]]逾越了它的权力范围，法学家{{le|拉乌尔·伯格|Raoul Berger}}认为沃伦法院过度解读了[[美利坚合众国宪法第十四条修正案|美国宪法第14修正案]]、与修正案制定者的本意相悖，并利用过度的解读来影响公共政策以达到自己的目的。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government by Judiciary: The Transformation of the Fourteenth Amendment - Online Library of Liberty|url=https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/berger-government-by-judiciary-the-transformation-of-the-fourteenth-amendment|accessdate=2019-10-04|author=Raoul Berger|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Online Library of Liberty|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001063614/https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/berger-government-by-judiciary-the-transformation-of-the-fourteenth-amendment|archive-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>[[美国哥伦比亚特区联邦巡回上诉法院]]的{{le|罗伯特·伯克|Robert Bork}}法官曾批评到：“[沃伦法院]充当了立法者...制定了本不应该由他们制定的政策。”<ref name=":52" />尽管如此，沃伦法院所做的大多数判决并没有被后来的继任者们所推翻，即使是非常保守的首席大法官[[威廉·伦奎斯特]]也几乎没有在其任内推翻沃伦法院所做的重大裁决。{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=529–530}}相反，{{le|伦奎斯特法院|Rehnquist Court}}甚至几次进一步推广了沃伦法院的裁决，比如在[[2000年美国总统选举|2000年的美国总统选举]]中，伦奎斯特法院就将1960年代沃伦法院对于公民投票权利的裁决作为判例依据，否决了[[佛罗里达州]]大选的重新计票。<ref>{{cite web|title=High Court's Misuse of the Past|url=https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/high-courts-misuse-past|accessdate=2019-04-13|author=E. Joshua Rosenkranz|date=2001-01-15|format=|publisher=Brennan Center for Justice|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413005531/https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/high-courts-misuse-past|archive-date=2019-04-13}}</ref>

在沃伦的母校[[加州大学伯克利分校]]内，有以他命名的“厄尔·沃伦堂（Earl Warren Hall）”，[[加州大学伯克利分校法学院|伯克利法学院]]还专门设立有“首席大法官厄尔·沃伦民种族、种民族与多元化研究所（The Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Race, Ethnicity and Diversity）”、简称“沃伦研究所（Warren Institute）”，而法学院的大楼内还设有“沃伦纪念室（Warren Room）”。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Warren Hall (2195 Hearst Ave.)|url=https://dac.berkeley.edu/warren-hall-2195-hearst-ave|accessdate=2019-09-27|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927003526/https://dac.berkeley.edu/warren-hall-2195-hearst-ave|archive-date=2019-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Race, Ethnicity and Diversity at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/warreninstitute|accessdate=2019-10-06|author=|date=|format=|publisher=University of California|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927003516/https://escholarship.org/uc/warreninstitute|archivedate=2019-09-27|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Warren Room, Boalt 295|url=https://www.law.berkeley.edu/venue/warren-room-boalt-295/|accessdate=2019-09-27|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=UC Berkeley School of Law|language=en-US|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927003526/https://www.law.berkeley.edu/venue/warren-room-boalt-295/|archive-date=2019-09-27}}</ref>

* [[得克萨斯州]][[圣安东尼奥 (得克萨斯州)|圣安东尼奥]]的“{{le|厄尔·沃伦高中|Earl Warren High School}}”<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://nisd.net/warren/about-us|accessdate=2019-10-02|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=WARREN HIGH SCHOOL|language=en|dead-url=noyes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002031342/https://nisd.net/warren/about-us|archive-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>

* 1980年，[[艾美奖]]提名电影《{{le|吉迪恩的号角 (电影)|Gideon's Trumpet (1980 film)|吉迪恩的号角}}》，由{{le|[[约翰·豪斯曼|John Houseman}}]]饰演，改编自1960年代的同名书籍《{{le|吉迪恩的号角|Gideon's Trumpet}}》<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gideon v. Wainwright and the Right to Counsel in Criminal Cases|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/gideon-v-wainwright-104960|accessdate=2019-10-06|last=history|first=Martin Kelly Martin H. Kelly is a former|work=ThoughtCo|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006182846/https://www.thoughtco.com/gideon-v-wainwright-104960|archive-date=2019-10-06|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In Session|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2013/05/13/in-session/|accessdate=2019-10-06|author=|date=2013-05-13|last=Friedman|first=Joshua J.|format=|work=|publisher=''The Paris Review''|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006182843/https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2013/05/13/in-session/|archive-date=2019-10-06|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NITA - Movie Review: Gideon's Trumpet|url=https://www.nita.org/blogs/movie-review-gideons-trumpet|accessdate=2019-10-06|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=National Institute for Trial Advocacy|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404034044/https://www.nita.org/blogs/movie-review-gideons-trumpet|archive-date=2019-04-04|dead-url=no}}</ref>

* 1991年，[[奥斯卡金像奖|奥斯卡]]获奖电影《[[刺杀肯尼迪|-{zh-hans:刺杀肯尼迪;zh-hk:驚天大刺殺;zh-tw:誰殺了甘迺迪;}-]]》，由[[吉姆·加里森]]飾演<ref>{{Citation|last=Lambert|first=Bruce|title=Jim Garrison, 70, Theorist on Kennedy Death, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/22/obituaries/jim-garrison-70-theorist-on-kennedy-death-dies.html|work=[[纽约时报|The New York Times]]|date=1992-10-22|accessdate=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122140718/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/22/obituaries/jim-garrison-70-theorist-on-kennedy-death-dies.html|archive-date=2018-11-22|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Sterritt|first=David|title=Oliver Stone Scores Big With 'JFK'|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1991/1220/20121.html|work=[[基督科学箴言报|The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=1991-12-20|accessdate=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428080615/http://www.csmonitor.com/1991/1220/20121.html|archive-date=2017-04-28|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Dutka|first=Elaine|title=Oliver Stone Fights Back : Movies: His ‘JFK’ is still being filmed but critics are already assailing its accuracy and motives. ‘This isn’t history, this is moviemaking,’ the director rejoins--and star Kevin Costner agrees.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-24-ca-885-story.html|work=[[洛杉磯時報|Los Angeles Times]]|date=1991-06-23|accessdate=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006065145/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-24-ca-885-story.html|archive-date=2019-10-06|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Bethell|first=Tom|title=COLUMN RIGHT/ TOM BETHELL : Reality Check for Another Movie Myth : In ‘JFK,’ Oliver Stone’s imagination trashes the truth.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-01-op-1084-story.html|work=[[洛杉磯時報|Los Angeles Times]]|date=1991-12-01|accessdate=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006065143/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-01-op-1084-story.html|archive-date=2019-10-06|dead-url=no}}</ref>

*[[美国联邦最高法院大法官列表]]

* {{cite book |last=Abraham |first=Henry J. |authorlink= |title=''Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court''|url= https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_f0e8|accessdate= |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-506557-2 |page= |pages= |edition=3rd|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Belknap |first=Michael |authorlink= |title=''The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953–1969''|url= https://archive.org/details/supremecourtunde0000belk|accessdate= |year=2005 |publisher=The University of South Carolina Press |location= |isbn=978-1-57003-563-0 |page= |pages=|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title=''Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren''|url=https://archive.org/details/chiefjusticebiog0000cray|last=Cray|first=Ed|year=1997|isbn=978-0-684-80852-9|ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Hutchinson|first1=Dennis J.|title=Hail to the Chief: Earl Warren and the Supreme Court|journal=''Michigan Law Review''|date=1983|volume=81|issue=4|pages=922–983|url=http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2526&context=journal_articles|accessdate=2016-07-30|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/1288417|jstor=1288417|archive-date=2018-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719095540/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2526&context=journal_articles|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite book |last=Newton |first=Jim |authorlink= |title=''Justice for All: Earl Warren and the Nation He Made'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trsJuWHaLewC&pg=PA72 |accessdate= |year=2006 |location= |isbn=978-1594482700 |page= |pages= |ref=harv |archive-date=2020-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801034732/https://books.google.com/books?id=trsJuWHaLewC&pg=PA72 |dead-url=no }}

* {{cite book |last1=Schwartz |first1=Bernard |title=''Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court, A Judicial Biography''|url=https://archive.org/details/superchiefearlwa0000schw |date=1983 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814778265|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|first=Melvin I.|last=Urofsky|title=''The Warren Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy''|url=https://archive.org/details/warrencourtjusti0000urof|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576071601|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last1=Moke |first1=Paul |title=''Earl Warren and the Struggle for Justice''|url=https://archive.org/details/earlwarrenstrugg0000moke |date=2015 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1498520133}}

* {{cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Bernard |authorlink= |title=''The Warren Court: A Retrospective''|url= https://archive.org/details/warrencourtretro0000unse|accessdate= |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |isbn=978-0195104394 |page= |pages=}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Bernard |title=Chief Justice Earl Warren: Super Chief in Action |journal=''Journal of Supreme Court History'' |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5818.1998.tb00128.x |url= https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2131&context=tlr |year=1998 |access-date=2019-09-13 |archive-date=2020-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807031341/https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2131&context=tlr |dead-url=no }}

* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=J. Douglas |authorlink= |title=''On Democracy's Doorstep: The Inside Story of How the Supreme Court Brought "One Person, One Vote" to the United States''|url= https://archive.org/details/ondemocracysdoor0000smit|accessdate= |year=2014 |publisher=Hill and Wang |location= |isbn=978-0809074235 |page= |pages=}}

* [https://www.fjc.gov/node/1389396 厄尔·沃伦职业生涯] {{Wayback|url=https://www.fjc.gov/node/1389396 |date=20210125043123 }}

* [https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/earlwarrenjfkeulogy.htm 厄尔·沃伦的约翰·肯尼迪悼词] {{Wayback|url=https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/earlwarrenjfkeulogy.htm |date=20201125201256 }}

* [https://uscivilliberties.org/biography/4688-warren-earl-18911974.html 厄尔·沃伦简短传记] {{Wayback|url=https://uscivilliberties.org/biography/4688-warren-earl-18911974.html |date=20150618160411 }}