厄尔·沃伦:修订间差异

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|imagesize = 260px
|caption =
|office = {{flagicon|US}} 第14任[[美国首席大法官]]
|order = 14
|termstart = 1953年10月5日
|termend = 1969年6月23日
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|predecessor = [[弗雷德·M·文森]]
|successor = [[沃伦·厄尔·伯格|沃伦·E·伯格]]
|office2 = {{flagicon|加利福尼亞州}} 第30任[[加利福尼亞州州長]]
|order2 = 30
|office2 = 加利福尼亞州州長
|term_start2 = 1943年1月4日
|term_end2 = 1953年10月5日
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|predecessor2 = {{le|卡伯特·奧爾森|Culbert Olson}}
|successor2 = {{le|古德溫·奈特|Goodwin Knight}}
|office3 = {{flagicon|加利福尼亞州}} 第20任[[加利福尼亚州检察总长]]
|order3 = 20
|office3 = 加利福尼亚州检察总长
|governor3 = {{le|卡尔伯特·奥尔森|Culbert Olson}}
|term_start3 = 1939年1月3日
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|signature = Earl Warren Signature.svg
}}
'''厄尔·沃伦'''({{lang-en|Earl Warren}},{{bd|1891年|3月19日|1974年|7月9日|}}),[[美国]]著名政治家、[[法学]]家,第14任[[美国首席大法官]](1953年-1969年)、第30任美国[[加利福尼亚州州长]](1943年-1953年)。<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Earl Warren, 1953-1969|url=https://supremecourthistory.org/timeline_warren.html|accessdate=2019-08-23|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=Supreme Court Historical Society|language=en|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202734/http://supremecourthistory.org/timeline_warren.html|archive-date=2018-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Governors of California - Earl Warren|url=https://governors.library.ca.gov/30-Warren.html|accessdate=2019-08-23|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=State of California|language=|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718014734/https://governors.library.ca.gov/30-Warren.html|archive-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> 他也曾担任[[沃伦委员会]]的主席,负责调查1963年[[肯尼迪遇刺案|肯尼迪总统遇刺案]]。<ref name=":0" /> 截目前為止,沃倫是最后一位曾在政府内担任过要职的美国首席大法官,他被广泛视为美国历史上最具影响力的首席大法官和政治领袖之一,其主政下的[[美国最高法院]]([[沃伦法院]])主导了美国近代史上一场划时代的[[自由主义]]“[[宪政]]革命”。<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":92">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/09/15/how-americas-supreme-court-became-so-politicised|title=How America’s Supreme Court became so politicised|date=2018-09-15|work=''The Economist''|access-date=2019-10-04|issn=0013-0613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813011908/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/09/15/how-americas-supreme-court-became-so-politicised|archive-date=2019-08-13|dead-url=no|author=|publisher=|accessdate=|language=en|format=}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Earl Warren|url=https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1370/earl-warren|accessdate=2019-09-22|author=William D. Pederson|date=|last=|first=|format=|work=|publisher=Middle Tennessee State University|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706160255/https://mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1370/earl-warren|archive-date=2019-07-06}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|title=The Warren Court And The Pursuit Of Justice|author=Morton J. Horwitz|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1814&context=wlulr|last=|first=|date=Winter 1993|journal=''Washington and Lee Law Review''|issue=|doi=|others=|year=|volume=50|page=|pages=|pmid=|via=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103327/http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1814&context=wlulr|archive-date=2015-09-25|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Earl Warren|url=https://www.californiamuseum.org/inductee/earl-warren|language=en|dead-url=no|website=California Museum|access-date=2019-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601091254/http://www.californiamuseum.org/inductee/earl-warren|archive-date=2019-06-01}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=厄尔·沃伦:让法之正义普照天下|url=http://rmfyb.chinacourt.org/paper/html/2010-02/05/content_3812.htm?div=-1|accessdate=2019-09-25|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=《人民法院报》|language=zh|archive-date=2021-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517071138/http://rmfyb.chinacourt.org/paper/html/2010-02/05/content_3812.htm?div=-1}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=沃伦法院在民权运动中的行动|url=http://bjgy.chinacourt.gov.cn/article/detail/2012/09/id/887562.shtml|accessdate=2019-09-30|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=北京法院网|language=zh|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930230235/http://bjgy.chinacourt.gov.cn/article/detail/2012/09/id/887562.shtml|archive-date=2019-09-30}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|title=宪政改革者:厄尔·沃伦大法官|url=http://news.163.com/10/0420/08/64MT02PN00014AEE.html|accessdate=2019-10-01|author=|date=2010-04-20|last=|format=|work=|publisher=网易|language=zh|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001014318/http://news.163.com/10/0420/08/64MT02PN00014AEE.html|archive-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>
 
沃伦出生于美国[[洛杉矶]],在[[加州]]的[[贝克斯菲尔德 (加利福尼亚州)|贝克斯菲尔德]]长大,毕业于[[伯克利加州大学]],先后获得本科学位(1912年)及[[法律博士]]学位(1914年)。<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> 1920-1943年间,他先后担任[[旧金山湾区]][[奥克兰 (加利福尼亚州)|奥克兰市]]副检察官、[[阿拉米達郡|阿拉米达县]]地方检察官、[[加州检察总长]]等职务,是加州[[共和黨 (美國)|共和黨]]的领导人之一。1943年他就职第30任[[加州州长]],并于1946年及1951年连续两次成功连任,是历史上唯一一位连任三届的加州州长。<ref name=":1" /> 在沃伦担任州长期间,加州的经济迅速发展,以[[加州大学]]为首的[[加利福尼亚州大学列表|公立大学体系]]日趋完善,州内的[[种族隔离]]逐渐瓦解,而沃伦也参加了1945年的[[联合国国际组织会议]]、见证了《[[联合国宪章]]》在加州[[旧金山]]的签署。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (April 25, 1945 – June 26, 1945)|url=http://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/uncio.pdf|accessdate=|author=|date=|last=|first=|format=|publisher=|language=en|website=Library of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811051614/https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/uncio.pdf|archive-date=2020-08-11|access-date=|dead-url=no}}</ref>
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===引用书籍===
* {{cite book |last=Abraham |first=Henry J. |authorlink= |title=''Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court''|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_f0e8|accessdate= |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-506557-2 |page= |pages= |edition=3rd|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Belknap |first=Michael |authorlink= |title=''The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953–1969''|url= https://archive.org/details/supremecourtunde0000belk|accessdate= |year=2005 |publisher=The University of South Carolina Press |location= |isbn=978-1-57003-563-0 |page= |pages=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=''Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren''|url=https://archive.org/details/chiefjusticebiog0000cray|last=Cray|first=Ed|year=1997|isbn=978-0-684-80852-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Driver |first1=Justin |title=The Constitutional Conservatism of the Warren Court |journal=''California Law Review''|date=2012 |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=1101–1167 |jstor=23408735|ref=harv}}