美国宪法第十四修正案:修订间差异

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== 提出和批准 ==
=== 国会提出 ===
在南北战争的最后几年,以及随之而来的重建时期,联邦国会逐渐就数百万通过1863年[[解放奴隸宣言]]和1865年[[美利坚合众国宪法第十三条修正案|第十三条修正案]]获得自由的前黑人奴隶的权利问题进行反复辩论,其中后者正式确立废除了奴隶制。然而随着第十三条修正案在国会通过,共和党开始担心国会中被[[民主党 (美国)|民主党]]主控的南方州议员席位将大幅增长,因为这些州原本大都有数量庞大的黑奴。而根据原[[美利坚合众国宪法第一条|宪法第一条]]中的[[五分之三妥协]],每名黑奴按五分之三个自由人计算,而在第十三条修正案通过后,所有黑奴都成了自由公民,所以无论获得自由的黑人是否会投票,根据各州人口数分配的[[美国众议院|联邦众议院]]议席都将出现戏剧性的增长<ref name="Goldstone">{{cite book|title=Inherently Unequal: The Betrayal of Equal Rights by the Supreme Court, 1865–1903|last=Goldstone|first=Lawrence|year=2011|publisher=Walker & Company|isbn=978-0-8027-1792-4|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Inherently_Unequal.html?id=r3CTEefvbQUC|ref=harv|accessdate=2013-09-02|archive-date=2013-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009081115/http://books.google.com/books/about/Inherently_Unequal.html?id=r3CTEefvbQUC|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{rp|22}}<ref name="Stromberg">{{cite book |last=Stromberg |first=Joseph R. |title=A Plain Folk Perspective on Reconstruction, State-Building, Ideology, and Economic Spoils |publisher=Journal of Libertarian Studies | year = 2002 Spring}}</ref>{{rp|111}}。共和党希望通过吸纳和保护新增黑人选民的选票来抵消民主党的增长。<ref name="Goldstone" />{{rp|22}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine |last=Nelson |first=William E. |year=1988 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-04142-4 |page=47 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VMCXjRyyKTQC&pg=PA46&dq=thirteenth+amendment+%22three+fifths%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Bz-xUemzGMX8rAGamYDgDQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=thirteenth%20amendment%20%22three%20fifths%22&f=false |accessdate=2013-09-03 |archive-date=2013-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009081108/http://books.google.com/books?id=VMCXjRyyKTQC&pg=PA46&dq=thirteenth+amendment+%22three+fifths%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Bz-xUemzGMX8rAGamYDgDQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=thirteenth%20amendment%20%22three%20fifths%22&f=false |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Stromberg" />{{rp|112}}
 
1865年,国会通过了一项在后来成为《{{link-en|1866年民权法案|Civil Rights Act of 1866}}》的提案,它确保了个人的种族、肤色或之前是否曾作为奴隶及受到强制劳役等因素不会成为其能否获得公民权的先决条件。该法案还保证法律上的利益均等,这直接打击了内战后南方多个州所通过的[[黑人法令]]。黑人法令试图通过其他的一些方式,表面看来并未恢复奴隶制,但实际效果却在许多方面导致黑人回到以前身为奴隶时的处境中。如限制其活动,迫使他们签订整年时长的劳役合同,禁止他们拥有枪支,以及阻止他们到法院起诉或作证等。<ref name="Foner">{{cite book|last=Foner|first=Eric|title=Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cwVkgrvctCcC|year=1988|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-203586-8|accessdate=2013-09-02|archive-date=2021-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505020835/https://books.google.com/books?id=cwVkgrvctCcC|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{rp|199-200}}但是,《1866年民权法案》受到了[[安德鲁·约翰逊]]的否决,他是一位决不妥协的白人至上主义者<ref name="Goldstone" />{{rp|21-22}}。1866年4月,国会通过投票推翻了总统的否决,法案正式成为法律,而这一推翻也增强了共和党的信心,他们决心给黑人权利增加宪法级别的保障,而不仅依靠难以长久的政治多数优势<ref name="Goldstone" />{{rp|22-23}}。再者,甚至一些支持民权法案目标的共和党人也怀疑国会是否的确拥有制订这一法案的宪法权利<ref>{{cite book |last=Rosen |first=Jeffrey |title=The Supreme Court: The Personalities and Rivalries That Defined America |page=79 |publisher=MacMillan |year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Newman |first=Roger |title=The Constitution and its Amendments |volume=4 |page=8 |publisher=Macmillan |year=1999}}</ref>。