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|quote=Over the last decade or so, concern about illegal immigration has sporadically led to a re-examination of a long-established tenet of U.S. citizenship, codified in the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and §301(a) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act (INA) (8 U.S.C. §1401(a)), that a person who is born in the United States, subject to its jurisdiction, is a citizen of the United States regardless of the race, ethnicity, or alienage of the parents. [...] "some scholars argue that the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment should not apply to the children of unauthorized aliens because the problem of unauthorized aliens did not exist at the time the Fourteenth Amendment was considered in Congress and ratified by the states.
}}</ref>。修正案通过时，包括《1866年民权法案》作者特朗布尔在内的三位参议员以及[[美国总统|总统]][[安德鲁·约翰逊]]都断言，《1866年民权法案》和第十四条修正案都将赋予这样出生的儿童公民权，对此没有参议员提出不同意见<ref name="trumbullcowan">{{cite web |accessdate=2013-09-04 |publisher=the Library of Congress |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=070/llcg070.db&recNum=603 |title=Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 39th Congress, pt. 1, p. 498 |quote=The debate on the Civil Rights Act contained the following exchange:<br>Mr. Cowan: "I will ask whether it will not have the effect of naturalizing the children of Chinese and Gypsies born in this country?"<br>Mr. Trumbull: "Undoubtedly."<br>...<br>Mr. Trumbull: "I understand that under the naturalization laws the children who are born here of parents who have not been naturalized are citizens. This is the law, as I understand it, at the present time. Is not the child born in this country of German parents a citizen? I am afraid we have got very few citizens in some of the counties of good old Pennsylvania if the children born of German parents are not citizens."<br>Mr. Cowan: "The honorable Senator assumes that which is not the fact. The children of German parents are citizens; but Germans are not Chinese; Germans are not Australians, nor Hottentots, nor anything of the kind. That is the fallacy of his argument."<br>Mr. Trumbull: "If the Senator from Pennsylvania will show me in the law any distinction made between the children of German parents and the children of Asiatic parents, I may be able to appreciate the point which he makes; but the law makes no such distinction; and the child of an Asiatic is just as much of a citizen as the child of a European." |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412142710/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=070%2Fllcg070.db&recNum=603 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=073/llcg073.db&recNum=11 |title=Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 39th Congress, pt. 4, pp. 2891-2 |publisher=the Library of Congress |accessdate=2013-09-04 |quote=During the debate on the Amendment, Senator John Conness of California declared, "The proposition before us, I will say, Mr. President, relates simply in that respect to the children begotten of Chinese parents in California, and it is proposed to declare that they shall be citizens. We have declared that by law [the Civil Rights Act]; now it is proposed to incorporate that same provision in the fundamental instrument of the nation. I am in favor of doing so. I voted for the proposition to declare that the children of all parentage, whatever, born in California, should be regarded and treated as citizens of the United States, entitled to equal Civil Rights with other citizens." |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412143651/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=073%2Fllcg073.db&recNum=11 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/veto-of-the-civil-rights-bill/ |title=Veto of the Civil Rights Bill |author=Andrew Johnson |work=teachingamericanhistory.org |accessdate=2013-09-04 |deadurl=no |archivedate=2013-08-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829163129/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/veto-of-the-civil-rights-bill/ }}</ref>。由于1866年时还不存在非法移民的问题，这些国会议员的意见对于那些合法居留在美国而生下孩子的父母来说是适用的。虽然这以后法律仍然根据出生地原则的标准进行解释，但有些学者对公民权条款是否适用于非法移民留有质疑<ref name="Lee" />。时间进入21世纪后，国会曾偶尔讨论过对该条款进行修订，以减少[[生育旅行]]现象的出现，这一现象指的是怀有身孕的外国人仕为了让孩子获得美国国籍而进入美国境内进行生育<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0810/14th-Amendment-why-birthright-citizenship-change-can-t-be-done |title=14th Amendment: why birthright citizenship change 'can't be done' |date=2010-08-10 |work=Christian Science Monitor |accessdate=2013-09-04 |archivedate=2013-06-13 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HKkZWGn2?url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0810/14th-Amendment-why-birthright-citizenship-change-can-t-be-done |deadurl=no }}</ref>。
在1898年的[[美国诉黄金德案]]中，条款中有关合法移民后代公民权的问题受到了考验。最高法院根据第十四条修正案做出判决，拥有中国籍父母而在美国境内出生且拥有一个固定住所，还在美国经商的人，并且他的父母也不是任何外交官的雇员或外国官员，不属任何外国势力时，他就是美国公民<ref>''United States v. Wong Kim Ark'', {{ussc|169|649|1898}}</ref>。之后一些案件的判决则进一步认定非中国血统的其他同类外籍人仕的后代同样适用这一原则<ref name=Rodriguez2009>{{cite journal|title="The Second Founding: The Citizenship Clause, Original Meaning, and the Egalitarian Unity of the Fourteenth Amendment" [PDF] |url=http://www.pennjcl.com/issues/11/11.5/11-5%20Rodriguez.pdf |year=2009 |last=Rodriguez |first=C.M. |journal=U. Pa. J. Const. L. |pages=1363–1475 |volume=11 |accessdate=2011-07-15 |deadurl=yes |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715063130/http://www.pennjcl.com/issues/11/11.5/11-5%20Rodriguez.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-15 }}</ref>。
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