美国排华法案:修订间差异
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第一个重要的華人移民北美潮始于1848-1855年的[[加利福尼亞淘金潮|加利福尼亚淘金潮]],接着又以大型劳工项目带来大批华人,包括建设[[第一條橫貫大陸鐵路|第一条横贯大陆]]的铁路。在淘金热的早期阶段,当表层黄金充足时,[[中國人|華人]]即使不受欢迎,也能够被白人容忍。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold Rush and Anti-Chinese Race Hatred - 1849|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509090327/http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist6/chinhate.html|accessdate=2020-04-11|date=2008-05-09|work=web.archive.org}}</ref>然而,随着黄金越来越难找到,竞争越来越激烈,对華人和其他外国人的敌意也在增加。在被州立法者和其他矿工(外国矿工税)一起强行赶出采矿业后,移民華人开始在城市(主要是[[旧金山]])的飞地定居,从事低报酬的劳动,如餐馆和洗衣店的工作。<ref>{{Cite web|title=China's menace to the world : from the forum : to the public|url=https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/murray:@field(DOCID+@lit(lcrbmrpt2412div1))|accessdate=|author=|date=|format=|publisher=|language=|archive-date=2020-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404230234/https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem%2Fmurray%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28lcrbmrpt2412div1%29%29}}</ref>随着19世纪70年代[[南北战争|美国内战]]后经济的衰退,劳工领袖丹尼斯·卡尼(Denis Kearney)和他的工人党<ref>{{Cite web|title="Our Misery and Despair": Kearney Blasts Chinese Immigration|url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5046/%7C|accessdate=2020-04-11|work=historymatters.gmu.edu|archive-date=2011-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719203246/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5046/%7C}}</ref>团体以及加州州长[[约翰·比格勒]](John Bigler)将反华仇恨政治化,他们都指责華裔的“[[苦力]]”导致工资水平低下。尽管许多立法尝试很快被州[[最高法院]]推翻,<ref>{{Cite web|title=1855 Cal. Stat. 194 Capitation Tax|url=http://libraryweb.uchastings.edu/library/research/special-collections/wong-kim-ark/1855%20Cal.%20Stat.%20194.pdf|accessdate=|author=|date=|format=|publisher=|language=|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307234602/http://libraryweb.uchastings.edu/library/research/special-collections/wong-kim-ark/1855%20Cal.%20Stat.%20194.pdf}}</ref>但加州和全国仍在通过更多的反华律法。
19世纪50年代初,由于華裔移民工人提供了必要的税收,填补了加利福尼亚州的填补了政府赤字,因此加利福尼亚州政府并不支持排斥华人劳工移民。<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Immigration, Exclusion, and Taxation: Anti-Chinese Legislation in Gold Rush California|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/immigration-exclusion-and-taxation-antichinese-legislation-in-gold-rush-california/63FAD41EDA87D01318FA250853F248C5|last=Kanazawa|first=Mark|date=2005/09|journal=The Journal of Economic History|issue=3|doi=10.1017/S0022050705000288|volume=65|pages=779–805|language=en|issn=1471-6372|access-date=2020-04-11|archive-date=2020-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617050228/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/immigration-exclusion-and-taxation-antichinese-legislation-in-gold-rush-california/63FAD41EDA87D01318FA250853F248C5}}</ref>
到1860年,华人已经是加利福尼亚州最大的移民团体了。華裔移民工人提供廉价劳动力,不占用任何政府基础设施(学校、医院等),因为中国移民人口中,健康的成年人男性占据了绝大多数。<ref name=":0" />随着时间的推移,越来越多的華裔移民来到加利福尼亚州,在洛杉矶等地开始多发暴力事件。[[宾夕法尼亚州议会]]和[[美国国会|国会]]提到,宾夕法尼亚州海狸瀑布餐具公司(Beaver Falls Cuttery Company)因为所有工作被200多名華人男性取代而爆发了罢工。“在某种程度上,它促成了《排华法案》的最终通过。”<ref>{{Cite journal|title="White Labor" vs. "Coolie Labor": The "Chinese Question" in Pennsylvania in the 1870s|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27502811|last=Rhoads|first=Edward J. M.|date=2002|journal=Journal of American Ethnic History|issue=2|volume=21|pages=3–32|issn=0278-5927|access-date=2020-04-11|archive-date=2021-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204213607/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27502811}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Asian Pioneers in the Eastern United States: Chinese Cutlery Workers in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, in the 1870s|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/14556|last=Rhoads|first=Edward J. M.|date=1999-06-01|journal=Journal of Asian American Studies|issue=2|doi=10.1353/jaas.1999.0019|volume=2|pages=119–155|language=en|issn=1096-8598|access-date=2020-04-11|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308061801/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/14556}}</ref>曾经,在加州,華人男性占所有挣工资工人人口的近四分之一,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Book sources|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807845301|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>到1878年,国会感到有必要在立法中禁止来自中国的移民,而这项法案后来被[[拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯]](Rutherford B. Hayes)总统否决。1873年8月27日《[[旧金山纪事报]]》文章的标题是“中国入侵!他们来了,90万人,强大的种族”,这篇文章被《[[大西洋 (雜誌)|大西洋]]》追溯为2019年反移民“入侵”言论的根源之一。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where Does Trump’s ‘Invasion’ Rhetoric Come From?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/08/trump-immigrant-invasion-language-origins/595579/|accessdate=2020-04-11|date=2019-08-06|last=Zimmer|first=Ben|work=The Atlantic|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505160529/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/08/trump-immigrant-invasion-language-origins/595579/}}</ref>
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