美国宪法第十四修正案：修订间差异
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对于包括约翰·宾汉姆在内的修正案制定者是否有意建立合并原则的问题，法律史学家一直争论不休<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Bingham, John Armor |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties |publisher=CRC Press |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YoI14vYA8r0C&pg=PA145&dq=%22fourteenth+amendment%22+John+Bingham&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oUe6Uei9Cons8wTpq4HoBg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22fourteenth%20amendment%22%20John%20Bingham&f=false |last=Foster |first=James C. |editor-last=Finkleman |editor-first=Paul |pages=145 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107124652/https://books.google.com/books?id=YoI14vYA8r0C&pg=PA145&dq=%22fourteenth+amendment%22+John+Bingham&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oUe6Uei9Cons8wTpq4HoBg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22fourteenth%20amendment%22%20John%20Bingham&f=false |archive-date=2017-01-07 |accessdate=2013-09-05 |dead-url=no}}</ref>。据法律学者[[阿希尔·里德·阿马]]所说，第十四修正案的制定者和早期支持者们相信，在第十四修正案通过后，各州都将不得不承认与联邦政府相同的个人权利，所有这些权利都很可能被理解成属于修正案中“特权或豁免权”的保障范围<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amar |first=Akhil Reed |year=1992 |title=The Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment |url=http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/Amar1.html |journal=Yale Law Journal |publisher=The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 101, No. 6 |volume=101 |issue=6 |page=1193–1284 |doi=10.2307/796923 |jstor=796923 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903205310/http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/Amar1.html |archive-date=2013-09-03 |access-date=2013-09-05 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。
时间进入20世纪下半叶后，几乎所有权利法案中保障的权利都已经应用到各州<ref>{{Cite web |date=1968-05-20 |title=''Duncan v. Louisiana'' (Mr. Justice Black, joined by Mr. Justice Douglas, concurring) |url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0391_0145_ZC.html |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=Cornell Law School – Legal Information Institute |deadurl=no |archivedate=2013-03-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323010001/http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0391_0145_ZC.html}}</ref>。最高法院已经判定第十四修正案的正当程序条款包含了[[美国宪法第一修正案|第一]]、[[美國憲法第二修正案|第二]]、[[美國憲法第四修正案|第四]]、[[美國憲法第六修正案|第六修正案]]中的全部条款，还包括[[美国宪法第五修正案|第五修正案]]中除[[大陪审团]]条款外的所有内容，以及[[美国宪法第八修正案|第八修正案]]中的残酷和非常惩罚条款<ref name="levy">{{Cite book |title=Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights: The Incorporation Theory (American Constitutional and Legal History Series) |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0306700298 |last=Levy |first=Leonard |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-306-70029-8}}</ref>。虽然[[美國憲法第三修正案|第三修正案]]尚未经最高法院应用到各州，但[[美国联邦第二巡回上诉法院|第二巡回上诉法院]]曾在1982年的{{link-en|英伯朗诉凯里案|Engblom v. Carey}}中将其应用到法院所管辖的几个州中<ref>Engblom v. Carey, 677 F.2d 957 (1982)</ref>。而[[美國憲法第七修正案|第七修正案]]有关[[陪审团]]审理的权利已经法院裁决不适用于各州<ref name="levy" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1916-05-22 |title=''Minneapolis & St. Louis R. Co. v. Bombolis'' (1916) |url=http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/241/211/case.html |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=Supreme.justia.com |deadurl=no |archivedate=2013-05-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521020631/http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/241/211/case.html}}</ref>，但其中的重新审查条款不但对联邦法院有效，而且对于“在州法院经陪审团审理并上诉到最高法院的案件”都有效<ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis, and Interpretation - 1992 Edition --> Amendments to the Constitution --> Seventh Amendment - Civil Trials |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-1992/html/GPO-CONAN-1992-10-8.htm |access-date=2013-09-05 |website=U.S. Government Printing Office |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=1464 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114193908/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-1992/html/GPO-CONAN-1992-10-8.htm |archivedate=2013-01-14}}</ref>。
=== 平等保护条款 ===
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