伊便尼派
伊便尼派(英語:Ebionism,古希臘語:Ἐβιωναῖοι,Ebionaioi,希伯來文:אביונים,Ebyonim,意為貧窮、窮人),是早期的基督教派,被主流基督教會認為是異端。
概論
编辑「伊便尼」(Ebionaioi)是貧窮的意思,故又稱作「貧窮派」。他們是猶太基督教的一支,可能承繼了最早耶路撒冷教會的觀點。
歷史
编辑隨著耶路撒冷毀於羅馬,耶路撒冷教會衰微,保羅一系的基督教會壯大,伊便尼派逐漸邊緣化,直至7世紀。然而,穆斯林史家,如十世紀的Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar仍有相關紀錄。伊便尼派的基督論可能影響早期穆斯林。[4][5]
教義
编辑律法
编辑伊便尼派恪守摩西律法,但僅成文律法,不包含口傳律法。視耶路撒冷為聖地[6]。並僅視改守猶太傳統的外邦人為教徒。[7]
反對祭牲,茹素。
聖經
编辑伊便尼派只承認一本以希伯來文寫作的聖經,被稱為《希伯來福音書》或《伊便尼福音》。 此外,遵奉公義者雅各,更勝彼得,否認保羅的使徒地位。[8][9][10]
施洗約翰
编辑據聖厄丕法尼引述的《伊便尼福音》,施洗約翰和耶穌被刻畫成素食者。[11][12] 70年耶路撒冷被毀後,伊便尼派放棄祭牲,茹素規定趨嚴,或許是回應潔食規定難以在異教環境下恪守。[13] James Tabor則認為伊便尼派或許是力復大洪水前的飲食傳統。[14]
基督論
编辑伊便尼派所相信的耶穌,並不是神,而是上帝特別揀選的僕人,是約瑟與馬利亞之子,一個凡人。因耶穌的順服、聖潔,上帝選耶穌為義子,作為拯救人類的先知。[15]雖然接納耶穌為救主,但卻不相信祂是道成肉身的神。
因此,耶穌名義上是上帝收養的兒子,實際上耶穌只是一個脫俗的凡人,一個先知,而不是神。這個學說被稱為養嗣主義,又稱嗣子說。被正統基督教會指責為異端[16]。不過養嗣主義影響了伊斯蘭教對耶穌的看法。
参考文献
编辑- ^ Kohler, Kaufmann. EBIONITES (from = 'the poor'). Singer, Isidore; Alder, Cyrus (编). Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906 [26 July 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-30).
- ^ Hyam Maccoby. The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity. HarperCollins. 1987: 172–183. ISBN 0-06-250585-8, an abridgement (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- ^ Petri Luomanen. Matt Jackson-McCabe , 编. Jewish Christianity Reconsidered. Fortress Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8006-3865-8.
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
RGG
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Hans-Joachim Schoeps. Jewish Christianity: Factional Disputes in the Early Church. Translation Douglas R. A. Hare. Fortress Press. 1969.
- ^ Irenaeus of Lyon. Adversus Haereses. . I, 26; III,21.
- ^ Justin Martyr. Dialogue with Trypho. . 47 [2023-04-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-08).
- ^ Kohler, Kaufmann. EBIONITES (from = 'the poor'). Singer, Isidore; Alder, Cyrus (编). Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906 [26 July 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-30).
- ^ Hyam Maccoby. The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity. HarperCollins. 1987: 172–183. ISBN 0-06-250585-8, an abridgement (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- ^ Petri Luomanen. Matt Jackson-McCabe , 编. Jewish Christianity Reconsidered. Fortress Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8006-3865-8.
- ^ J Verheyden. Epiphanius on the Ebionites. Peter J. Tomson; Doris Lambers-Petry (编). The image of the Judaeo-Christians in ancient Jewish and Christian literature. 2003: 188. ISBN 3-16-148094-5.
The vegetarianism of John the Baptist and of Jesus is an important issue too in the Ebionite interpretation of the Christian life.
- ^ Bart D. Ehrman. Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. 2003: 102, 103. ISBN 0-19-514183-0.
Probably the most interesting of the changes from the familiar New Testament accounts of Jesus comes in the Gospel of the Ebionites description of John the Baptist, who, evidently, like his successor Jesus, maintained a strictly vegetarian cuisine.
- ^ Hans-Josef Klauck. The Apocryphal Gospels: An Introduction. A&C Black. 2003: 52–. ISBN 978-0-567-08390-6.
- ^ James D. Tabor. The Jesus Dynasty: The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity. Simon & Schuster. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7432-8723-4.
- ^ Bart D. Ehrman. Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. 2005: 102–. ISBN 978-0-19-518249-1.
- ^ 余達心,《基督教發展史新釋》,(台北:基督教改革宗翻譯社,1994),29~30。