炸:修订间差异
小 回退Sailorsfriend(討論)做出的2次編輯 |
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[[File:Fries cooking.jpg|right|thumb|250px|沸滚的[[油]]在工作中,此謂炸]] |
[[File:Fries cooking.jpg|right|thumb|250px|沸滚的[[油]]在工作中,此謂炸]] |
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[[File:Fried pork intestines.jpg|thumb|250px|炸[[豬大腸]]]] |
[[File:Fried pork intestines.jpg|thumb|250px|炸[[豬大腸]]]] |
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'''{{ |
'''{{zy|炸|zhá|ㄓㄚˊ|zaa3}}''',又稱'''油{{zy|炸|zhá|ㄓㄚˊ|zaa3}}'''、'''爆香'''({{Lang-en|Deep frying}}或deep fat frying),是一種將[[食物]]放入高溫[[食用油]]中浸泡的[[烹饪|烹飪]]方法。通常在{{Link-en|油炸鍋|Deep fryer}}或{{Link-en|薯片盤|chip pan}}中進行,工業上則多以{{Link-en|壓力油炸鍋|Pressure frying}}或{{Link-en|真空油炸鍋|Vacuum fryer}}。油炸亦可使用於鍋中預先加熱的食用油進行。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shs.edu.tw/works/essay/2009/11/2009111401143967.pdf |title=存档副本 |access-date=2017-12-28 |archive-date=2019-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620042714/https://www.shs.edu.tw/works/essay/2009/11/2009111401143967.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> 油炸被歸類為使用熱油的烹飪方法之一。<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=vRcidxIUWYMC&pg=PA18&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Food Preparation and Cooking: Cookery units. Student guide|date=1996-01-01|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=9780748725663|language=en|access-date=2016-12-12|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410212854/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=vRcidxIUWYMC&pg=PA18&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=KDa4ZB_gvWgC&pg=PA86&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Techniques of Healthy Cooking, Professional Edition|last=America|first=Culinary Institute of|date=2007-11-19|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470052327|language=en|access-date=2016-12-12|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410212859/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=KDa4ZB_gvWgC&pg=PA86&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref>食物通常以油炸方式烹飪很快就會熟透;因為食物的整個表面都與油接觸,而油具有高度的熱傳導率。<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=RgU9u9oUSDQC&pg=PA6&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Advances in Deep-Fat Frying of Foods|last=Sumnu|first=Servet Gulum|last2=Sahin|first2=Serpil|date=2008-12-17|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781420055597|language=en|access-date=2016-12-12|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410212904/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=RgU9u9oUSDQC&pg=PA6&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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在某些地區,“油炸”一詞和許多現代油炸食品直到19世紀才被發明,但實際上這種烹飪方法已經存在了幾千年。 |
在某些地區,“油炸”一詞和許多現代油炸食品直到19世紀才被發明,但實際上這種烹飪方法已經存在了幾千年。 |
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== 歷史 == |
== 歷史 == |
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用食用油油炸食物,在東西方皆有超過千年的歷史。[[古希臘]]人在前五世紀已知道用[[橄欖油]]烹調,而在四、五世紀的[[羅馬帝國]],當時的一份食譜《Apicius》記載了一種有油炸雞肉的料理Pullum Frontonianum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Apicius/6*.html#IX |title=LacusCurtius • Apicius, De Re Coquinaria—Book VI |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu |accessdate=11 May 2014}}</ref>。此後幾個世紀,油炸食物的作法散播到歐洲其他地區和中東世界。油炸食物在大約十三世紀在北歐出現<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lapetina|first1=Adam|title=The true origins of 11 of your favorite fried foods|url=http://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/where-fried-foods-came-from-corn-dogs-mozzarella-sticks-fried-candy-bars|website=thrillist.com|publisher=Trillist|accessdate=18 May 2015|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410212924/https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/where-fried-foods-came-from-corn-dogs-mozzarella-sticks-fried-candy-bars|dead-url=no}}</ref>,同時期西班牙和葡萄牙的食譜也出現炸魚<ref name = "Sir William">{{cite AV media| people =Wei, William| title =The Definitive History of Deep-Fried Foods| medium =Online video| publisher =Business Insider| location =New York City, United States of America| date =8 January 2013| url =http://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-deep-fried-foods-video-2013-1<!-- Also this works: http://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-deep-fried-foods-video-2013-1#ooid=liMWM2ODoJjPgf1c6lQ9h6oJnixDXOtW-->| access-date =2018-03-29| archive-date =2021-04-10| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210410212934/https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-deep-fried-foods-video-2013-1| dead-url =no}}</ref>。[[油炸鷹嘴豆餅]]在十四世紀由埃及移民流傳到中東各地<ref>{{cite web|last1=Antunes|first1=Sonny|title=Falafel, a dish the entire Middle East can agree on|url=https://www.finedininglovers.com/stories/falafel-middle-east/|website=finedininglovers.com|publisher=Fine Dining Lovers|accessdate=18 May 2015|archive-date=2019-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603144027/https://www.finedininglovers.com/stories/falafel-middle-east/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Guttman|first1=Vered|title=No matter where it originated, falafel is still Israel's national food|url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/modern-manna/no-matter-where-it-originated-falafel-is-still-israel-s-national-food-1.426265|accessdate=18 May 2015|work=Haaretz|date=24 April 2012|archive-date=2017-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023033117/https://www.haaretz.com/blogs/modern-manna/no-matter-where-it-originated-falafel-is-still-israel-s-national-food-1.426265|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=I. D.|first1=Morton|title=Geography and history of the frying process|url=http://grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es/index.php/grasasyaceites/article/viewFile/745/736|website=grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es|accessdate=18 May 2015|archive-date=2020-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019191418/http://grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es/index.php/grasasyaceites/article/viewFile/745/736|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 |
用食用油油炸食物,在東西方皆有超過千年的歷史。[[古希臘]]人在前五世紀已知道用[[橄欖油]]烹調,而在四、五世紀的[[羅馬帝國]],當時的一份食譜《Apicius》記載了一種有油炸雞肉的料理Pullum Frontonianum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Apicius/6*.html#IX |title=LacusCurtius • Apicius, De Re Coquinaria—Book VI |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu |accessdate=11 May 2014 |archive-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313030806/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Apicius/6%2A.html#IX |dead-url=no }}</ref>。此後幾個世紀,油炸食物的作法散播到歐洲其他地區和中東世界。油炸食物在大約十三世紀在北歐出現<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lapetina|first1=Adam|title=The true origins of 11 of your favorite fried foods|url=http://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/where-fried-foods-came-from-corn-dogs-mozzarella-sticks-fried-candy-bars|website=thrillist.com|publisher=Trillist|accessdate=18 May 2015|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410212924/https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/where-fried-foods-came-from-corn-dogs-mozzarella-sticks-fried-candy-bars|dead-url=no}}</ref>,同時期西班牙和葡萄牙的食譜也出現炸魚<ref name = "Sir William">{{cite AV media| people =Wei, William| title =The Definitive History of Deep-Fried Foods| medium =Online video| publisher =Business Insider| location =New York City, United States of America| date =8 January 2013| url =http://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-deep-fried-foods-video-2013-1<!-- Also this works: http://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-deep-fried-foods-video-2013-1#ooid=liMWM2ODoJjPgf1c6lQ9h6oJnixDXOtW-->| access-date =2018-03-29| archive-date =2021-04-10| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210410212934/https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-deep-fried-foods-video-2013-1| dead-url =no}}</ref>。[[油炸鷹嘴豆餅]]在十四世紀由埃及移民流傳到中東各地<ref>{{cite web|last1=Antunes|first1=Sonny|title=Falafel, a dish the entire Middle East can agree on|url=https://www.finedininglovers.com/stories/falafel-middle-east/|website=finedininglovers.com|publisher=Fine Dining Lovers|accessdate=18 May 2015|archive-date=2019-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603144027/https://www.finedininglovers.com/stories/falafel-middle-east/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Guttman|first1=Vered|title=No matter where it originated, falafel is still Israel's national food|url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/modern-manna/no-matter-where-it-originated-falafel-is-still-israel-s-national-food-1.426265|accessdate=18 May 2015|work=Haaretz|date=24 April 2012|archive-date=2017-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023033117/https://www.haaretz.com/blogs/modern-manna/no-matter-where-it-originated-falafel-is-still-israel-s-national-food-1.426265|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=I. D.|first1=Morton|title=Geography and history of the frying process|url=http://grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es/index.php/grasasyaceites/article/viewFile/745/736|website=grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es|accessdate=18 May 2015|archive-date=2020-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019191418/http://grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es/index.php/grasasyaceites/article/viewFile/745/736|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 |
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== 方法 == |
== 方法 == |
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[[動物油]]的[[飽和脂肪酸]]含量較高,精煉過程會讓植物油含有人造[[反式脂肪]],血液含兩者過高都是造成[[膽固醇]]過高、[[心血管疾病]]的原因。 |
[[動物油]]的[[飽和脂肪酸]]含量較高,精煉過程會讓植物油含有人造[[反式脂肪]],血液含兩者過高都是造成[[膽固醇]]過高、[[心血管疾病]]的原因。 |
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油含有高量的[[抗氧化物]](如[[維生素E]]、橄欖多酚<ref>{{Cite journal |last=蔡秉叡 |date=2018-01-01 |title=橄欖中酚類化合物組成分析及其生物活性 |url=https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh1?DocID=U0046-1202201911561400 |issue=2018年}}</ref>),則可以減少變質可能。 |
油含有高量的[[抗氧化物]](如[[維生素E]]、橄欖多酚<ref>{{Cite journal |last=蔡秉叡 |date=2018-01-01 |title=橄欖中酚類化合物組成分析及其生物活性 |url=https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh1?DocID=U0046-1202201911561400 |issue=2018年 |access-date=2023-02-04 |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204090612/https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh1?DocID=U0046-1202201911561400 |dead-url=no }}</ref>),則可以減少變質可能。 |
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== 相關條目 == |
== 相關條目 == |
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== 參考資料 == |
== 參考資料 == |
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{{reflist}} |
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==外部链接== |
==外部链接== |
2024年7月11日 (四) 08:26的最新版本
在某些地區,“油炸”一詞和許多現代油炸食品直到19世紀才被發明,但實際上這種烹飪方法已經存在了幾千年。
歷史
[编辑]用食用油油炸食物,在東西方皆有超過千年的歷史。古希臘人在前五世紀已知道用橄欖油烹調,而在四、五世紀的羅馬帝國,當時的一份食譜《Apicius》記載了一種有油炸雞肉的料理Pullum Frontonianum[5]。此後幾個世紀,油炸食物的作法散播到歐洲其他地區和中東世界。油炸食物在大約十三世紀在北歐出現[6],同時期西班牙和葡萄牙的食譜也出現炸魚[7]。油炸鷹嘴豆餅在十四世紀由埃及移民流傳到中東各地[8][9][10]。
方法
[编辑]在锅内放入比原料多數倍的油[11],並加热到攝氏140-190度,然后放进食材加熱至熟透,同時蒸發掉表面的水份使其變脆並呈現人稱「金黃色」的淺棕色。
分類
[编辑]- 乾炸
將已調味或醃過的食材直接炸成[12]
- 軟炸
- 酥炸
食材依次上蛋汁、上粉糊、上乾粉後,先以猛火熱油炸過,改以慢火炸成[12]
- 油淋炸
又稱脆皮炸,以滾油淋於食材內腔和表面直至金黃色[12][11]
健康問題
[编辑]致癌
[编辑]一般油炸溫度在攝氏140-190度之間,通常高於食油的冒煙點,然後會產生致癌物質,而回鍋油亦含有大量致癌物質如丙烯醯胺[13]。有人會加入主要成分為三矽酸鎂的白色濾油粉來濾除渣滓,但無法濾除致癌物質[14]。濾油粉由矽酸鈉和可溶性鎂鹽經沉澱作用生成,生成物的主要成分為氧化鎂和二氧化矽[15]。
過量攝取脂肪
[编辑]動物油的飽和脂肪酸含量較高,精煉過程會讓植物油含有人造反式脂肪,血液含兩者過高都是造成膽固醇過高、心血管疾病的原因。
油含有高量的抗氧化物(如維生素E、橄欖多酚[16]),則可以減少變質可能。
相關條目
[编辑]參考資料
[编辑]- ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2017-12-28]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-06-20).
- ^ Food Preparation and Cooking: Cookery units. Student guide. Nelson Thornes. 1996-01-01 [2016-12-12]. ISBN 9780748725663. (原始内容存档于2021-04-10) (英语).
- ^ America, Culinary Institute of. Techniques of Healthy Cooking, Professional Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 2007-11-19 [2016-12-12]. ISBN 9780470052327. (原始内容存档于2021-04-10) (英语).
- ^ Sumnu, Servet Gulum; Sahin, Serpil. Advances in Deep-Fat Frying of Foods. CRC Press. 2008-12-17 [2016-12-12]. ISBN 9781420055597. (原始内容存档于2021-04-10) (英语).
- ^ LacusCurtius • Apicius, De Re Coquinaria—Book VI. Penelope.uchicago.edu. [11 May 2014]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-13).
- ^ Lapetina, Adam. The true origins of 11 of your favorite fried foods. thrillist.com. Trillist. [18 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-10).
- ^ Wei, William. The Definitive History of Deep-Fried Foods (Online video). New York City, United States of America: Business Insider. 8 January 2013 [2018-03-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-10).
- ^ Antunes, Sonny. Falafel, a dish the entire Middle East can agree on. finedininglovers.com. Fine Dining Lovers. [18 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-03).
- ^ Guttman, Vered. No matter where it originated, falafel is still Israel's national food. Haaretz. 24 April 2012 [18 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-23).
- ^ I. D., Morton. Geography and history of the frying process. grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es. [18 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-19).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 烹飪技術研究所. 《粵菜烹飪》. 香港: 鴻光書店. 1996年6月: 第103頁. ISBN 9628123017.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 趙振羡. 《原味粵式食譜大全》. 香港: 星輝圖書有限公司. 1996: 第2頁. ISBN 962-388-051-0.
- ^ 速食店用油 1~7天換一次(學者研究 高溫油炸6小時 油脂開始劣化). 自由時報. 2009年6月22日. (原始内容存档于2009年6月24日).
- ^ 消基會呼籲/濾油粉難阻變質 應每日換油. 自由時報. 2009年6月24日. (原始内容存档于2009年6月27日).
- ^ 濾油粉_濾油粉的用法、用量_醫學百科. [2014-10-31]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-10).
- ^ 蔡秉叡. 橄欖中酚類化合物組成分析及其生物活性 (2018年). 2018-01-01 [2023-02-04]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-04).