老挝语:修订间差异
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{{NoteTA |
{{NoteTA |
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|G1 = Laos |
|G1 = Laos |
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|1 = zh-hans:佬族; zh-tw:寮族 |
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}} |
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{{Infobox language |
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| name = 寮语 |
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| nativename = {{lang|lo|ພາສາລາວ}} ''phasa lao'' |
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| pronunciation = {{IPA|pʰáːsǎː láːw}} |
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| states = [[寮国]]、[[泰国]][[依善地区]] |
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| speakers = 3,430,000<ref name="ethnologue">{{cite web|author=Ethnologue|title=Lao|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lao|date=2013-10-20|language=en|access-date=2019-06-28|archive-date=2020-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504152106/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lao|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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| date = 2015 |
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| ethnicity = [[寮族]] / [[佬族]]、[[依善人]] |
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| ref = |
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| familycolor = Kradai |
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| fam2 = [[台语支]] |
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| fam3 = 西南部台语支 |
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| fam4 = 老挝-普泰语支 |
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| script = [[老挝文]](老挝)<br>[[泰文字|泰文]](泰国)<br>{{le|泰老语盲文|Thai and Lao Braille}} |
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| nation = {{flag|Laos}} |
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| iso1 = lo |
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| iso2 = lao |
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| lc1 = lao |
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| ld1 = -{zh-hans:老挝;zh-hant:老撾;zh-tw:寮國;zh-sg:寮国;}-老挝语 |
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| lc2 = tts |
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| ld2 = [[依善语]] |
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| lingua = 47-AAA-c |
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| map = Idioma lao.png |
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| notice = IPA |
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| glotto = laoo1244 |
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| glottoname = Lao |
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| glotto2 = nort2741 |
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| minority = {{flag|Thailand}}([[依善地区]]) <br> {{flag|Cambodia}}([[上丁省]]、[[柏威夏省]]、[[拉达那基里省]]) |
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| glottoname2 = Northeastern Thai |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Infobox Language |
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|name=老撾語 |
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|nativename={{lang|lo|ພາສາລາວ}} ''phaasaa laao'' |
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|familycolor=壯侗語系 |
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|states={{flag|老挝}}、{{flag|泰国}}、{{flag|美国}}、{{flag|法国}}、{{flag|加拿大}}、{{flag|中国}} |
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|speakers=5,225,552 (2006) |
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|fam1=[[壯侗語系]] |
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|fam2=[[侗台语族]] |
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|fam3=[[台语支]] |
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|fam4=西南部 |
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|fam5=寮-普泰語支 |
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|nation= {{flag|Laos}} |
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|script = [[寮文]] |
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|iso1=lo|iso2=lao|iso3=lao|SIL=NOL |
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|notice=Indic|pronunciation=|region=|date=|vitality=}} |
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{{地区用词2|zh-cn=老{{zy|挝|wō|ㄨㄛ|wo<sup>1</sup>}}语|equiv-hk=cn|equiv-mo=cn|zh-tw=寮語|equiv-sg=tw|as=作|before='''|after='''}}({{lang-lo|ພາສາລາວ}},{{IPA-lo|pʰáː.sǎː láːw|pron}}),又稱'''寮-{}-國語'''、'''老语、佬族語系''',属[[壯侗語系]][[侗台語族]][[壯傣語支]],是[[老撾]]的[[官方语言]]。其使用人口约520万,主要分佈於[[寮國]],以及[[泰國]][[東北地區 (泰國)|東北部]]和北部的[[佬族]]居住地区,是佬族的[[通用语]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/lao|title=Lao {{!}} About World Languages|website=aboutworldlanguages.com|access-date=2016-05-25|archive-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227145536/http://aboutworldlanguages.com/Lao|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 |
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老挝语作为侗台语的一种,属于[[声调语言]]。老挝语口语在一定程度上可与同属西南部台语支的[[泰语]]和[[依善语]][[相互理解性|互通]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/node3.html |title=Ausbau and Abstand languages |publisher=Ccat.sas.upenn.edu |date=1995-01-20 |accessdate=2012-07-08 |archive-date=2012-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616035816/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/node3.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。其文字[[老挝文]]是在[[梵文]]和[[巴利文]]的基础上逐渐演变而来的。 |
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其書寫文字[[老挝文]]是在[[梵文]]和[[巴利文]]的基础上逐渐演变而来的。 |
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老挝语因[[宗教]]原因,拥有许多来自[[巴利语]]和[[梵语]]的借词。现代老挝语又受[[泰语]]影响较深,拥有大量泰语[[借词]]。虽无法定的官方[[标准语]],但[[万象话]]自20世纪后半叶起逐渐成为老挝语事实上的[[标准方言]]。 |
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== 音系 == |
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{{main|老撾語音系}} |
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== 分類 == |
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{{clade |
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|label1=[[壯侗語系]] |
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|1={{clade |
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| 1=[[黎語支]] |
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| 2=[[侗水語支]] |
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| 3=[[仡央語群]] |
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| 4=[[臨高語]] |
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| label5= [[壯傣語支]] |
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| 5={{clade |
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| 1=[[北部台語支|北部壯語]] |
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| 2=[[中部台語支|南部壯語]] |
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| label4=[[西南部台語支|泰語支]] |
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| 4={{clade |
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| label1=西北泰語支 |
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| 1={{clade |
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| 1=[[坎底語]] |
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| 2=[[傣仂語]] |
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| 3=[[撣語]] |
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| 4=其他}} |
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| label2=清盛亞語支 |
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| 2={{clade |
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| 1=[[北部泰語]] |
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| label2=素可泰語 |
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| 2={{clade |
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| 1=[[泰語|中部泰語]] |
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| 2=[[南部泰語]]}}}} |
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| label3=寮-普泰語支 |
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| 3={{clade |
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| 1=[[普泰語]] |
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| 2='''寮語''' ([[依善語|東北泰語]]) |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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== 方言 == |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+ 老挝语方言 |
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!方言!!在老挝的分布!!在泰国的分布 |
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|- |
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|万象方言 |
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|[[万象省]]、[[波里坎塞省]] |
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|[[農磨蘭普府]]、[[猜也蓬府]],及[[廊開府]]、[[益梭通府]]、[[孔敬府]]和[[烏隆府]]的一部分 |
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|- |
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|北方方言 |
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|[[琅勃拉邦省]]、[[沙耶武里省]]、[[乌多姆塞省]] |
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|[[黎府]],及[[烏隆府]]、[[猜也蓬府]]和[[孔敬府]]的一部分{{注|不属于依善地区的[[程逸府]]和[[彭世洛府]]也有老挝语北部方言的分布。}} |
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|- |
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|东北方言 |
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|[[川圹省]]、[[华潘省]] |
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|[[沙功那空府]]和[[烏隆府]]的一部分{{注|东北方言有时会被单划为Tai Phuan语,在[[素可泰府]]、[[程逸府]]和[[帕府]]也有分布。}} |
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|- |
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|中部方言 |
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|[[沙湾拿吉省]]、[[甘蒙省]] |
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|[[穆達漢府]],及[[沙功那空府]]和[[廊開府]]的一部分 |
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|- |
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|南部方言 |
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|[[占巴塞省]]、[[沙拉湾省]]、[[塞公省]]、[[阿速坡省]] |
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|[[烏汶府]]、[[安納乍倫府]],及益梭通府、[[武里南府]]、[[四色菊府]]、[[素林府]]和[[那空叻差是瑪府]]的一部分 |
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|- |
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|西部方言 |
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|无<ref>เรืองเดช ปันเขื่อนขัติย์. (2531)</ref> |
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|[[加拉信府]]、[[马哈沙拉堪府]]和[[黎逸府]] |
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== 音系 == |
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=== 輔音 === |
=== 輔音 === |
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寮語的[[塞音]]可分為三組: |
寮語的[[塞音]]可分為三組: |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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!colspan=2|[[鼻音 (辅音)|鼻音]] |
!colspan=2|[[鼻音 (辅音)|鼻音]] |
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|{{IPA|[m]}}<br><font |
|{{IPA|[m]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ມ</span>|| ||{{IPA|[n]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ນ</span>|| ||{{IPA|[ɲ]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ຍ</span>||{{IPA|[ŋ]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ງ</span>|| |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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!rowspan=3|[[塞音]]!!不[[送氣]][[清濁音|濁音]] |
!rowspan=3|[[塞音]]!!不[[送氣]][[清濁音|濁音]] |
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|{{IPA|[b]}}<br><font |
|{{IPA|[b]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ບ</span>|| ||{{IPA|[d]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ດ</span>|| || || ||rowspan=3|{{IPA|[ʔ]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ອ</span> |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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!不[[送氣]][[清濁音|清音]] |
!不[[送氣]][[清濁音|清音]] |
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|{{IPA|[p]}}<br><font |
|{{IPA|[p]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ປ</span>|| ||{{IPA|[t]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ຕ</span>|| || ||{{IPA|[k]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ກ</span> |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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![[送氣]][[清濁音|清音]] |
![[送氣]][[清濁音|清音]] |
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|{{IPA|[pʰ]}}<br>< |
|{{IPA|[pʰ]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ຜ, ພ</span>|| ||{{IPA|[tʰ]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ຖ,ທ</span>|| || ||{{IPA|[kʰ]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ຂ, ຄ</span> |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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![[擦音]]!![[清濁音|清音]] |
![[擦音]]!![[清濁音|清音]] |
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| ||{{IPA|[f]}}<br>< |
| ||{{IPA|[f]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ຝ, ຟ</span>||{{IPA|[s]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ສ, ຊ</span>|| || || ||{{IPA|[h]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ຫ, ຮ</span> |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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![[塞擦音]]!!不[[送氣]][[清濁音|清音]] |
![[塞擦音]]!!不[[送氣]][[清濁音|清音]] |
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| || || ||{{IPA|[tɕ]}}<br><font |
| || || ||{{IPA|[tɕ]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ຈ</span>|| || || |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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!colspan=2|[[近音]] |
!colspan=2|[[近音]] |
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|| ||{{IPA|[ʋ]}}<br>< |
|| ||{{IPA|[ʋ]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ວ</span>*|| || ||{{IPA|[j]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ຢ</span>||{{IPA|[w]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ວ</span>*|| |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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!colspan=2|[[边音]] |
!colspan=2|[[边音]] |
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| || ||{{IPA|[l]}}<br><font |
| || ||{{IPA|[l]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ຣ, ລ</span>|| || || || |
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:'''註''':<font |
:'''註''':<span style="font-size:large;">ວ</span>的發音因方言不同而有差異。 |
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寮語中有九種韻尾,分別是{{IPA|[p]}}、{{IPA|[t]}}、{{IPA|[k]}}、{{IPA|[m]}}、{{IPA|[n]}}、{{IPA|[ŋ]}}、{{IPA|[j]}}、{{IPA|[w]}}、{{IPA|[ʔ]}}。 |
寮語中有九種韻尾,分別是{{IPA|[p]}}、{{IPA|[t]}}、{{IPA|[k]}}、{{IPA|[m]}}、{{IPA|[n]}}、{{IPA|[ŋ]}}、{{IPA|[j]}}、{{IPA|[w]}}、{{IPA|[ʔ]}}。 |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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![[鼻音 (辅音)|鼻音]] |
![[鼻音 (辅音)|鼻音]] |
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|{{IPA|[m]}}<br><font |
|{{IPA|[m]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ມ</span>||{{IPA|[n]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ນ, ຣ, ລ</span>|| ||{{IPA|[ŋ]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ງ</span>|| |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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![[塞音]] |
![[塞音]] |
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|{{IPA|[p]}}<br>< |
|{{IPA|[p]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ບ,ປ,ພ,ຝ,ຟ</span>||{{IPA|[t]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ຈ,ສ,ຊ,ດ,ຕ,ຖ,ທ</span>|| ||{{IPA|[k]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ກ,ຂ,ຄ</span>||{{IPA|[ʔ]}}<br>見註 |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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![[近音]] |
![[近音]] |
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| || ||{{IPA|[j]}}<br>< |
| || ||{{IPA|[j]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ຍ</span>||{{IPA|[w]}}<br><span style="font-size:large;">ວ</span>|| |
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|} |
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:'''註''':出現在短元音且無其他尾音時的停頓。 |
:'''註''':出現在短元音且無其他尾音時的停頓。 |
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=== 聲調 === |
=== 聲調 === |
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老撾語有六個聲調。[[舒聲韻|舒聲]]可以是六個聲調中的某一個。[[入聲]]可以是其中四個聲調中的某一個。<ref>Blaine Erickson, 2001. [http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/erickson2001origins.pdf "On the Origins of Labialized Consonants in Lao"]. Analysis based on T. Hoshino and R. Marcus (1981). ''Lao for Beginners: An Introduction to the Spoken and Written Language of Laos''. Rutland/Tokyo: Tuttle. Accessed 2009-12-19.</ref> |
老撾語有六個聲調。[[舒聲韻|舒聲]]可以是六個聲調中的某一個。[[入聲]]可以是其中四個聲調中的某一個。<ref>Blaine Erickson, 2001. [http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/erickson2001origins.pdf "On the Origins of Labialized Consonants in Lao"] {{Wayback|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/erickson2001origins.pdf |date=20171011133024 }}. Analysis based on T. Hoshino and R. Marcus (1981). ''Lao for Beginners: An Introduction to the Spoken and Written Language of Laos''. Rutland/Tokyo: Tuttle. Accessed 2009-12-19.</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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{{main|寮文}} |
{{main|寮文}} |
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== |
== 例子 == |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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{{reflist}} |
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|- |
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! 中文 |
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! 寮語 |
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! 發音 |
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|- |
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| 你好/您好 |
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| ສະບາຍດີ |
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| {{Unicode|sába̖ai-di̖i}} |
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|- |
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| 很高興認識你 |
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| ດີໃຈທີ່ຮູ້ກັບເຈົ້າ |
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| di̖i ja̖i thii hûu káp jâo |
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|- |
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| 很久不見 |
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| ບໍ່ເຫັນໜ້າກັນດົນລະນໍ |
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| bor hen naa gun don la nor |
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|- |
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| 早安 |
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| ສະບາຍດີ |
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| sába̖ai-di̖i ton sao |
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|- |
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| 謝謝 |
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| ຂອບໃຈຫລາຍໆ |
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| khàwp ja̖i lãi lãi |
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|- |
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| 對不起 |
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| ຂໍໂທດ |
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| khãw thôht |
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|- |
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| 我愛你 |
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| ຂ້ອຍຮັກເຈົ້າ |
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| khoi huk jâo/chau |
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|} |
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==参考文献== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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== 注释 == |
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{{noteFoot}} |
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==延伸閱讀== |
==延伸閱讀== |
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{{refbegin|2}} |
{{refbegin|2}} |
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* Lew, Sigrid. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/12997666/A_linguistic_analysis_of_the_Lao_writing_system_and_its_suitability_for_minority_language_orthographies "A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies".] |
* Lew, Sigrid. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/12997666/A_linguistic_analysis_of_the_Lao_writing_system_and_its_suitability_for_minority_language_orthographies "A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies".] {{Wayback|url=https://www.academia.edu/12997666/A_linguistic_analysis_of_the_Lao_writing_system_and_its_suitability_for_minority_language_orthographies |date=20210427222145 }} |
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* ANSI Z39.35-1979, ''System for the Romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali'', ISBN 0-88738-968-6. |
* ANSI Z39.35-1979, ''System for the Romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali'', ISBN 0-88738-968-6. |
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* Hoshino, Tatsuo and Marcus, Russel. (1989). ''Lao for Beginners: An Introduction to the Spoken and Written Language of Laos''. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-1629-8. |
* Hoshino, Tatsuo and Marcus, Russel. (1989). ''Lao for Beginners: An Introduction to the Spoken and Written Language of Laos''. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-1629-8. |
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* Enfield, N. J. (2007). [http://nickenfield.org/files/Enfield_Lao_Grammar_published_AUTHOR_OFFPRINT.pdf ''A Grammar of Lao'']. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-018588-1. |
* Enfield, N. J. (2007). [http://nickenfield.org/files/Enfield_Lao_Grammar_published_AUTHOR_OFFPRINT.pdf ''A Grammar of Lao''] {{Wayback|url=http://nickenfield.org/files/Enfield_Lao_Grammar_published_AUTHOR_OFFPRINT.pdf |date=20210506181305 }}. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-018588-1. |
||
* Cummings, Joe. (2002). ''Lao Phrasebook: A Language Survival Kit''. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-168-2. |
* Cummings, Joe. (2002). ''Lao Phrasebook: A Language Survival Kit''. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-168-2. |
||
* Mollerup, Asger. ''Thai–Isan–Lao Phrasebook''. White Lotus, Bangkok, 2001. ISBN 974-7534-88-6. |
* Mollerup, Asger. ''Thai–Isan–Lao Phrasebook''. White Lotus, Bangkok, 2001. ISBN 974-7534-88-6. |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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== |
== 参閱 == |
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* [[泰語]] |
* [[泰語]] |
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*[[老撾語語法]] |
*[[老撾語語法]] |
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{{wikivoyage|Lao phrasebook|Lao|a phrasebook}} |
{{wikivoyage|Lao phrasebook|Lao|a phrasebook}} |
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{{Commons category}} |
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{{div col|2}} |
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*[http://www.seasite.niu.edu/lao/lao3.htm Lao Language & Culture Site] |
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*[http://www.seasite.niu.edu/lao/lao3.htm Lao Language & Culture Site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/lao/lao3.htm |date=20210225064346 }} |
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*[http://translate.google.com/?vi=c&hl=en#en/lo/ Google Translate] |
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*[http://translate.google.com/?vi=c&hl=en#en/lo/ Google Translate] {{Wayback|url=http://translate.google.com/?vi=c&hl=en#en/lo/ |date=20210301204027 }} |
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*[http://www.stars21.com/translator/english_to_lao.html http://www.stars21.com/translator/english_to_lao.html] |
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*[http://www.stars21.com/translator/english_to_lao.html http://www.stars21.com/translator/english_to_lao.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stars21.com/translator/english_to_lao.html |date=20210225023836 }} |
|||
*[http://www.laosoftware.com/index.php http://www.laosoftware.com/index.php] |
|||
*[http://www.laosoftware.com/index.php http://www.laosoftware.com/index.php] {{Wayback|url=http://www.laosoftware.com/index.php |date=20161116124630 }} |
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*http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/lao/ |
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*https://symbl.cc/en/unicode/blocks/lao/ {{Wayback|url=https://symbl.cc/en/unicode/blocks/lao/ |date=20140920220813 }} |
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*[http://omniglot.com/writing/lao.htm Omniglot: Lao script] |
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*[http://omniglot.com/writing/lao.htm Omniglot: Lao script] {{Wayback|url=http://omniglot.com/writing/lao.htm |date=20210502211927 }} |
|||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007183837/http://jusklao.laovoices.com/ JUSK Lao, a javascript based Lao unicode keyboard] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007183837/http://jusklao.laovoices.com/ JUSK Lao, a javascript based Lao unicode keyboard] |
||
*[http://laoconnection.com/language1.htm Laoconnection.com] |
*[http://laoconnection.com/language1.htm Laoconnection.com] {{Wayback|url=http://laoconnection.com/language1.htm |date=20161021173225 }} |
||
*[http://abcdlaos.blogspot.com AbcdLaos Lao Language in Spanish] |
*[http://abcdlaos.blogspot.com AbcdLaos Lao Language in Spanish] {{Wayback|url=http://abcdlaos.blogspot.com/ |date=20110811020136 }} |
||
*[http://fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Lao USA Foreign Service Institute Lao basic course]{{ |
*[http://fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Lao USA Foreign Service Institute Lao basic course] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150201131653/http://fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Lao |date=2015-02-01 }} |
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*https://web.archive.org/web/20141204014809/http://asiansouls.com/laofonts/ |
*https://web.archive.org/web/20141204014809/http://asiansouls.com/laofonts/ |
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[[Category:老挝语| ]] |
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[[Category:台语支]] |
[[Category:台语支]] |
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[[Category:老挝语言]] |
[[Category:老挝语言]] |
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[[Category:泰国语言]] |
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[[Category:主謂賓語序語言]] |
[[Category:主謂賓語序語言]] |
2024年10月26日 (六) 08:03的最新版本
寮语 | |
---|---|
ພາສາລາວ phasa lao | |
发音 | pʰáːsǎː láːw |
母语国家和地区 | 寮国、泰国依善地区 |
族群 | 寮族 / 佬族、依善人 |
母语使用人数 | 3,430,000[1] (2015) |
語系 | |
文字 | 老挝文(老挝) 泰文(泰国) 泰老语盲文 |
官方地位 | |
作为官方语言 | 老挝 |
承认少数语言 | 泰國(依善地区) 柬埔寨(上丁省、柏威夏省、拉达那基里省) |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-1 | lo |
ISO 639-2 | lao |
ISO 639-3 | 兩者之一:lao – 老挝老挝语tts – 依善语 |
Glottolog | laoo1244 Lao[2]nort2741 Northeastern Thai[3] |
语言瞭望站 | 47-AAA-c |
老
老挝语作为侗台语的一种,属于声调语言。老挝语口语在一定程度上可与同属西南部台语支的泰语和依善语互通[5]。其文字老挝文是在梵文和巴利文的基础上逐渐演变而来的。
老挝语因宗教原因,拥有许多来自巴利语和梵语的借词。现代老挝语又受泰语影响较深,拥有大量泰语借词。虽无法定的官方标准语,但万象话自20世纪后半叶起逐渐成为老挝语事实上的标准方言。
分類
[编辑]壯侗語系 |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
方言
[编辑]方言 | 在老挝的分布 | 在泰国的分布 |
---|---|---|
万象方言 | 万象省、波里坎塞省 | 農磨蘭普府、猜也蓬府,及廊開府、益梭通府、孔敬府和烏隆府的一部分 |
北方方言 | 琅勃拉邦省、沙耶武里省、乌多姆塞省 | 黎府,及烏隆府、猜也蓬府和孔敬府的一部分[註 1] |
东北方言 | 川圹省、华潘省 | 沙功那空府和烏隆府的一部分[註 2] |
中部方言 | 沙湾拿吉省、甘蒙省 | 穆達漢府,及沙功那空府和廊開府的一部分 |
南部方言 | 占巴塞省、沙拉湾省、塞公省、阿速坡省 | 烏汶府、安納乍倫府,及益梭通府、武里南府、四色菊府、素林府和那空叻差是瑪府的一部分 |
西部方言 | 无[6] | 加拉信府、马哈沙拉堪府和黎逸府 |
音系
[编辑]輔音
[编辑]寮語的塞音可分為三組:
- 寮語輔音表:
双唇音 唇齿音 齿龈音 龈腭音 硬腭音 软腭音 聲門音 鼻音 [m]
ມ[n]
ນ[ɲ]
ຍ[ŋ]
ງ塞音 不送氣濁音 [b]
ບ[d]
ດ[ʔ]
ອ不送氣清音 [p]
ປ[t]
ຕ[k]
ກ送氣清音 [pʰ]
ຜ, ພ[tʰ]
ຖ,ທ[kʰ]
ຂ, ຄ擦音 清音 [f]
ຝ, ຟ[s]
ສ, ຊ[h]
ຫ, ຮ塞擦音 不送氣清音 [tɕ]
ຈ近音 [ʋ]
ວ*[j]
ຢ[w]
ວ*边音 [l]
ຣ, ລ
- 註:ວ的發音因方言不同而有差異。
寮語中有九種韻尾,分別是[p]、[t]、[k]、[m]、[n]、[ŋ]、[j]、[w]、[ʔ]。
- 寮語尾音音系
双唇音 齿龈音 硬腭音 软腭音 聲門音 鼻音 [m]
ມ[n]
ນ, ຣ, ລ[ŋ]
ງ塞音 [p]
ບ,ປ,ພ,ຝ,ຟ[t]
ຈ,ສ,ຊ,ດ,ຕ,ຖ,ທ[k]
ກ,ຂ,ຄ[ʔ]
見註近音 [j]
ຍ[w]
ວ
- 註:出現在短元音且無其他尾音時的停頓。
元音
[编辑]聲調
[编辑]老撾語有六個聲調。舒聲可以是六個聲調中的某一個。入聲可以是其中四個聲調中的某一個。[7]
調名 | 標記 ⟨e⟩ | 國際音標 | 舒聲例 | 翻譯 | 入聲例 | 翻譯 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
升 | ě | ˨˦ 或 ˨˩˦ | /kʰǎː/ ຂາ |
腿 | ||
高平 | é | ˦ | /kʰáː/ ຄາ |
價格 | /hák/ ຫັກ |
少 |
高降 | ê | ˥˧ | /kʰâː/ ຄ້າ |
購買 | /hâːk/ ຮາກ |
根 |
中平 | ē | ˧ | /kʰāː/ ຂ່າ, ຄ່າ |
高良薑,費用 | /hāk/ ຮັກ |
愛 |
低平 | è | ˩ | /kàː/ ກາ |
烏鴉 | ||
低降 | e᷆ | ˧˩ | /kʰa᷆ː/ ຂ້າ |
殺 | /ha᷆ːk/ ຫາກ |
如果 |
書寫系統
[编辑]例子
[编辑]中文 | 寮語 | 發音 |
---|---|---|
你好/您好 | ສະບາຍດີ | sába̖ai-di̖i |
很高興認識你 | ດີໃຈທີ່ຮູ້ກັບເຈົ້າ | di̖i ja̖i thii hûu káp jâo |
很久不見 | ບໍ່ເຫັນໜ້າກັນດົນລະນໍ | bor hen naa gun don la nor |
早安 | ສະບາຍດີ | sába̖ai-di̖i ton sao |
謝謝 | ຂອບໃຈຫລາຍໆ | khàwp ja̖i lãi lãi |
對不起 | ຂໍໂທດ | khãw thôht |
我愛你 | ຂ້ອຍຮັກເຈົ້າ | khoi huk jâo/chau |
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Ethnologue. Lao. 2013-10-20 [2019-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-04) (英语).
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Lao. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Northeastern Thai. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Lao | About World Languages. aboutworldlanguages.com. [2016-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-27).
- ^ Ausbau and Abstand languages. Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. 1995-01-20 [2012-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2012-06-16).
- ^ เรืองเดช ปันเขื่อนขัติย์. (2531)
- ^ Blaine Erickson, 2001. "On the Origins of Labialized Consonants in Lao" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Analysis based on T. Hoshino and R. Marcus (1981). Lao for Beginners: An Introduction to the Spoken and Written Language of Laos. Rutland/Tokyo: Tuttle. Accessed 2009-12-19.
注释
[编辑]延伸閱讀
[编辑]- Lew, Sigrid. 2013. "A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies". (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ANSI Z39.35-1979, System for the Romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali, ISBN 0-88738-968-6.
- Hoshino, Tatsuo and Marcus, Russel. (1989). Lao for Beginners: An Introduction to the Spoken and Written Language of Laos. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-1629-8.
- Enfield, N. J. (2007). A Grammar of Lao (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-018588-1.
- Cummings, Joe. (2002). Lao Phrasebook: A Language Survival Kit. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-168-2.
- Mollerup, Asger. Thai–Isan–Lao Phrasebook. White Lotus, Bangkok, 2001. ISBN 974-7534-88-6.
- Kerr, Allen. (1994). Lao–English Dictionary. White Lotus. ISBN 974-8495-69-8.
- Simmala, Buasawan and Benjawan Poomsan Becker (2003), Lao for Beginners. Paiboon Publishing. ISBN 1-887521-28-3
参閱
[编辑]外部連結
[编辑]维基百科提供如下语言版本:老挝语維基百科
- Lao Language & Culture Site (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Google Translate (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- http://www.stars21.com/translator/english_to_lao.html (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- http://www.laosoftware.com/index.php (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- https://symbl.cc/en/unicode/blocks/lao/ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Omniglot: Lao script (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- JUSK Lao, a javascript based Lao unicode keyboard
- Laoconnection.com (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- AbcdLaos Lao Language in Spanish (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- USA Foreign Service Institute Lao basic course Archive-It的存檔,存档日期2015-02-01
- https://web.archive.org/web/20141204014809/http://asiansouls.com/laofonts/