甌駱:修订间差异
Add 6 books for verifiability (20240207)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot |
补救6个来源,并将0个来源标记为失效。) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 |
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* {{citation|author=郦道元|authorlink=郦道元|title=[[水经注]]|id=[https://zh.wikisource.org/水經注/37 卷 37]|ref={{sfnRef|水经注}}}} |
* {{citation|author=郦道元|authorlink=郦道元|title=[[水经注]]|id=[https://zh.wikisource.org/水經注/37 卷 37]|ref={{sfnRef|水经注}}}} |
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* {{citation|author=司马迁|authorlink=司马迁|title=[[史記]]|chapter=南越列傳|id=[https://zh.wikisource.org/zh/史記/卷113 卷113]|ref={{sfnRef|史记}}}} |
* {{citation|author=司马迁|authorlink=司马迁|title=[[史記]]|chapter=南越列傳|id=[https://zh.wikisource.org/zh/史記/卷113 卷113]|ref={{sfnRef|史记}}}} |
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*{{Cite conference |conference=Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE) |last=Alves |first=Mark |year=2019 |title=Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333720204 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.32110.05446|ref={{sfnRef|Alves|2019}}}} |
*{{Cite conference |conference=Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE) |last=Alves |first=Mark |year=2019 |title=Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333720204 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.32110.05446 |ref={{sfnRef|Alves|2019}} |access-date=2023-12-06 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031038/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333720204 |dead-url=no }} |
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*{{cite book|last=Brindley|first=Erica|year=2015|title=Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, C.400 BCE-50 CE|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-110-70847-8-0|ref={{sfnRef|Brindley|2015}}}} |
*{{cite book|last=Brindley|first=Erica|year=2015|title=Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, C.400 BCE-50 CE|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-110-70847-8-0|ref={{sfnRef|Brindley|2015}}}} |
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*{{cite book|first=Joseph|last = Buttinger|title =The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam|url=https://archive.org/details/smallerdragonpol0000butt|publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]]|year=1958|ref={{sfnRef|Buttinger|1958}}}} |
*{{cite book|first=Joseph|last = Buttinger|title =The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam|url=https://archive.org/details/smallerdragonpol0000butt|publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]]|year=1958|ref={{sfnRef|Buttinger|1958}}}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Calo|first=Ambra|title=The Distribution of Bronze Drums in Early Southeast Asia: Trade Routes and Cultural Spheres|publisher=[[Archaeopress]]|year=2009|isbn=9781407303963|location=Oxford|ref={{sfnRef|Calo|2009}}}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Calo|first=Ambra|title=The Distribution of Bronze Drums in Early Southeast Asia: Trade Routes and Cultural Spheres|publisher=[[Archaeopress]]|year=2009|isbn=9781407303963|location=Oxford|ref={{sfnRef|Calo|2009}}}} |
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*{{Cite journal|last=Chang|first=Yufen|year=2022|title=Academic Dependency Theory and the Politics of Agency in Area Studies: The Case of Anglophone Vietnamese Studies from the 1960s to the 2010s|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/johs.12363|doi=10.1111/johs.12363|journal=Journal of Historical Sociology|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|issn=0952-1909|eissn=1467-6443|volume=35|issue=1|pages=37–54|s2cid=247835010}} |
*{{Cite journal|last=Chang|first=Yufen|year=2022|title=Academic Dependency Theory and the Politics of Agency in Area Studies: The Case of Anglophone Vietnamese Studies from the 1960s to the 2010s|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/johs.12363|doi=10.1111/johs.12363|journal=Journal of Historical Sociology|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|issn=0952-1909|eissn=1467-6443|volume=35|issue=1|pages=37–54|s2cid=247835010|access-date=2023-12-06|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404165146/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/johs.12363|dead-url=no}} |
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*{{cite book|title=A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofvietnam0000chap|last=Chapuis|first=Oscar|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|year=1995|isbn=0-313-29622-7|ref={{sfnRef|Chapuis|1995}}}} |
*{{cite book|title=A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofvietnam0000chap|last=Chapuis|first=Oscar|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|year=1995|isbn=0-313-29622-7|ref={{sfnRef|Chapuis|1995}}}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Confucianism and the Family|editor1-first=George A.|editor1-last=De Vos|editor2-first=Walter H.|editor2-last=Slote|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|date=1998 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=C28HaXT0KiUC |isbn=978-0-791-43735-3|ref={{sfnRef|De Vos|Slote|1998}}}} |
*{{cite book|title=Confucianism and the Family|editor1-first=George A.|editor1-last=De Vos|editor2-first=Walter H.|editor2-last=Slote|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|date=1998 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=C28HaXT0KiUC |isbn=978-0-791-43735-3|ref={{sfnRef|De Vos|Slote|1998}}}} |
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第109行: | 第109行: | ||
|publisher = Hanoi Publishing House|year = 2020|orig-date=First published 1958|isbn=978-604-556-114-0|language=vi|ref={{sfnRef|Đào Duy Anh|2020}}}} |
|publisher = Hanoi Publishing House|year = 2020|orig-date=First published 1958|isbn=978-604-556-114-0|language=vi|ref={{sfnRef|Đào Duy Anh|2020}}}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Ferlus|first1=Michael|title=A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese|journal=[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]|date=2009|volume=1|pages=95–108|ref={{sfnRef|Ferlus|2009}}}} |
*{{cite journal|last1=Ferlus|first1=Michael|title=A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese|journal=[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]|date=2009|volume=1|pages=95–108|ref={{sfnRef|Ferlus|2009}}}} |
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*{{Cite journal|last=Hilgers|first=Lauren|date=2016|title=Vietnam's First City|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/26348729|journal=Archaeology|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|volume=69|issue=4|pages=48–53|jstor=26348729|via=JSTOR|ref={{sfnRef|Hilgers|2016}}}} |
*{{Cite journal|last=Hilgers|first=Lauren|date=2016|title=Vietnam's First City|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/26348729|journal=Archaeology|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|volume=69|issue=4|pages=48–53|jstor=26348729|via=JSTOR|ref={{sfnRef|Hilgers|2016}}|access-date=2023-12-06|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405175235/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26348729|dead-url=no}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Hoàng |first=Anh Tuấn |title=Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Rerlations ; 1637 – 1700 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFFfRz8tBrMC&pg=PA12 |isbn=978-90-04-15601-2|ref={{sfnRef|Hoàng|2007}}}} |
*{{cite book |last=Hoàng |first=Anh Tuấn |title=Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Rerlations ; 1637 – 1700 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFFfRz8tBrMC&pg=PA12 |isbn=978-90-04-15601-2|ref={{sfnRef|Hoàng|2007}}}} |
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*{{cite book| title=The archaeology of mainland Southeast Asia | url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofmai0000high |first=Charles |last=Higham |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1989|ref={{sfnRef|Higham|1989}}}} |
*{{cite book| title=The archaeology of mainland Southeast Asia | url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofmai0000high |first=Charles |last=Higham |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1989|ref={{sfnRef|Higham|1989}}}} |
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*{{cite book| title=Ancient Southeast Asia |first1=John Norman |author1-link=John N. Miksic|last1=Miksic |first2=Go Geok |last2=Yian |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-27903-7|ref={{sfnRef|Miksic|Yian|2016}}}} |
*{{cite book| title=Ancient Southeast Asia |first1=John Norman |author1-link=John N. Miksic|last1=Miksic |first2=Go Geok |last2=Yian |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-27903-7|ref={{sfnRef|Miksic|Yian|2016}}}} |
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*{{Cite journal|last=Nguyen|first=Ba Khoach|date=1980|title=Phung Nguyen|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=23|issue=1|pages=23–53|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|jstor=42929153|ref={{sfnRef|Nguyen|1980}}}} |
*{{Cite journal|last=Nguyen|first=Ba Khoach|date=1980|title=Phung Nguyen|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=23|issue=1|pages=23–53|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|jstor=42929153|ref={{sfnRef|Nguyen|1980}}}} |
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*{{Cite journal|last=O'Harrow|first=Stephen|year=1979|title=From Co-loa to the Trung Sisters' Revolt: VIET-NAM AS THE CHINESE FOUND IT|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928006|journal=[[Asian Perspectives]]|volume=22|issue=2|pages=140–164|jstor=42928006|via=JSTOR|ref={{sfnRef|O'Harrow|1979}}}} |
*{{Cite journal|last=O'Harrow|first=Stephen|year=1979|title=From Co-loa to the Trung Sisters' Revolt: VIET-NAM AS THE CHINESE FOUND IT|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928006|journal=[[Asian Perspectives]]|volume=22|issue=2|pages=140–164|jstor=42928006|via=JSTOR|ref={{sfnRef|O'Harrow|1979}}|access-date=2023-12-06|archive-date=2023-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015120505/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928006|dead-url=no}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Understanding Vietnam|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingvie00jami|last1=Jamieson|first1=Neil L|publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1995|isbn=978-0-520-20157-6|ref={{sfnRef|Jamieson|1995}}}} |
*{{cite book|title=Understanding Vietnam|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingvie00jami|last1=Jamieson|first1=Neil L|publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1995|isbn=978-0-520-20157-6|ref={{sfnRef|Jamieson|1995}}}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Paine|first=Lincoln|title=The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World|date=2013|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-96225-6|ref={{sfnRef|Paine|2013}}}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Paine|first=Lincoln|title=The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World|date=2013|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-96225-6|ref={{sfnRef|Paine|2013}}}} |
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*{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Keith|date=1980|title=An Evaluation of the Chinese Period in Vietnamese History|journal=The Journal of Asiatic Studies|volume=23|issue=1|pages=139–164|ref={{sfnRef|Taylor|1980}}}} |
*{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Keith|date=1980|title=An Evaluation of the Chinese Period in Vietnamese History|journal=The Journal of Asiatic Studies|volume=23|issue=1|pages=139–164|ref={{sfnRef|Taylor|1980}}}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Keith Weller|year=1983|title=The Birth of the Vietnam|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07417-0|ref={{sfnRef|Taylor|1983}}}} |
*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Keith Weller|year=1983|title=The Birth of the Vietnam|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07417-0|ref={{sfnRef|Taylor|1983}}}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Keith Weller|year=2013|title=A History of the Vietnamese|publisher=Cambridge University Press |
*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Keith Weller|year=2013|title=A History of the Vietnamese|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-vietnamese/provincial-era/D0C79C8ED6868DDE48C2D867CBC98FFD|isbn=978-0-521-87586-8|ref={{sfnRef|Taylor|2013}}|access-date=2023-12-06|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404165147/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-vietnamese/provincial-era/D0C79C8ED6868DDE48C2D867CBC98FFD|dead-url=no}} |
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*{{Cite journal|last=Tessitore|first=John|date=1989|title=View from the East Mountain: An Examination of the Relationship Between the Dong Son and Lake Tien Civilizations in the First Millennium BC|volume=28|pages=31–44|journal=Asian Perspectives|issue=1|jstor=42928187|ref={{sfnRef|Tessitore|1989}}}} |
*{{Cite journal|last=Tessitore|first=John|date=1989|title=View from the East Mountain: An Examination of the Relationship Between the Dong Son and Lake Tien Civilizations in the First Millennium BC|volume=28|pages=31–44|journal=Asian Perspectives|issue=1|jstor=42928187|ref={{sfnRef|Tessitore|1989}}}} |
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*{{cite book |first=Burton |last = Watson |title = Records Of The Grand Historian Of China |url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532974/page/n247/mode/2up |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=1961 }} |
*{{cite book |first=Burton |last = Watson |title = Records Of The Grand Historian Of China |url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532974/page/n247/mode/2up |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=1961 }} |
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{{Commons category}} |
{{Commons category}} |
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* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Au-Lac 瓯骆]于 [[不列颠百科全书]] |
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Au-Lac 瓯骆] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Au-Lac |date=20230929094205 }}于 [[不列颠百科全书]] |
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[[Category:古蜀]] |
[[Category:古蜀]] |
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[[Category:越南历史]] |
[[Category:越南历史]] |
2024年2月27日 (二) 21:09的版本
甌貉/ 甌駱 | |||||||||||
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公元前257年—公元前179年 | |||||||||||
首都 | 古螺城 | ||||||||||
宗教 | 泛灵论、越南民间信仰 | ||||||||||
政府 | 君主制 | ||||||||||
王 | |||||||||||
• 公元前257年 – 公元前179年 | 安阳王 | ||||||||||
历史时期 | 古代 | ||||||||||
• 建立 | 公元前257年 | ||||||||||
公元前179年 | |||||||||||
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今属于 | 中国 越南 |
越南歷史系列條目 | |||||||||||
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史前時期(東山文化) | |||||||||||
傳說時期(鴻龐氏、甌貉) | |||||||||||
第一次北属時期 前207–40 | |||||||||||
(秦、南越、西漢、新、東漢) | |||||||||||
東漢:徵氏姐妹 40–43 | |||||||||||
第二次北属時期 43–544 | |||||||||||
(東漢、吳、晉、宋、齊、梁) | |||||||||||
吳:赵妪 248 | |||||||||||
前李朝(萬春國)544–602 | |||||||||||
第三次北属時期 602–905 | |||||||||||
(隋、唐、武周、唐) | |||||||||||
唐:梅叔鸞、馮興、楊清 | |||||||||||
越南自主時期 905–938 | |||||||||||
(唐、後梁、南漢) | |||||||||||
靜海軍:曲家、楊廷藝、矯公羨 | |||||||||||
吳朝與十二使君時期 938–967 | |||||||||||
丁朝 968–980 | |||||||||||
前黎朝 980–1009 | |||||||||||
李朝 1009–1226 | |||||||||||
陳朝 1226–1400 | |||||||||||
胡朝 1400–1407 | |||||||||||
第四次北属時期 1407–1427 (明) | |||||||||||
明:後陳朝 1407–1413 | |||||||||||
後黎朝前期 1428–1527 | |||||||||||
莫朝 1527–1592 | |||||||||||
南北朝 1533–1592 |
莫朝 | 後黎朝 後期 | |||||||||
後黎朝後期 1533–1789 | |||||||||||
後黎朝後期 鄭阮分治 1627–1672 1774–1775 |
鄭主 1545–1787 |
阮主 (南進) 1558–1777 | |||||||||
西山朝 1778–1802 | |||||||||||
阮朝 1802–1945 | |||||||||||
法属时期 1884–1945 (北圻、中圻、南圻) | |||||||||||
法屬印支:保護國阮朝 | |||||||||||
日属时期 1940–1945 (法屬印度支那政府) | |||||||||||
日属:保護國阮朝→越南帝国 1945 | |||||||||||
越盟 | 法属时期 1945–1954 | ||||||||||
法屬印支:南圻國、山地國、越南臨時中央政府 | |||||||||||
越南民主共和国 1945–1976 |
越南国 1949–1955 | ||||||||||
越南共和国 1955–1975 | |||||||||||
越南南方共和國1969–1976 | |||||||||||
越南社會主義共和國 1976至今 | |||||||||||
越南主题 | |||||||||||
甌駱[2](越南语:Âu Lạc;前257年—前179年)[3],又作甌雒、甌貉[4]、甌駱[5],在越南又称蜀朝[6],是传说中位于今越南北部和广西南部的一個王国。[7]:32
广西历史 | |||||||||||
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史前時代 | 旧石器时代 | ||||||||||
新石器时代 | |||||||||||
甌駱时代 | |||||||||||
秦 | 桂林郡 象郡 | ||||||||||
南越国 | |||||||||||
漢 | 交趾 | ||||||||||
孫吳 | 廣州 | ||||||||||
晉 | 廣州 | ||||||||||
刘宋 | 桂州 | ||||||||||
萧齐 | 桂州 | ||||||||||
萧梁 | 桂州 | ||||||||||
南陈 | 桂州 | ||||||||||
隋 | 嶺南諸郡 | ||||||||||
唐 | 嶺南道 | ||||||||||
南漢 | |||||||||||
宋 | 廣南西路 大南国 | ||||||||||
元 | 湖廣行省 | ||||||||||
明 | 廣西承宣布政使司 | ||||||||||
清 | 廣西省 | ||||||||||
中華民國 | 廣西省 • 舊桂系(1911-1921) • 马君武时期(1921-1922) • 新桂系(1922-1950) | ||||||||||
中華人民 共和國 |
廣西省 广西壮族自治区 | ||||||||||
越南國名 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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“西瓯骆”是百越的一支,指居住在南越国西部邊境地帶的西甌(又称瓯越)和骆越兩個部落。
根據《大越史記全書》《欽定越史通鑑綱目》等后世書籍的記載,前257年,古蜀王子安陽王蜀泮滅文郎,建立甌骆[8]。不過根據現代學者考證,認為安陽王是西瓯(甌越)部族首領,文郎的鴻龐氏則是骆越部族首領。
安陽王在今日河內市以北35公里處建立古螺城,作為王國的首都。該國的“神機弩”非常出名。前207年,趙佗攻圢甌貉[9],戰後,將兒子趙仲始入贅給安阳王。仲始將神機弩折斷,最終導致安陽王戰敗自殺,甌骆也隨即被南越國所滅。[10]
公元前179年,瓯骆屈服于南越国,最终被汉朝征服。[11]:12[12]:9其定都于红河三角洲古螺城,位于今日河内。[13]:18
历史
建国
民间传说中,越南中北部在北属之前,曾分布着很多小国,称作文朗,政治结构是雄王-骆侯-骆将。[14]:48[15]:16[16]:88约公元前257年,南疆的瓯越吞并了文朗。[17]:66越南历史学家陶维英称,瓯越人分布在左江南岸、右江流域及泸江、吟江、梂江上游。[7]:31瓯越首领蜀泮推翻了最后两位雄王,建立了同意的瓯骆,自称安阳王。[18]:19[15]:14, 16据Taylor (1983):
我们对瓯骆的了解是传说与历史的混合。安阳王是越南历史上第一个有可靠记载的人物,但对其统治时期的了解仍停留在传说。[18]:20-21
古螺城的建立
古螺是东南亚最大的史前城市聚落,[13]:203是前新石器时代越南的第一个政治中心,[19]:111占地600余公顷,[19]:156[20]:1013需要多达200万立方的材料。[21]:122建造工程可能始于公元前4世纪,中期在公元前3、2世纪。[22]:53古螺城城墙系统规模庞大,复杂的劳动组织形式及劳动力需求,都表明当时的政权有能力生产足够的产品、调动资源、确保城墙的持续建造与长期维护,标志着持久的集权,是高度“巩固、制度化与集中化的”。[23]Kim (2015)估计,建造这样的大型项目,工作量大约有317.1~528.5万人日。[13]:210它可以提供“物理与心理保护”,展示政权力量与自卫能力,从而遏制任何潜在威胁。[13]:198-199
据《大越史记全书》,螺城得名于其外形“盘旋如螺形”。[24][18]:21[25]:74
灭亡
公元前204年,赵佗在番禺(今广州)建立了南越国。[26]:128Taylor (1983)认为,南越国与瓯骆并存这段时间,瓯骆因共同的反汉情节暂时承认了南越,但不意味着南越有任何权威性。南越与汉朝的关系正常化后南越对瓯骆的影响逐渐减弱。[18]:24
南越灭瓯骆之战没有得到真实记录。《交州外域記》和《晉太康記》(现已散佚,内容可见《水经注》引文[27])都提到赵佗初期失利,后来胜利。《史记》只提到吕雉去世(公元前180年)后,赵佗威逼利诱闽越、西瓯与骆越,使其屈服。[28]
赵佗征服瓯骆、将其并入南越国,任用土著首领进行治理。[29]:8[30]:93[31]:92赵佗在红河三角洲设交趾郡,在马江和蓝江流域设九真郡,[7]:32[15]:17主要兴趣似乎是贸易;其影响力仅限于一两个前哨之外。当地社会保持不变。[18]:29[15]:16, 17
公元前111年,汉平南越并统治了数百年。[18]:28[7]:42与南越国时期一样,权力掌握在地方豪强手中,被授予“印绶”作为身份象征,回报则是向宗主国进贡。[15]:17[21]:109直到东汉初年,当地的生活方式与统治阶级都没有受到汉化;到公元40年代,东汉才实行了更直接的统治,并加大了汉化力度。[15]:19-22[32]:141[13]:115东汉完全巩固了对该地区的控制,建立了完整的行政机构,并以郡国并行制直接统治。[13]:149–150[33]:202,290–291
政府与社会
Kim (2015)基于历史、民族史与考古证据,认为公元前3、2世纪间“高度集权、具有持久政治结构的国家社会”是建造古螺城的原因。[13]:9,142,185, 281其规模意味着“强大的军事力量与类似国家的中央集权”。[20]:1025青铜器数量也表明当时存在集中生产、阶级社会与物质垄断。[13]:155只有古螺城才有屋顶瓦片,旁证了其是首都。周围的村庄聚落似乎都向中央集权的政体缴税。[13]:157
汉语文献对红河三角洲原住民的印象常常是“缺乏农业、冶金与政治知识”,[13]:7认为其文明是汉朝统治的产物,否定本土的文化演变与社会复杂性,将任何发展都归因于汉化,[34]即使他们自知已有了“稳定、有序、多产、人口众多且相对复杂”的社会。[35]:142
诸骆社会中妇女的地位很高,[36]:36是母系社会,即夫妻与娘家居住在一起的社会制度。于是,母亲的女性后代一直住在(或靠近)母亲的房子里,形成庞大的氏族。[35]:159领主通过母亲的血统转移,女性有继承权。[15]:20此外,他们还实行夫兄弟婚制,为母亲提供了继承人,保护了寡妇的利益,体现了女性的权威,尽管有些父权制社会利用这种做法将财富保留在男性家族的血脉中。[15]:20[1]:51[37]:91
人口统计
汉朝征服之前,当地人口众多。[13]:4据估计,古螺及周边地区的人口有数千,三角洲地区少则数万人,多则数十万人。[13]:214-215根据公元2年的普查,交趾、九真、日南三郡共有98,1755人。[18]:55[15]:18其中一些可归因于北方移民,但规模不大,[18]:54要到2世纪中叶后才会对人口数量造成影响。[38]:66
后来的汉语文献称当地人为“骆”和“瓯”。[15]:16一般认为骆人是南亚语系人群。[39]Taylor (2013)认为,低地人群大多讲原始越芒语,红河三角洲以西、北的山区则分布一种类似于现代克木语的古语言。[15]:19法国语言学家米歇尔·费卢斯(Michel Ferlus,2009)认为,越南人是越南北部东山文化(约公元前7至公元1世纪)的“最直接继承者”。具体而言,Ferlus (2009)指出,杵、桨和用来煮糯米饭的锅是东山文化的主要特征,与此相对,它们在北部越语(越芒语)和中部越语(土语)中产生了新词汇,是从原始动词中派生的,而非借词。[40]:105瓯人则可能说与壮侗语系有关的语言。[15]:19考古证据显示,前东山时期红河三角洲的南亚语痕迹十分明显,例如蛮白墓葬遗址(公元前1800年)的基因样本十分接近现代南亚语人群,[41]而东山时期,则有相当比例的台语民族(称作瓯、俚獠)混入。[42]:7
经济
经济特点是农业,包括湿稻种植、役用动物、金属农具、斧头和其他工具,以及灌溉系统。[35]:142 湿作种植可能始于公元前第2千纪之初,可从古生物序列得到证明,[13]:15[35]:142金属农具则在中越发生重大互动前就已常用。[35]:142Chapuis (1995)还认为当时存在渔业和一些专业化分工。[43]:7
早在公元前第一千纪之前,越南北部也是重要的交通枢纽,通过广布的贸易网络同其他地区相联系,得益于其战略位置、通往交通主干线的通道与资源,如邻近主要河流及海岸[44]、铜锡铅矿的大量分布。[13]:12, 115-116, 124, 126, 130, 147[45]:59Kim (2015)认为,南越征服瓯骆的主要原因是其经济价值,能使他们不受限制地进入东南亚其他地区。[13]:123, 147
另见
脚注
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Kiernan 2019.
- ^ Kelley (2013)认为安阳王是真实的历史人物,但文字记载非常少,没有提及其国名。直到15世纪,“瓯骆”之名才见诸史料。Kelley 2013:66-69此外,虽然古螺在公元前3世纪有着复杂的考古遗存,Kim 2015:289但Kim (2015)却不愿将其与瓯骆联系起来,而代以“古螺政权”。Kim 2015:185, 273
- ^ “桂博讲坛”第一百一十期 《瓯骆研究七十年》. [2023-01-29]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-29).
- ^ 《大越史记全书·前纪卷一》:“王既併文郎國,改國號曰甌貉國。”
- ^ 《史记·卷113》:“且南方卑濕,蠻夷中間,其東閩越千人眾號稱王,其西甌駱裸國亦稱王。”
- ^ 陶维英. 越南古代史(上). 刘统文,子钺译. 北京: 商务印书馆. 1976: 294.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Đào Duy Anh 2016.
- ^ 《交州外域记》:“交趾昔未有郡县之时,土地有雒田,其田从潮水上下,民垦食其田,因名为雒民,设雒王、雒侯,主诸郡县。县多为雒将,雒将铜印青绶。后蜀王子将兵三万来讨雒王、雒侯,服诸雒将,蜀王子因称为安阳王。后南越王尉佗举众攻安阳王……南越进兵攻之,安阳王发弩,弩折遂败。安阳王下船迳出于海……越遂服诸雒将。”
- ^ 《大越史记全书·外纪卷之一·鸿厖氏》任嚣、赵佗帅师来侵。佗驻军北江仙游山与王战,王以灵弩射之,佗败走........佗知王有神弩不可敌,退守武宁山,通使讲和。王喜,乃分平江〈今东岸天德江是也〉以北佗治之,以南王治之。
- ^ 陶维英 越南古代史 1976 - 第270页 “秦朝的象郡,并建立瓯雒国,那末瓯雒国之建立必定在公元前210年后,亦即秦始皇死后不久;另一方面,赵佗必须占领瓯雒国才能自立为南越王。因此瓯雒国的建立必定在公元前207年之前,即赵佗自立为南越王之前。因此,瓯雒国的建立应在公元前210年……”
- ^ Hoàng 2007.
- ^ Dutton, Werner & Whitmore 2012.
- ^ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 Kim 2015.
- ^ Nguyen 1980.
- ^ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 Taylor 2013.
- ^ Kelley 2014.
- ^ Kelley 2013.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 Taylor 1983.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Miksic & Yian 2016.
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Kim, Lai & Trinh 2010.
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Higham 1996.
- ^ Hilgers 2016.
- ^ Higham 1996,第122頁; Kim, Lai & Trinh 2010,第1025頁; Kim 2015,第6, 144, 203, 205, 225, 228, 230, 232頁; Hilgers 2016,第53頁.
- ^ 《大越史记全书》:“王於是築城于越裳,廣千丈,盤旋如螺形,故號螺城。”
- ^ Lockhart & Duiker 2006.
- ^ Loewe 1986.
- ^ 《水经注·卷37》:“《交州外域記》曰:交趾昔未有郡縣之時,土地有雒田,其田從潮水上下,民墾食其田,因名爲雒民,設雒王、雒侯,主諸郡縣。縣多爲雒將,雒將銅印青綬。後蜀王子將兵三萬來討雒王、雒侯,服諸雒將,蜀王子因稱爲安陽王。後南越王尉佗舉衆攻安陽王,安陽王有神人名臯通,下輔佐,爲安陽王治神弩一張,一發殺三百人,南越王知不可戰,卻軍住武寧縣。按《晉太康記》,縣屬交趾。越遣太子名始,降服安陽王,稱臣事之。安陽王不知通神人,遇之無道,通便去,語王曰:能持此弩王天下,不能持此弩者亡天下。通去,安陽王有女名曰媚珠,見始端正,珠與始交通,始問珠,令取父弩視之,始見弩,便盜以鋸截弩訖,便逃歸報南越王。南越進兵攻之,安陽王發弩,弩折遂敗。安陽王下船逕出於海,今平道縣後王宮城見有故處。”
- ^ 《史记·南越列传》:“佗因此以兵威邊,財物賂遺閩越、西甌、駱,役屬焉,東西萬餘里。”
- ^ Jamieson 1995.
- ^ Brindley 2015.
- ^ Buttinger 1958.
- ^ Taylor 1980.
- ^ Higham 1989.
- ^ Kim 2015,第147, 157頁; Kim, Lai & Trinh 2010,第1012頁; O'Harrow 1979,第143-144頁; Hilgers 2016,第50頁.
- ^ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 O'Harrow 1979.
- ^ Tessitore 1989.
- ^ De Vos & Slote 1998.
- ^ Holmgren 1980.
- ^ Schafer 1967,第14頁; O'Harrow 1979,第142頁; Paine 2013,第171頁.
- ^ Ferlus 2009.
- ^ Lipson et al. 2018.
- ^ Alves 2019.
- ^ Chapuis 1995.
- ^ 全新世中期,海平面上升并淹没了低洼地带,地质数据显示,海岸线位于今日的河内附近。:12
- ^ Calo 2009.
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