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元素氧化态列表

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这是本页的一个历史版本,由Hacter Chang留言 | 贡献2022年8月29日 (一) 08:17编辑。这可能和当前版本存在着巨大的差异。

元素氧化态列表列出化学元素的所有已知整数氧化态,其中最常见的氧化态以粗体标记。所有元素以单质存在時(無論單原子或多原子,包括同素異形體)氧化态均为0,因此下表中氧化態0的欄位只列出已發現在化合物中存在氧化態0的元素。

该列表主要参考《元素化学》(Chemistry of the Elements[1],显示出元素周期律在元素价态上的一些趋势。[2]

Nu
−1 H +1
He
−1 Li 0 +1
Be 0 +1 +2
-1 B 0 +1 +2 +3 [3]
−4 −3 −2 −1 C 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
−3 −2 −1 N 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−2 −1 O 0 +1 +2
−1 F 0
Ne
−1 Na 0 +1
Mg 0 +1 +2 [4]
Al 0 +1 +2 +3
−4 −3 −2 −1 Si 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
−3 −2 −1 P 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
−2 −1 S 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−1 Cl +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
Ar 0
K +1
Ca +1 +2
Sc 0 +1 +2 +3
−2 −1 Ti 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
−1 V 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
−2 −1 Cr 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−3 −2 −1 Mn 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
−2 −1 Fe 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7[5]
−1 Co 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
−1 Ni 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
Cu 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
Zn 0 +1 +2 [6]
Ga 0 +1 +2 +3
−4 −3 −2 −1 Ge 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
−3 As 0 +1 +2 +3 +5
−2 Se 0 +1 +2 +4 +6
−1 Br +1 +3 +4 +5 +7
Kr 0 +1 +2
Rb +1
Sr +1 +2
Y 0 +1 +2 +3

[7][8]

−2 Zr 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
−1 Nb 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
−2 −1 Mo 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−3 −1 Tc 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
−2 Ru 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8
−1 Rh 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
Pd 0 +1 +2 +4 +5
Ag 0 +1 +2 +3
Cd +1 +2
-5[9] −2 −1 In 0 +1 +2 +3
−4 Sn 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
−3 Sb 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
−2 Te 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−1 I +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
Xe 0 +2 +4 +6 +8
Cs +1 +5
Ba +2
La 0 +1 +2 +3
Ce +2 +3 +4
Pr 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Nd 0 +2 +3
Pm +2 +3
Sm 0 +1 +2 +3
Eu 0 +2 +3
Gd 0 +1 +2 +3
Tb 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
Dy 0 +2 +3
Ho 0 +2 +3
Er 0 +2 +3
Tm 0 +1 +2 +3
Yb 0 +1 +2 +3
Lu 0 +2 +3
−2 Hf 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
−1 Ta 0 +2 +3 +4 +5
−2 −1 W 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−3 −1 Re 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
−2 −1 Os 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8
-3 −1 Ir 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 [10][11][12]
−3 −2 −1 Pt 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−1 Au 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Hg +1 +2 +4 [13]
Tl +1 +2 +3
−4 Pb 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
−3 −2 −1 Bi 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
−2 Po +2 +4 +6
−1 At +1 +3 +5 +7
Rn +2 +6 [14]
Fr +1
Ra +2
Ac +3
Th +1 +2 +3 +4
Pa +2 +3 +4 +5
U +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
Np +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
Pu +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8
Am +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
Cm +3 +4
Bk +3 +4
Cf +2 +3 +4
Es +2 +3 +4
Fm +2 +3
Md +2 +3
No +2 +3
Lr +3
Rf +4
Db +5
Sg 0 +6
Bh +7
Hs +8
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn +2
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og

下图是欧文·朗缪尔1919年在研究八隅体规则时所画:[15]

参考资料

  1. ^ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4, p. 28.
  2. ^ 灰色列的元素為惰性气体
  3. ^ 超导材料二硼化镁中硼的氧化态是-1。
  4. ^ 含有Mg(I)的低价镁化合物已经用大配体制得,参见:Green, Shaun P.; Jones, Cameron; Stasch, Andreas. Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds. Science. 2007-12-14, 318 (5857): 1754–1757 [2022-03-25]. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17991827. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. (原始内容存档于2022-03-25) (英语). 
  5. ^ Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei. Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe( vii ) oxidation state in FeO 4 −. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2016, 18 (45): 31125–31131. ISSN 1463-9076. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K (英语). 
  6. ^ Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils;. Zink. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie 91–100. Walter de Gruyter. 1985: 1034–1041. ISBN 3-11-007511-3 (德语). 
  7. ^ Yttrium: yttrium(II) hydride compound data. WebElements.com. [2007-12-10]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-13). 
  8. ^ Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data. OpenMOPAC.net. [2007-12-10]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-23). 
  9. ^ Guloy, Arnold M.; Corbett, John D. Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties. Inorganic Chemistry. 1996-01-01, 35 (9): 2616–2622 [2022-03-25]. ISSN 0020-1669. doi:10.1021/ic951378e. (原始内容存档于2022-03-23) (英语). 
  10. ^ Ir(-III)存在于Ir(CO)33−中,参见Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4. 
  11. ^ Ir(VIII)存在于四氧化铱中,参见Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian. Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII. Angewandte Chemie. 2009-10-05, 121 (42): 8019–8023 [2022-03-25]. doi:10.1002/ange.200902733. (原始内容存档于2022-03-25) (英语). 
  12. ^ Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary J.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian. Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX. Nature. 2014-10, 514 (7523): 475–477 [2022-03-25]. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25341786. doi:10.1038/nature13795. (原始内容存档于2022-02-25) (英语). 
  13. ^ Hg(IV)存在于四氟化汞中,参见Wang, Xuefang; Andrews, Lester; Riedel, Sebastian; Kaupp, Martin. Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2007-11-12, 46 (44): 8371–8375 [2022-03-25]. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. (原始内容存档于2022-03-25) (英语). 
  14. ^ Rn2+存在于二氟化氡中,参见Stein, Lawrence. Ionic Radon Solutions. Science. 1970-04-17, 168 (3929): 362–364 [2022-03-25]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. (原始内容存档于2022-03-25) (英语). Pitzer, Kenneth S. Fluorides of radon and element 118. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications. 1975, (18): 760b. ISSN 0022-4936. doi:10.1039/c3975000760b (英语). 
  15. ^ Langmuir, Irving. THE ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS IN ATOMS AND MOLECULES.. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1919-06, 41 (6): 868–934 [2022-03-25]. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002. (原始内容存档于2020-05-09) (英语).