The Endangered Species Act (ESA) was first passed in 1973 and forms the basis of biodiversity and endangered species protection in the United States. The original purpose of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 was to prevent species endangerment and extinction due to the human impact on natural ecosystems.[1] The three most powerful sections of the ESA are Sections 4, 7 and 9. Section 4 allows the Secretaries of Interior and Commerce to list species as threatened or endangered based on best available data.[2] Section 7 requires federal agencies to consult with Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) before taking any action that may threaten a listed species.[2] Section 9 forbids the taking of an endangered species.[2] The first amendment to the ESA was passed by the 95th United States Congress in 1978 to "introduce some flexibility into the Endangered Species Act".[1]
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| Long title | An Act To amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 to establish an Endangered Species Interagency Committee to review certain actions to determine whether exemptions from certain requirements of that Act should be granted for such actions. |
|---|---|
| Acronyms (colloquial) | ESA, God Squad |
| Enacted by | the 95th United States Congress |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 95–632 |
| Statutes at Large | 92 Stat. 3751 |
| Codification | |
| Titles amended | 16 U.S.C.: Conservation |
| Legislative history | |
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| Major amendments | |
The snail darter
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The snail darter case was important for the ESA because it made Congress realize how powerful the ESA really was. In 1966, the Tennessee Valley Authority began construction on the Tellico Dam on the Little Tennessee River. For years, environmentalists tried to shut down the project, but their actions were unsuccessful until the discovery of the snail darter, a small fish that feeds off aquatic snails. The snail darter was listed as an endangered species in 1975 and part of the Little Tennessee River was designated as critical habitat.[2] The completion of the Tellico Dam threatened the survival of the snail darter, which was thought to be native only to the Little Tennessee River. In 1976, battle in the courts between the Tennessee Valley Authority and environmentalists began over the fate of the snail darter. Over the next three years, the decision was appealed all the way to the Supreme Court. In Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of protecting the species "whatever the cost". The Endangered Species Act was clear in stating that no federal project should be exempt from the provisions of Section 7.[2]
The whooping crane and weakening the ESA
editStarting in the spring of 1977, members of Congress made several attempts to pass legislation that weakened the ESA. Many large business interest groups, including the mining and timber industries, also spoke out against the power of the ESA.[2] Beginning in April 1978, the Senate Subcommittee on Resources Protection began debating and developing a bill that would create a committee with power to exempt federal actions from Section 7 requirements.[2] On April 12, 1978 Senator John Culver (D-IA) and Senate Minority Leader Howard Baker (R-TN) introduced a bill that would create a seven-member Cabinet-level committee with the authority to exempt a federal agency from Section 7 requirements.[2]
Meanwhile, in Wheatland, Wyoming, a consortium of energy utilities were attempting to build the Grayrocks Dam on the Laramie River to supply a coal-fired power plant.[3] Upset that water diversion would threaten the critically endangered whooping crane, on October 2, 1978, the Nebraska Attorney General’s office obtained a federal injunction barring the dam.[4] Grayrocks, however, enjoyed strong support in Congress, and by October 14 Teno Roncalio (D-WY) convinced the House to pass a bill exempting the dam from all federal regulation.[3] In lieu of that, Senator Culver (D-IA) adapted the bill to his own attempts to exempt the snail darter, creating the Endangered Species Committee and required the committee to decide on an exemption from protections of the snail darter and the whooping crane within 30 days. Both the House of Representatives and Senate voted to amend the ESA and on November 10 President Jimmy Carter signed the amendment into law.[2] On December 4, Nebraska reached a settlement under which the power utilities would get to build Grayrocks dam by agreeing to purchase some habitat for the whooping crane.[5] On February 7, 1979, the God Squad met for the first time, refused to exempt the snail darter from protection, and granted Grayrocks an exemption from the whooping crane protections.
The amendment of 1978 and the "God Squad"
editThe 1978 amendment to the ESA "attempts to retain the basic integrity of the ESA, while introducing some flexibility which will permit exemptions from the Act's stringent requirements."[1] The amendment clarified the ESA of 1973 in many ways, including clearly defining the term critical habitat, clearly defining penalties for non-compliance and determining the future appropriation of funds.[6] The most important change that was brought about by the 1978 amendment was the creation of the Endangered Species Committee, known as the "God Squad" because of the substantial impact of its decisions on the natural world.[6][7]
The God Squad is a committee composed of seven Cabinet-level members: The administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the administrator of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, a representative from the state in question, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of the Army, and the Secretary of the Interior.[8] This committee has the authority to allow the extinction by exempting a federal agency from Section 7 requirements. To exempt a species, five of the seven members must vote in favor of the exemption.[8] The following conditions must be met for a species to be considered for exemption:
- there must be no reasonable alternative to the agency's action
- the benefits of the action must outweigh the benefits of an alternative action where the species is conserved
- the action is of regional or national importance
- neither the federal agency or the exemption applicant made irreversible commitment to the resources.[8]
Also, mitigation efforts must be taken to reduce the negative effects on the endangered species.[8]
The God Squad and the northern spotted owl
editSince the whooping crane, the only endangered species protections the God Squad has exempted are those for the northern spotted owl.[citation needed] In 1991, a federal judge ordered the halting of logging on Pacific Northwest national lands because of the threat to the northern spotted owl.[9] Following this action, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) filed for exemption from Section 7.[9] The northern spotted owl is a medium-sized bird that is dependent on old-growth forest and large territories for survival.[2] The BLM came up with a solution that allowed logging to continue in the area, which included the sale of timber on 44 timber tracts to the logging industry.[9] The 44 tracts totaled 4400 acres (18 km2) of land.[9] The God Squad convened and discussed the issue. In a 5:2 vote, the God Squad voted for approval of the exemption in thirteen of the sales where there was no reasonable alternative to the sale.[2] However, the exemption was soon overturned when Judge Stephen Reinhardt on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals found it had been illegal for the President to talk to his cabinet about the exemption.[10]
The environmentalists and the BLM agreed on a compromise that allowed the timber sale to continue. The BLM would develop a Long Range Forest Management Plan that would need to be approved by the FWS before any future timber sales.[9] When the Clinton administration came into office, they withdrew the exemption request and convened a conference resulting in appointment of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT).[2] The FEMAT was created to develop a plan to protect the owl while still maintaining logging and forest management across the region. FEMAT and the Clinton administration agreed to protect 10 million acres (40,000 km2) of old growth forest for the owl, while limiting logging to 1 billion board feet (2,400,000 m3) per year.[2]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c U.S. Congress (1979). "Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978, Legislative History". U.S. Code Congressional and Administrating News Volume 7. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Petersen, Shannon (2002). Acting for Endangered Species: The Statutory Ark. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
- ^ a b Steven L. Yaffee and Julia M. Wondolleck, Negotiating Survival: An Assessment of the Potential Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution Techniques for Resolving Conflicts Between Endangered Species and Development (Ann Arbor, MI: School of Natural Resources and Environment, The University of Michigan, September 1994), a report prepared for the Administrative Conference of the United States.
- ^ Nebraska v. Rural Electrification Admin., 8 ELR 20789, No. Nos. CV-76-L-242, CV-78-L-90, 12 ERC 1156/(D. Neb., 10/02/1978).
- ^ des Rosiers, Note, Exemption Process under the Endangered Species Act: How the God Squad Works and Why, 66 Notre Dame L. Rev. 825 (1991).
- ^ a b U.S. Congress (1979). "Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978". U.S. Code Congressional and Administrating News Volume 2. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co.
- ^ Gup, T (November 5, 1990). "Down with The God Squad". Time. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Abrams, Robert H., William Goldfarb, Robert L. Graham, and Zygmunt J.B. Plater (1998). Environmental Law and Policy: Nature, Law, and Society. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co.
- ^ a b c d e Hart, Emily (producer, director) (2001). The God Squad and the Case of the Northern Spotted Owl (film). Oley, Pennsylvania: Bullfrog Films.
- ^ Victor M. Sher, Travels With Strix: The Spotted Owl's Journey Through the Federal Courts, 14 Pub. Land L. Rev. 41 (1993) discussing Portland Audubon Soc. v. Endangered Species, 984 F.2d 1534 (9th Cir. 1993).