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The various Gaya polities formed a confederacy in the 2nd and 3rd centuries that was centered around the heartland of [[Geumgwan Gaya]] in modern [[Gimhae]]. After a period of decline, the confederacy was revived around the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries, this time it was centred around [[Daegaya]] of modern [[Goryeong County|Goryeong]]. However, it was unable to defend itself against the incursions and attacks of the neighboring kingdom of [[Silla]]. [[Image:Korea-Gaya_Warrior.jpg|thumb|left|140px|left|A Gaya soldier.]] |
The various Gaya polities formed a confederacy in the 2nd and 3rd centuries that was centered around the heartland of [[Geumgwan Gaya]] in modern [[Gimhae]]. After a period of decline, the confederacy was revived around the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries, this time it was centred around [[Daegaya]] of modern [[Goryeong County|Goryeong]]. However, it was unable to defend itself against the incursions and attacks of the neighboring kingdom of [[Silla]]. [[Image:Korea-Gaya_Warrior.jpg|thumb|left|140px|left|A Gaya soldier.]] |
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Political and trade relations with Japan are a matter of controversy. [[Wa (Japan)|Wa]] may have been a colony or tributary of Baekje with archaeological evidence suggesting that Gaya polities were the main exporter of technology and culture to Kyushu at that time. Some Japanese scholars point to the controversial ''[[Nihonshoki]]'', which claims that Gaya (named "Mimana" also "Kara" in Japanese) was a [[colony]] or [[tributary]] of Japan. |
Political and trade relations with Japan are a matter of controversy. [[Wa (Japan)|Wa]] may have been a colony or tributary of Baekje with archaeological evidence suggesting that Gaya polities were the main exporter of technology and culture to Kyushu at that time. Some Japanese scholars point to the controversial ''[[Nihonshoki]]'', which claims that Gaya (named "Mimana" also "Kara" in Japanese) was a [[colony]] or [[tributary]] of Japan. However, Some scholars reject this. They claim that there was no Japanese dynasty at the time which had a strong enough military power to conquer Gaya or any other part of Korea.<ref name="Kenneth B. Lee">{{cite book|title=Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix |author=Kenneth B. Lee |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |pages=31 ~ 35p |chapter=4. Korea and Early Japan, 200 B.C. -700 A.D. |date=1997 |isbn=027595823X |accessdate=2008-08-11}}</ref><ref name="John Whitney Hall">{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Japan |author=John Whitney Hall |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=308 ~ 310p |chapter=5. Japan and the continent |date=1998 |isbn=0521223520 |accessdate=2008-08-11}}</ref> and They think the technology of Gaya was much more advanced than the Japanese dynasties.<ref name="Kenneth B. Lee" /><ref name="John Whitney Hall" />.In recent years,many typical Japanese tumulus ''[[Kofun]]'' and jades was found in this area.<ref>[http://21coe.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=44 Findings of typical Japanese tumulus Kofun in Korea (韓国全羅道地方の前方後円墳調査)]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nihon no tanjō|author=Takashi Yoshida|publisher=Iwanami Shoten, 1997 |pages=74 ~ 78p |date=1997 |isbn=4004305101|accessdate=2008-09-05}}</ref>. |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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Revision as of 19:47, 5 September 2008
Gaya confederacy 가야(加倻) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 42 CE–562 CE | |||||||||
| Capital | Gimhae | ||||||||
| Common languages | Old Korean | ||||||||
| Religion | Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Korean shamanism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy, Union | ||||||||
| Suro | |||||||||
• ? - 562 | Doseolji | ||||||||
| Historical era | Ancient | ||||||||
• Formation of Byeonhan confederacy | Formation of Unified Silla | ||||||||
• Establishment | 42 42 CE | ||||||||
• Submission to Silla | 562 562 CE | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Gaya confederacy | |
 Duck-shaped pottery from Gaya, 5th or 6th century. | |
| Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | 가야 |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Gaya |
| McCune–Reischauer | Kaya |
Gaya was a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea[1], growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan period. The traditional period used by historians for Gaya chronology is 42 - 532 CE. According to archaeological evidence in the third and fourth centuries some of the city-states of Byeonhan evolved into the Gaya confederacy, which was later annexed by Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The individual polities that made up the Gaya confederacy have been characterized as small city-states. [2]. The material culture remains of Gaya culture mainly consist of burials and their contents of mortuary goods that have been excavated by archaeologists. Archaeologists interpret mounded burial cemeteries of the late third and early fourth centuries such as Daeseong-dong in Gimhae and Bokcheon-dong in Busan as the royal burial grounds of Gaya polities[3].
Names
Although most commonly referred to as Gaya (가야; 加耶, 伽耶, 伽倻), probably due to the imprecision of transcribing Korean words into hanja, historical sources use a variety of names, including Kaya, Garak (가락; 駕洛, 迦落), Gara (가라; 加羅, 伽羅, 迦羅, 柯羅), Garyang (가량;加良), and Guya (구야; 狗耶)[4].
History
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According to a legend recorded in the Samguk Yusa written in the 13th century, in the year 42 CE, six eggs descended from the heaven with a message that they would be kings. Six boys were born, and within 12 days they grew mature. One of them, named Suro, became the king of Geumgwan Gaya, and the other five founded the remaining five Gayas, namely Daegaya, Seongsan Gaya, Ara Gaya, Goryeong Gaya, and Sogaya[5].
The Gaya polities evolved out of the chiefly political structures of the twelve tribes of the ancient Byeonhan, one of the Samhan confederacies. The loosely organized chiefdoms resolved into six Gaya groups, centered around Geumgwan Gaya. On the basis of archaeological sources as well as limited written records, scholars such as Sin have identified the late 3rd century as a period of transition from Byeonhan to Gaya, with increasing military activity and changing funerary customs[6]. Sin[7] further argues that this was associated with the replacement of the previous elite in some principalities (including Daegaya) by elements from Buyeo, who brought a more militaristic ideology and style of rule. h The Gaya Confederacy disintegrated under pressure from Goguryeo between 391 and 412 AD, although the last Gaya polities remained independent until they were conquered by Silla in 532 AD, as punishment for assisting Baekje in a war against Silla. (see Daegaya).
Economy
Polities were situated in the alluvial flats of tributary river valleys and the mouth of the Nakdong. In particular, the mouth of the Nakdong has fertile plains, direct access to the sea, and rich iron deposits. Gaya polities had economies that were based on agriculture, fishing, foraging, and long-distance trade. They were particularly known for its iron-working, as Byeonhan had been before it. Gaya polities exported abundant quantities of iron ore, iron armor, and other weaponry to Baekje and the Kingdom of Wa in Yamato period Japan. In contrast to the largely commercial and non-political ties of Byeonhan, Gaya polities seem to have attempted to maintain strong political ties with those kingdoms as well.
Politics
Several ancient historical records list a number of polities of Gaya. For example, Goryeo Saryak (고려사략; 高麗史略) lists five: Geumgwan Gaya, Goryeong Gaya, Bihwa Gaya, Ara Gaya, and Seongsan Gaya.
The various Gaya polities formed a confederacy in the 2nd and 3rd centuries that was centered around the heartland of Geumgwan Gaya in modern Gimhae. After a period of decline, the confederacy was revived around the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries, this time it was centred around Daegaya of modern Goryeong. However, it was unable to defend itself against the incursions and attacks of the neighboring kingdom of Silla.
Political and trade relations with Japan are a matter of controversy. Wa may have been a colony or tributary of Baekje with archaeological evidence suggesting that Gaya polities were the main exporter of technology and culture to Kyushu at that time. Some Japanese scholars point to the controversial Nihonshoki, which claims that Gaya (named "Mimana" also "Kara" in Japanese) was a colony or tributary of Japan. However, Some scholars reject this. They claim that there was no Japanese dynasty at the time which had a strong enough military power to conquer Gaya or any other part of Korea.[8][9] and They think the technology of Gaya was much more advanced than the Japanese dynasties.[8][9].In recent years,many typical Japanese tumulus Kofun and jades was found in this area.[10][11].
Gallery
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Gold crown and accessories. -
Horn-shaped cup from Gaya that may illustrate connection of Persian culture through the Silk Road to Korea. -
Gaya pottery at the National Museum of Korea. -
Shield ornaments excavated from the Daeseong-dong cemetery site in Gimhae. -
This iron helmet illustrates the skill of iron-working and importance of iron from the Nakdong River valley.
See also
- List of Korea-related topics
- History of Korea
- List of Korean monarchs#Gaya_confederacy
- Three Kingdoms of Korea
- Crown of Gaya
- Gaya - Silla Wars
References
- ^ (2001). Kaya. In The Penguin Archaeological Guide, edited by Paul Bahn, pp. 228-229. Penguin, London.
- ^ Barnes, Gina L. (2001). Introducing Kaya History and Archaeology. In State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives, pp. 179-200. Curzon, London.
- ^ Barnes 2001:188-198.
- ^ Barnes 2001:182-184.
- ^ Barnes 2001:180-182.
- ^ Sin, K.C. (2000). Relations between Kaya and Wa in the third to fourth centuries AD. Journal of East Asian Archaeology 2(3-4), 112-122.
- ^ Sin, K.C. (2000).
- ^ a b Kenneth B. Lee (1997). "4. Korea and Early Japan, 200 B.C. -700 A.D.". Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 31 ~ 35p. ISBN 027595823X.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b John Whitney Hall (1998). "5. Japan and the continent". The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 308 ~ 310p. ISBN 0521223520.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Findings of typical Japanese tumulus Kofun in Korea (韓国全羅道地方の前方後円墳調査)
- ^ Takashi Yoshida (1997). Nihon no tanjō. Iwanami Shoten, 1997. pp. 74 ~ 78p. ISBN 4004305101.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)