Henry Ossawa Tanner (June 21, 1859 – May 25, 1937) was an American artist who spent much of his career in France. He became the first African-American painter to gain international acclaim.[1] Tanner moved to Paris, France, in 1891 to study at the Académie Julian and gained acclaim in French artistic circles. In 1923, the French government elected Tanner chevalier of the Legion of Honor.[2][3]
Henry Ossawa Tanner was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[4]
His father Benjamin Tucker Tanner (1835–1923) became a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the United States. He was educated at Avery College and Western Theological Seminary in Pittsburgh, and developed a literary career.[5] In addition, he was a political activist, supporting abolition of slavery. Henry Tanner's mother Sarah Elizabeth Tanner may have been born into slavery in Virginia.[6][7] Two different stories have emerged concerning her living in freedom; in one, her father drives the family from Winchester, Virginia to "the free state of Pennsylvania" in an ox cart.[6] In the other, she escapes as a refugee to the North via the Underground Railroad.[7] There she met and married Benjamin Tucker Tanner.[6]
Tanner was the first of at least five[4] children, and two of his brothers, Benjamin and Horace, died in infancy.[8] One of his sisters, Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, was the first woman to be certified to practice medicine in Alabama.[9] His parents gave him a middle name that commemorated the struggle at Osawatomie between pro- and anti-slavery partisans.[10]
The family moved from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia when Tanner was a teenager.[11] There his father became a friend of Frederick Douglass, sometimes supporting him, sometimes criticizing.[12]Robert Douglass, Jr., a successful black artist in Philadelphia, was an early neighbor of the Tanner family, and Tanner wrote that he "used to pass and always stopped to look at his pictures in the window."[13] When Tanner was about 13 years old, he saw a landscape painter working in Fairmount Park, where he was walking with his father. He decided that he wanted to be a painter.[8]
Although many white artists refused to accept an African-American apprentice, in 1879 Tanner enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia, becoming the only black student.[12] His decision to attend the school came at a time when art academies increasingly focused on study from live models rather than plaster casts. Thomas Eakins, a professor at the Pennsylvania Academy, was one of the first American artists to promote new approaches to artistic education including increased study from live models, discussion of anatomy in classes of both male and female students, and dissections of cadavers to teach anatomy. Eakins's progressive approach to art education had a profound effect on Tanner. The young artist was one of Eakins' favorite students; two decades after Tanner left the Academy, Eakins painted his portrait.[14]
At the Academy, Tanner befriended artists with whom he kept in contact throughout the rest of his life, most notably Robert Henri, one of the founders of the Ashcan School. During a relatively short time at the Academy, Tanner developed a thorough knowledge of anatomy and the skill to express his understanding of the weight and structure of the human figure on the canvas.[15]
Tanner's artistic studies were disrupted by illness, which was reported in November 1881 and said to have persisted into the following summer, when Tanner spent time recovering in the Adirondack mountains.[16]
Tanner painted landscapes, religious subjects, and scenes of daily life in a realistic style that echoed that of Eakins.[19][20] While works like The Banjo Lesson depicted everyday scenes of African American life, Tanner later painted religious subjects.[21] It is likely that Tanner's father, a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, was a formative influence for him.[15]
Tanner was not limited to one specific approach to painting and drawing. His works reflect at times meticulous attention to detail and loose, expressive brushstrokes in others. Often both methods are employed simultaneously. Tanner was also interested in the effects that color could have in a painting.[22] Warmer compositions such as The Resurrection of Lazarus (1896) and The Annunciation (1898) express the intensity and fire of religious moments, and the elation of transcendence between the divine and humanity. Other paintings emphasize cool hues, which became dominant in his work after the mid-1890s. A palette of indigo and turquoise—referred to as the "Tanner blues"—characterizes works such as The Three Marys (1910), Gateway (1912) and The Arch (1919).[23] Works such as The Good Shepherd (1903) and Return of the Holy Women (1904) evoke a feeling of somber religiosity and introspection.
Tanner often experimented with light in his works, which at times adds symbolic meaning. In The Annunciation (1898), for example, the archangelGabriel is represented as a column of light that forms, together with the shelf in the upper left corner, a cross.[24]
Although Tanner gained confidence as an artist and began to sell his work, he faced racism working as a professional artist in Philadelphia.[25] In his autobiography, The Story of an Artist's Life, Tanner described the burden of racism:
I was extremely timid and to be made to feel that I was not wanted, although in a place where I had every right to be, even months afterwards caused me sometimes weeks of pain. Every time any one of these disagreeable incidents came into my mind, my heart sank, and I was anew tortured by the thought of what I had endured, almost as much as the incident itself.[26]
In the hope of earning enough money to travel to Europe, Tanner operated a photography studio in Atlanta during the late 1880s. The venture was unsuccessful. During this period Tanner met Bishop Joseph Crane Hartzell, a trustee of Clark College (now Clark Atlanta University). Hartzell and his wife befriended Tanner, became his patrons, and recommended him for a teaching job at the college.[27] Tanner taught drawing at Clark College for a short period.[21]
Tanner set out for Rome by way of Liverpool and Paris on the ship City of Chester on 4 January 1891.[28] He found Paris to his liking and discovered the Académie Julian, where he began his studies in France.[29] He also joined the American Art Students Club. Paris was a welcome escape for Tanner; within French art circles, race mattered little.Tanner discovered the Paris Salon and set a goal to get his artwork accepted.[29]
On a return visit to the United States in 1893, Tanner
presented, “The American Negro in Art,” an essay, at the World’s Congress on Africa in Chicago,[4]
and painted The Banjo Lesson, one of his most recognized works that began as a series of sketches of Black people living in Appalachia.[30] The painting shows an elderly black man teaching a boy, assumed to be his grandson, how to play the banjo.[23][31] The image of a black man playing the banjo appears throughout American art of the late 19th century. [32][31]
Except for occasional brief returns home, Tanner spent the rest of his life in Paris. He acclimated quickly to Parisian life, and became friends with Atherton Curtis.[33][34] He was part of a community of artists in Mount Kisco, New York for six months in 1902, at the behest of Curtis, and returned the following winter.[35]
Atherton Curtis with his wife, by Tanner.
In Paris, Tanner continued his studies under renowned artists such as Jean Joseph Benjamin Constant and Jean-Paul Laurens.[26] With their guidance, he began to establish a reputation in France. He settled at the Étaples art colony in Normandy.
There he was introduced to many artists whose works would affect his approach to art. At the Louvre, he encountered and studied the works of Gustave Courbet, Jean-Baptiste Chardin and Louis Le Nain.[31] These artists had painted scenes of ordinary people in their environment, and the influence in Tanner's work is noticeable. That of Courbet's The Stone Breakers (1850; destroyed) can be seen in the similarities in Tanner's The Young Sabot Maker (1895). Both paintings explore the themes of apprenticeship and manual labor.[31]
Earlier, Tanner had painted marine scenes of man's struggle with the sea, but by 1895 he was creating mostly religious works. His shift to painting biblical scenes occurred as he was undergoing a spiritual struggle. In a letter he wrote to his parents on Christmas 1896, he stated, "I have made up my mind to serve Him [God] more faithfully."[36] A transitional work from this period is the recently rediscovered painting of a fishing boat tossed on the waves, which is held by the Smithsonian American Art Museum.[37]
Tanner's painting Daniel in the Lions' Den was accepted into the 1896 Salon.[15] Later that year he painted The Resurrection of Lazarus (1896, Musée d'Orsay, Paris) that was purchased by the French government after winning the third-place medal at the 1897 Salon.[38] Upon seeing The Resurrection of Lazarus,[39]Rodman Wanamaker, an art critic and a "major patron of contemporary religious art,"[40] offered to pay all the expenses for Tanner to visit the Middle East.[15] Wanamaker felt that any serious painter of biblical scenes needed to see the environment firsthand and that a painter of Tanner's caliber was well worth the investment. Tanner accepted Wanamaker's offer.[40] For four months in 1897 and, again, for six months in 1898-1899, he trekked a popular tourist route through Palestine and North Africa, pitching his tent in the arid region.[40]
Tanner did not exhibit at the Salon in 1907, due to eye strain, but in 1908 entered The Wise and Foolish Virgins which he worked on in 1906, 1907 and finished in 1908. Newspapers don't record a Salon entry for 1909; but he focused his 1908 energy on a one-man exhibition of his artwork in New York, and the 1909 papers continued to talk about that event. Tanner may have avoided displaying at the Salon 1910, 1911, 1912, and 1913.[41]
In 1914, Tanner's mother died,[42]World War I started, and he returned to the Paris Salon after "several years of absence," bringing his 1912 painting Christ in the House of Lazarus and Mary.[43][42] He had remarked in 1910 "that he would not exhibit in the salon again as they had stuck his picture into a corner which everyone knows is almost an insult."[41] French artists were upset over a U.S. tariff on their paintings, and said to be taking revenge in the Salon.[41]
During World War I, Tanner worked for the Red Cross Public Information Department, during which time he also painted images from the front lines of the war.[44] His works featuring African-American troops were rare during the war. In 1923 the French state made him a knight of the Legion of Honour for his work as an artist.
Tanner met with fellow African-American artist Palmer Hayden in Paris circa 1927. They discussed artistic technique and he gave Hayden advice on interacting with French society.[45] He was also an inspiration to other artists studying in France, including Hale Woodruff, Romare Bearden, and other artists associated with Black Abstractionism.[17]
Several of Tanner's paintings were purchased by Atlanta art collector J. J. Haverty, who founded Haverty Furniture Co. and was instrumental in establishing the High Museum of Art. Tanner's Étaples Fisher Folk is among several paintings from the Haverty collection now in the High Museum's permanent collection.
The Tanner family at home in France. Handwritten note on verso identifies the individuals seated at the table as: Jesse Tanner, Mrs. Tanner, Myron G. Barlow, Henry Ossawa Tanner.
In 1899 he married Jessie Olsson, a Swedish-American opera singer.[46] A contemporary, Virginia Walker Course, described their relationship as one of equal talents, but racist attitudes insisted the relationship was unequal:
Fan, did you ever hear of a miss [sic] Olsson of Portland? She has a beautiful voice I believe and came to Paris to cultivate it and she has married a darkey artist ... He is an awefully [sic] talented man but he is black. ... She seems like a well educated girl and really very nice but it makes me sick to see a cultivated woman marry a man like that. I don't know his work but he is very talented they say.[47]
Jessie Tanner died in 1925, twelve years before her husband, and he grieved her deeply through the 1920s. He sold the family home in Les Charmes where they had been so happy together. They are buried next to each other in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine.[48]
They had a son, Jesse, who survived Tanner at his death.[21]
Tanner's The Seine (c. 1902), one of three paintings by African Americans on display in 2012 in the National Gallery of Art's American Art galleries.[51]
Tanner's work was influential during his career; he has been called "the greatest African American painter to date."[52] The early paintings of William Edouard Scott, who studied with Tanner in France, show the influence of Tanner's technique.[31] In addition, some of Norman Rockwell's illustrations deal with the same themes and compositions that Tanner pursued. Rockwell's proposed cover of the Literary Digest in 1922, for example, shows an older black man playing the banjo for his grandson. The light sources are nearly identical to those in Tanner's Banjo Lesson. A fireplace illuminates the right side of the picture, while natural light enters from the left. Both use similar objects as well such as the clothing, chair, crumpled hat on the floor.[31] Some other major artists Tanner mentored include William A. Harper and Hale Woodruff.[8]
Tanner's Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City (c. 1885; oil on canvas) hangs in the Green Room at the White House; it is the first painting by an African-American artist to have been purchased for the permanent collection of the White House. The painting is a landscape with a "view across the cool gray of a shadowed beach to dunes made pink by the late afternoon sunlight. A low haze over the water partially hides the sun." It was bought for $100,000 by the White House Endowment Fund during the Bill Clinton administration from Dr. Rae Alexander-Minter, grandniece of the artist.[53]
1989: Black Art Ancestral Legacy: The African Impulse in African-American Art. Dallas Museum of Art.
1993: Revisiting the White City: American Art at the 1893 World's Fair[32]
2010: Henry Ossawa Tanner and his Contemporaries,[63] Des Moines Art Center (December–February 2011).
2012: Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit,[64] Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia (January–April), then to Cincinnati Art Museum[65] (May–September) and to Houston Museum of Fine Arts (October–January 2013)
^"Artist Info". www.nga.gov. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
^Mosby, Dewey F. (1991). Henry Ossawa Tanner. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Philadelphia; New York: Philadelphia Museum of Art; Rizzoli International Publications. p. 50. ISBN978-0-8478-1346-9.
^ abcMosby, Dewey F. (1991). Henry Ossawa Tanner. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Philadelphia; New York: Philadelphia Museum of Art; Rizzoli International Publications. pp. 20–21, 59, 90. 93. ISBN978-0-8478-1346-9.
^Schantz, Michael (October–November 2005). "Thomas Hovenden: American Painter of Hearth and Homeland". American Art Review. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. [note: reprinted in Resource Library on April 22, 2009, with permission of the author and the Woodmere Art Museum, which was granted to TFAO on April 1, 2009]
^Kettlewell, James K. The Art of Henry Ossawa Tanner. Glen Falls, NY: The Hyde Collection, 1975.
^ abFarrington, Lisa (2017). African-American Art A visual and Cultural History. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 97–98. ISBN978-0-19-999539-4.
^ abTanner, Henry Ossawa (July 1909). "Story of an artist's life II. Recognition". The World's Work. 18 (3): 11770. As I now look back, it seems curious to me that I should have been able to arrive at thirty years of age with two years of that time in Paris and never to have heard of the Salon or, having heard of it, not to have at all realized its importance in the Art world... What a surprise awaited me in the court of that old palais! Hundreds of statues that appeared to me nearly all of them fairer than the "Venus de Milo" and upstairs the paintings — thousands of them — and nearly all of them much more to my taste than were the old masters of the Louvre... Here was something to work for, to get a picture here. This now furnished a definite impetus to my work in Paris — to be able to make a picture that should be admitted here — could I do it?
^ abcdefShaw, Thomas M. What Manner of Men? A Reconsideration across the Synapses of Art History of Three Paintings and their Images of Men of African Descent. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1997.
^ abWoods, Naurice Frank, Jr., Ph.D. Insuperable Obstacles: The Impact of the Creative and Personal Development of Four Nineteenth Century African American Artists. The Union Institute, 1993.
^Woods, Naurice Frank. "Embarking on a New Covenant: Henry Ossawa Tanner's Spiritual Crisis of 1896." American Art, vol. 27, no. 1, 2013, pp. 94–103. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670686.
^Mosby, Dewey F. Henry Ossawa Tanner. First trade edition. Philadelphia, PA : Philadelphia Museum of Art ; New York, NY : Rizzoli International Publications. 1991.
^
Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2009). Encyclopedia of African American History (1896 to the present). Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 393.
^Marley, Anna O. "Introduction" in Modern Spirit Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Philadelphia. 2012.
^Course, Virginia Walker qtd. by Jean-Claude Lesage in "Tanner, the Pillar of Trepied". Modern Spirit. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Philadelphia. 2012, p. 88.
^Carlyn G. Crannell Romeyn (Winter 1983–1984). "Henry O. Tanner: Atlanta Interlude". The Atlanta Historical Journal. 27 (4): 38. On the other hand, it is possible that some of tanner's Atlanta friends secured the three works (including The Bagpipe Lesson which won a bronze medal) for this exposition.
^ abcdefghiMosby, Dewey F. (1991). Henry Ossawa Tanner. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Philadelphia; New York: Philadelphia Museum of Art; Rizzoli International Publications. p. 39. ISBN978-0-8478-1346-9. 1895 May. Paris, Salon. Intérieur Bretagne [Brittany Interior], Le Jeune Sabotier [The Young Sabot Maker], pastel of New Jersey coast by moonlight.
^"Henry Ossawa Tanner Lot 41: Henry Ossawa Tanner, (American, 1859-1937), Woman from the French West Indies, c. 1891". The artist arrived in Paris, France at this time and spent the summers on the west coast in Brittany. There, he adopted a predominately green palette with an emphasis on vertical brushstrokes as can be seen in the Woman from the French West Indies...we are looking at an image of a light-skinned woman from one of the islands of the French West Indies-Martinique, Guadeloupe or Dominica. This claim is supported by her costume and headdress.
^Henry Ossawa Tanner (July 1909). "The Story of an Artist's Life: II Recognition". The World's Work. Vol. 18, no. 3. Open Court Publishing Co. p. 11772. In 1895, I painted "Daniel in Lions' Den."...It was exhibited in the Salon of 1896..
Anna O. Marley, ed. Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit (University of California Press: 2012).
Marcia M. Matthews, Henry Ossawa Tanner: American Artist (University of Chicago Press: 1995).
Kristin Schwain, Signs of Grace: Religion and American Art in the Gilded Age (Cornell University Press: 2007).
Will South, “A Missing Question Mark: The Unknown Henry Ossawa Tanner,” Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide, vol. 8. issue 2 (Autumn 2009).
Judith Wilson, “Lifting ‘The Veil’: Henry O. Tanner’s The Banjo Lesson and The Thankful Poor,” Contributions in Black Studies: A Journal of African and Afro-American Studies, volume 9, article 4.
Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit (University of California Press, 2012)—the most complete scholarly publication to date produced in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (PAFA), Tanner's alma mater
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Pomp at the zoo, circa 1880
Pomp at the Philadelphia Zoo, circa 1880-1886
Sister Sarah, 1882.![Woman from the West Indies, 1891, Brittany, France.[69]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Woman_from_the_West_Indies%2C_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.webp/169px-Woman_from_the_West_Indies%2C_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.webp.png)
Woman from the West Indies, 1891, Brittany, France.[69]
The Bagpipe Lesson, 1893
The Young Sabot Maker, 1895![1895. Marshes in New Jersey; possibly the "pastel of New Jersey coast by moonlight" exhibited at the 1895 Salon with The Young Sabot Maker.[58]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Marshes_in_New_Jersey%2C_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner._SAAM-1984.149.3_1.jpg/170px-Marshes_in_New_Jersey%2C_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner._SAAM-1984.149.3_1.jpg)
1895. Marshes in New Jersey; possibly the "pastel of New Jersey coast by moonlight" exhibited at the 1895 Salon with The Young Sabot Maker.[58]
The Annunciation to the Shepherds, c. 1895
The Resurrection of Lazarus, 1896. Won medal in 1897 Paris Salon, bought by French government.
View of the Seine, looking toward Notre Dame, 1896
Jesus and Nicodemus, 1899. Displayed at Paris Salon and Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where it won a Walter Lippincott Prize.
Salome, circa 1900. The body of John the Baptist lies at her feet.
Abraham's Oak, 1905. Biblical subject, also called the Oak of Mamre.
The Savior, 1900–1905
Christ in the home of Mary and Martha, 1905
The Disciples See Christ Walking on the Water, c. 1907
Angels Appearing before the Shepherds, c. 1910
Christ walking on the water. Engraving, possibly a show catalog, 1910.
The Three Marys (at Jesus' tomb), 1910. Entered in the 1910 Salon. (From left) Mary Magdalene, Mary, mother of Jesus, Mary Salome
A View of Fez, c. 1912
Fishermen at Sea, c. 1913
Mary, 1914
Coastal Landscape, France, 1919![Daniel in the Lions' Den, 1907–1918. The original (now lost) was painted in 1895 and displayed in the 1896 Salon.[70][71]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Daniel_in_the_Lions%27_Den_LACMA_22.6.3.jpg/170px-Daniel_in_the_Lions%27_Den_LACMA_22.6.3.jpg)
1936. Tanner's final painting, Return from the Crucifixion. Mary and Joseph are in the front.
![Woman from the West Indies, 1891, Brittany, France.[69]](/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woman_from_the_West_Indies,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.webp)
![1895. Marshes in New Jersey; possibly the "pastel of New Jersey coast by moonlight" exhibited at the 1895 Salon with The Young Sabot Maker.[58]](/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marshes_in_New_Jersey,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner._SAAM-1984.149.3_1.jpg)
![Daniel in the Lions' Den, 1907–1918. The original (now lost) was painted in 1895 and displayed in the 1896 Salon.[70][71]](/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_in_the_Lions%27_Den_LACMA_22.6.3.jpg)
Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City, c. 1885, the White House.
Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, 1929–30, High Museum of Art
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