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US Naval Base New Guinea

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Coordinates: 5°30′S 141°00′E / 5.500°S 141.000°E / -5.500; 141.000
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US Naval Base New Guinea
New Guinea located in relation to Melanesia and the South Pacific
New Guinea Island
Geography
LocationOceania (Melanesia)
Coordinates5°30′S 141°00′E / 5.500°S 141.000°E / -5.500; 141.000
Naval Base Milne Bay, Seabees Advance Base Construction camp on 10 October 1944
PT boat at Milne Bay, Kana Kopa Base with the USS Tulsa in 1943
Map of the 1942 American-British-Dutch-Australian Command

US Naval Base New Guinea was number of United States Navy bases on the island of New Guinea (then divided into Dutch New Guinea, the Territory of New Guinea and the Territory of Papua) during World War II. Australia entered World War II on 3 September 1939, being a self-governing nation within the British Empire. The United States formally entered the war on 7 December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan quickly took over much of the South Pacific Ocean. The United States lost key naval bases in the South Pacific, including Naval Base Manila and Naval Base Subic Bay, both lost in the 1941–42 invasion of the Philippines. Also lost were Naval Base Guam and Wake Atoll. As such, the United States Armed Forces needed new bases in the South West Pacific for staging attacks on Japan's southern empire. The United States built bases first in Australia, then in New Guinea.[1][2][3]

History

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See also: New Guinea campaign and South West Pacific theatre of World War II

With the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM) the Allies tried to limit the advance of Japan. ABDACOM did not have enough troops or supplies to carry out the mission. The northern parts of New Guinea was captured by Japan.[4] [5] The US Naval built bases for troops, ships, submarines, PT boats, seaplanes, supply depots, training camps, fleet recreation facilities, and ship repair depots. To keep supplies following the bases were supplied by the vast II United States Merchant Navy. Some of the bases were shared with the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force. By spring 1943, the build up of the US Navy to support the Pacific War had caused overcrowding at the ports on the east coast of Australia. To help the US Navy Seabees departed Naval Base Brisbane on 19 June 1943 to set up a new base in Milne Bay. The Naval Base Milne Bay was a new major United States Navy sea and airbase base built on Milne Bay in Milne Bay Province in south-eastern Papua New Guinea. New Guinea is a tropical rainforest island near the equator. Troops had to battle heavy rains and tropical diseases. After the war in 1945, the New Guinea bases closed.[6][7]

Japan built a large base at Rabaul on the island of New Britain with 110,000 Japanese troops. Rabaul was invasion bypassed in the island hoping Pacific war efforts. Rabaul was attacked by air and had its supply lines cut off by sea, called Operation Cartwheel, making the neutralisation of Rabaul.[8][9][10]

Major bases in New Guinea

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Minor bases in New Guinea

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Map of New Guinea just south of Micronesia (shown in dark magenta)

POWs

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Further information: Japanese war crimes

As in other theaters of war Japan's treatment of POWs and civilians was very poor. Many were exhausted from hunger and disease. Many deaths were caused by the diversion of food, such as rice, to Japanese troops from the New Guinea population. Some were turned into Japan's forced labourers, called romusha. [11][12]International Red Cross packages were not distributed to POWs.[13][14] In the New Guinea there were both massacres and executions of POWs:[15][16]

  • At the Tol Plantation massacre 160 Australian were executed and at nearby Waitavalo Plantation, another group of eleven Australian prisoners were shot.[17][18][19]
  • On the Japanese destroyer Akikaze on 18 March 1943 German residents from Wewak, New Guinea were executed. About thirty German residents, including German clergymen, nuns with two children were taken after Japan suspected a radio transmitter at Wewak was reporting ship movements to the Americans.[20]
  • Australian POW, Sgt. Leonard Siffleet, captured in New Guinea, was beheaded in 1943.[21][22]
  • Spencer Walklate an Australian Army POW and Eagleton POW were tortured and murdered on Muschu Island a Schouten Islands[23]
  • The Japanese Lieutenant Hisata Tomiyasu found guilty of killing 14 Indian soldiers and of cannibalism at Wewak in 1944. A common activity in New Guinea.[24][25]
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  • Pacific War Theater Areas map 1942
    Pacific War Theater Areas map 1942
  • Map of New Guinea, with place names as used in English in the 1940s
    Map of New Guinea, with place names as used in English in the 1940s
  • Map New Britain Island, to the northeast of New Guinea Island
    Map New Britain Island, to the northeast of New Guinea Island
  • 1943 Backhander Staging Area in New Britain and New Guinea
    1943 Backhander Staging Area in New Britain and New Guinea
  • Location of Naval Base Milne Bay
    Location of Naval Base Milne Bay
  • Milne Bay with key locations
    Milne Bay with key locations
  • MV Anshun lying on her side at Gili Gili Dock, in Milne Bay, New Guinea, 1942
    MV Anshun lying on her side at Gili Gili Dock, in Milne Bay, New Guinea, 1942
  • Camp Seabee Naval Base Brisbane, base building trips
    Camp Seabee Naval Base Brisbane, base building trips
  • Gurney Airfield in 1944
    Gurney Airfield in 1944
  • US Army, LLU's 47 General Hospital, Milne Bay
    US Army, LLU's 47 General Hospital, Milne Bay
  • Surgical ward treatment at the 268th Station Hospital, Base A, Milne Bay, Left to right, Sgt. Lawrence McKr
    Surgical ward treatment at the 268th Station Hospital, Base A, Milne Bay, Left to right, Sgt. Lawrence McKr
  • Auxiliary floating drydock, ARD, built by the Pacific Bridge Company
    Auxiliary floating drydock, ARD, built by the Pacific Bridge Company
  • USS PT-105
    USS PT-105
  • Milne Bay's Turnbull grave in 1943
    Milne Bay's Turnbull grave in 1943
  • An Australian P-40 at Milne Bay
    An Australian P-40 at Milne Bay
  • An Australian Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft gun of the 2/9th Light Anti-Aircraft Battery at Milne Bay No. 1 Airstrip
    An Australian Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft gun of the 2/9th Light Anti-Aircraft Battery at Milne Bay No. 1 Airstrip
  • Australian - USA camp at Milne Bay
    Australian - USA camp at Milne Bay
  • MV Anshun lying on her side at Gili Gili Dock, in Milne Bay, New Guinea, 1942
    MV Anshun lying on her side at Gili Gili Dock, in Milne Bay, New Guinea, 1942
  • USS Fulton was stationed at the Milne Bay to service submarines
    USS Fulton was stationed at the Milne Bay to service submarines
  • South Pacific islands in 1945
    South Pacific islands in 1945

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Navy, corporateName=Royal Australian. "USN Submarines Based in Brisbane during World War II". www.navy.gov.au.
  2. ^ "Pacific Wrecks Milne Bay". pacificwrecks.com.
  3. ^ "Building the Navy's Bases, vol. 2 (part III, chapter 26)". US Navy.
  4. ^ Klemen, L (1999–2000). "General Sir Archibald Percival Wavell". Dutch East Indies Campaign website.
  5. ^ Roberts, Andrew (2009). Masters and Commanders: The Military Geniuses Who Led the West to Victory in World War II (1 ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 66–68. ISBN 978-0-141-02926-9 – via Archive Foundation.
  6. ^ US Navy, Bases of World War II
  7. ^ "Potshot Memorial | Monument Australia". monumentaustralia.org.au.
  8. ^ The “Gibraltar of the Pacific”US Navy
  9. ^ Rabaul, New BritainUS Navy
  10. ^ Rabaulpacificwrecks.com
  11. ^ Mizuma 2013, pp. 49–68
  12. ^ Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1998, pp. 157–158) quoted in Vickers (2013, p. 85)
  13. ^ Marcel Junod, International Red Cross
  14. ^ Researching Japanese War Crimes January 28, 2015, National Archives
  15. ^ An account of the Japanese occupation of Banjumascornell.edu
  16. ^ Japanese Occupation of the Dutch East Indies and the Colijn Sisters 7/6/2017 by Mei Mei Chun-Moy
  17. ^ Wigmore 1957, pp. 668–669.
  18. ^ Queensland Ex-POW Reparation Committee 1990, pp. 70–74.
  19. ^ "Foreign News: Death". Time. 3 February 1947. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  20. ^ "The Australian War Crimes Trials and Investigations (1942-51), p.51 by DC Sissons.
  21. ^ AWM Collection Record: 101099 Archived 12 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved on 25 April 2009.
  22. ^ Sergeant Leonard George (Len) Siffleet: Timeline at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved on 25 April 2009.
  23. ^ Spencer Walklate, tortured, murdered, lost in the mud but never forgotten, By Daniel Lanesmh.com.au
  24. ^ Dark Stories of Japanese Cannibalism in World War Two By Jhemmylrut Teng, medium.com
  25. ^ Papua New Guinea War Crimesapnews.com

Sources

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  • Mizuma, Masanori (2013). ひと目でわかる「アジア解放」時代の日本精神 [Japanese spirit in the "Liberation of Asia" era that can be seen at a glance] (in Japanese). PHP Institute. ISBN 978-4-569-81389-9.
  • Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1998). The Mute's Soliloquy. Translated by Willem Samuels. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-028904-6.
  • Queensland Ex-POW Reparation Committee (1990). Nippon Very Sorry, Many Men Must Die: Submission to the United Nations Commission of Human Rights (ECOSOC Resolution 1503). Brisbane, Queensland: Boolarong. ISBN 978-0-86439-112-4.
  • Vickers, Adrian (2013). A History Modern of Indonesia (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-62445-0.
  • Wigmore, Lionel (1957). The Japanese Thrust. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Vol. IV (1st ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 3134219.


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