憂

See also: 忧

憂	U+6182, 憂 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6182

← 憁
[U+6181]

CJK Unified Ideographs

憃 →
[U+6183]

Translingual

Han character

憂 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 一月心竹水 (MBPHE), four-corner 1024₇, composition ⿱㥑夂(GJKV) or ⿱㥑夊(HT))

Derived characters

優, 嚘, 𭒩, 𢖒, 懮, 擾, 瀀, 𭐰, 櫌, 𤛾, 獶, 瓇, 𥜚, 𥣯, 𥽟, 纋, 耰, 䜡, 𧾤, 𨇄, 䥳, 𩽇(𩾎), 鄾, 㱊, 𢥀, 𡔀, 𢥙, 𧀥, 𢋣, 𭼵

Related characters

忧 (Simplified form of 憂)

Descendants

𛀌 (Hentaigana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 401, character 26
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11170
Dae Jaweon: page 741, character 13
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2341, character 14
Unihan data for U+6182

Chinese

trad.		憂/懮
simp.		忧^*
alternative forms		懮㥑𢝊𢟜𢚧懮㥑𢝊𢟜𢚧𠮕𨗫𩕂𠪍

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 憂
Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (憂) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
憂	*qu
優	*qu
瀀	*qu
櫌	*qu
鄾	*qu
嚘	*qu
耰	*qu
獶	*qu
纋	*qu
懮	*quʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qu) : phonetic 㥑 () + semantic 夊.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yōu (you¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄡ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jau¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yû
Northern Min (KCR): iú
Eastern Min (BUC): iŭ
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): iu¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): iu

(Teochew, Peng'im): iu¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yōu
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: you
  - Wade–Giles: yu¹
  - Yale: yōu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iou
  - Palladius: ю (ju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /joʊ̯⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jau¹
  - Yale: yāu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jau¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: yeo¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû
  - Hakka Romanization System: iu^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yiu¹
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯u²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iu^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yiu¹
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u²⁴/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iú
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: iŭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ieu⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: iu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu⁵³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu
  - Tâi-lô: iu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iw
  - IPA (Xiamen): /iu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /iu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: iu¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 憂
Mandarin	Beijing	/iou⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/iou⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/iou²¹/
	Jinan	/iou²¹³/
	Qingdao	/iou²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/iou²⁴/
	Xi'an	/iou²¹/
	Xining	/iɯ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/iəu⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/iou³¹/
	Ürümqi	/iɤu⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/iəu⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/iəɯ³¹/
	Hefei	/iɯ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəu¹¹/
	Pingyao	/iəu¹³/
	Hohhot	/iəu³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/iɤ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/iɤ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ʔiø³³/
	Wenzhou	/j̠au³³/
Hui	Shexian	/iu³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/iu¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/iəu³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/iəɯ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/iu⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/iu¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ʒiu¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jɐu⁵³/
	Nanning	/jɐu⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/jɐu⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/iu⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ieu⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/iu⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/iu³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/iu²³/

Middle Chinese: 'juw

Rime
Character	憂
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於求切
Baxter	'juw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔiu/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔuw/
Li Rong	/ʔiu/
Wang Li	/ĭəu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yōu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)u/

(Zhengzhang): /*qu/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	憂
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yōu
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔ(r)u/
English	grief, grieved
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憂
Reading #	1/1
No.	15493
Phonetic component	憂
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	憂
Old Chinese	/*qu/

Definitions

憂

sad; grieved
grief; melancholy

Compounds

References

“憂”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “忧”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 288.

Japanese

Kanji

憂

(Jōyō kanji)

anxiety, worry
mourning

Readings

Go-on: う (u)
Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)^{←いう (iu, historical)}
Kun: うい (ui, 憂い, Jōyō)、うれい (urei, 憂い, Jōyō)^{←うれひ (urefi, 憂ひ, historical)}、うれえる (ureeru, 憂える, Jōyō)^{←うれへる (ureferu, 憂へる, historical)}

Compounds

Etymology

Kanji in this term
憂
う Grade: S
kun'yomi

Stem of classical adjective 憂し (ushi),^[1]^[2] modern 憂い (ui, “gloomy, sad”).

Noun

憂(う) • (u)

grief, pain, sorrow

Derived terms

あな憂(う) (anau)
心(こころ)憂(う) (kokorō)

References

^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

憂 • (u) (hangeul 우, revised u, McCune–Reischauer u, Yale wu)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

憂: Hán Nôm readings: ưu, âu

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]