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素

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
素 U+7D20, 素
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D20
← 紟
[U+7D1F] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 紡 →
[U+7D21]

Translingual

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Han character

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素 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+4, 10 strokes, cangjie input 手一女戈火 (QMVIF), four-corner 50903, composition ⿱龶糸)

See also

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 918, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27300
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1348, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3368, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+7D20

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 素

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 素
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (素) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
素 *saːs
傃 *saːs
嗉 *saːs
膆 *saːs
塐 *saːs

Pictogram (象形) – hands 廾 braiding thread 糸.

In modern form, top component looks like 生 without the diagonal stroke – compare 責, 青.

Etymology

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Austroasiatic in origin; compare Khmer ស (sɑɑ, “white; to show something clearly”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 索 (OC *sraːɡ, *sreːɡ, “to search”).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • su3 - literary;
  • sou3 - vernacular (limited, e.g., 味素).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 素
Mandarin Beijing /su⁵¹/
Harbin /su⁵³/
Tianjin /su⁵³/
Jinan /su²¹/
Qingdao /su⁴²/
Zhengzhou /su³¹²/
Xi'an /su⁴⁴/
Xining /ɕy²¹³/
Yinchuan /su¹³/
Lanzhou /su¹³/
Ürümqi /su²¹³/
Wuhan /səu³⁵/
Chengdu /su¹³/
Guiyang /su²¹³/
Kunming /su²¹²/
Nanjing /su⁴⁴/
Hefei /su⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /su⁴⁵/
Pingyao /səu³⁵/
Hohhot /su⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /su³⁵/
Suzhou /səu⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /su⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /sɤu⁴²/
Hui Shexian /su³²⁴/
Tunxi /səu⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /səu⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /səɯ⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /su⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /sz̩⁵³/
Taoyuan /su⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sou³³/
Nanning /ɬu³³/
Hong Kong /sou³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /sɔ²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /sou²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /su³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /su²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /so³⁵/
/to³⁵/
Rime
Character 素
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 桑故切
Baxter suH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/suoH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/suoH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/soH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sɔH/
Li
Rong 		/soH/
Wang
Li 		/suH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/suoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		sù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		sou3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 素
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ suH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]ˁak-s/
English white silk

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 素
Reading # 1/1
No. 12099
Phonetic
component 		素
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		訴
Old
Chinese 		/*saːs/

Definitions

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素

  1. † white silk
  2. † silk or paper used for writing
  3. white
    素面  ―  sùmiàn  ―  unadorned face; face without makeup
    素服  ―  sùfú  ―  white mourning clothes
  4. plain
    素淨／素净  ―  sùjìng  ―  plain and neat
  5. vegetarian (food)
    素菜  ―  sùcài  ―  vegetable dish; vegetarian dish
    吃素  ―  chīsù  ―  to live on a vegetarian diet; to be a vegetarian
    素食  ―  sùshí  ―  vegetarian foods; to maintain a vegetarian diet
  6. original; unprocessed
    素材  ―  sùcái  ―  source material
    素質／素质  ―  sùzhì  ―  nature
  7. usually; always; all along
    平素  ―  píngsù  ―  normally; usually
    素不往來／素不往来  ―  sù bù wǎnglái  ―  have never had contact with each other
    武漢素稱「九省通衢」。 [MSC, trad.]
    武汉素称「九省通衢」。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǔhàn sù chēng “jiǔshěng tōngqú”. [Pinyin]
    Wuhan has always been called "the thoroughfare of the nine provinces".
  8. element
    元素  ―  yuánsù  ―  element
    維生素／维生素  ―  wéishēngsù  ―  vitamin
    色素  ―  sèsù  ―  pigment
  9. (mathematics) prime
    素數／素数  ―  sùshù  ―  prime number
    互素  ―  hùsù  ―  coprime; relatively prime

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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素

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. basic
  2. plain

Readings

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  • Go-on: す (su, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: そ (so, Jōyō)
  • Kun: きじ (kiji, 素)、しろ (shiro, 素)、しろい (shiroi, 素い)、もと (moto, 素)

Compounds

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Derived terms

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
素
す
Grade: 5
on'yomi

Derived from Middle Chinese 素 (MC suH).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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素(す) • (su) ←す (su)?

  1. unadorned state

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
素
もと
Grade: 5
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 素 – see the following entry.
【元もと】2
[noun] cause, origin
[noun] basis, foundation
[noun] cost
[noun] (finance) capital
[noun] principal
[prefix] former, erstwhile
Alternative spellings
本, 原, 基
(This term, 素, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Pronunciation

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Noun

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素(もと) • (moto) ←もと (moto)?

  1. (cooking) essence
    ご飯(はん)の素(もと)
    gohan no moto
    rice flavoring / seasoning

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
素
そ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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素(そ) • (so) -na (adnominal 素(そ)な (so na), adverbial 素(そ)に (so ni))

  1. plain
  2. (mathematics) prime (having no factors but 1 and itself)
    互(たが)いに素(そ)
    tagai ni so
    mutually prime

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 素 (MC suH). Recorded as Middle Korean 소 (swo) (Yale: swo) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

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  • (element; basis):
  • (plain; white):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰo̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [소(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

素 (eumhun 흴 소 (huil so))
素 (eumhun 본디 소 (bondi so))

  1. hanja form? of 소 (“plain; white”)
  2. hanja form? of 소 (“element; basis”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Chữ Hán

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素: Nôm readings: tố[1], tó[2]

  1. (dated) chữ Hán form of tố (“clean, white”).
  2. chữ Hán form of tố (“element, basis”).

Compounds

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References

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  1. ^ Trần (1999).
  2. ^ Trần (2004).
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