A Ruby module for accessing the ncurses library

This README file explains how to use the ncurses ruby interface. It is assumed that the reader has a rough understanding of what the ncurses library is and how to use it from the C language. It then goes into detail, explaining what is covered by the ruby interface, and the rules that were followed in translating the C interface into a ruby interface.

This ncurses interface provides access to the functions, macros, global variables and constants of the ncurses library. These are mapped to a Ruby Module named "Ncurses": Functions and external variables are implemented as singleton functions of the Ncurses module.

This README is organized into the following parts:

• Overview
• Installation
• Usage
• External Variables
• Constants
• Functions (and their Interfaces)
• Module / Class Hierarchy
• The WINDOW class
• The panel Library
• The form Library
• The menu Library
• Ncurses and Ruby Threads
• Example programs
• Contributing

If you don't know how to use ncurses from C, then please read an introduction to ncurses before continuing with this README. Eric Raymond has written an introduction that should be part of the ncurses development package installed on your computer. If you'd like a gentler introduction, then you have two options:

1. there is a part of a chapter in "The Linux Programmer's Guide" dealing with ncurses, available from www.tldp.org. It is quite old by now, but the ncurses interface has not changed since then, regarding the scope of covered functions, so it is still a very good read.
2. There is also an up-to-date "NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO" in the HOWTO collection of the Linux Documentation Project, also available at www.tldp.org, which is worth a read.

You will also appreciate the extensive man-pages of ncurses, a useful reference while coding.

Add this line to your application's Gemfile:

gem 'ncurses-ruby'

And then execute:

$ bundle

Or install it yourself as:

$ gem install ncurses-ruby

To build the gem from source:

$ gem build ncurses-ruby.gemspec

In your programs:

require 'ncurses.rb'

If your programs use the scanw functions (most unlikely) you will have to install the scanf library for ruby.

Most ncurses functions are only available after either Ncurses.initscr or Ncurses.newterm has returned successfully.

External variables are accessed read-only, by module functions taking no arguments. They are spelled exactly like their C counterparts. Sometimes, this leads to module functions beginning with an uppercase letter (e.g. Ncurses.LINES).

One of these external variables, Ncurses.ESCDELAY, is also settable with a ruby method (Ncurses.ESCDELAY=).

Another external variable, Ncurses.RESIZEDELAY is introduced by this wrapper. It contains the maximum milliseconds delay with which terminal resizesings are recognized.

Constants are implemented as module constants in the Ncurses module, if possible. Ruby constants can not start with an underscore, so these constants have been renamed (they lost the leading underscore). There are,however, module functions with the same name as these constants, that also return the constant's value, when invoked (e.g. Ncurses._ENDLINE returns the value of the constant Ncurses::ENDLINE, which has the same value as the C constant _ENDLINE).

Note: The ncurses macros starting with ACS_ are not constants, their value depends on the terminal in use. Nevertheless, they are implemented as constants of the Ncurses module, but since they depend on the terminal, they are not initialized before initscr has been called. If you need more than one terminal in a single program, you can access the ACS_ values through member functions of class SCREEN.

Functions (also those only implemented by macros in C) can be accessed as module functions of the Ncurses module. They take exactly the same arguments as their C counterparts. Some of the C functions return additional arguments through pointer arguments. These are implemented as follows:

When the C-function expects a pointer to int, short, chtype, or attr_type, you should use a variable containing an empty array as the argument to the ruby function. This is because ruby passes these types (ints) "by value" instead of "by reference"; but arrays are passed by reference, so that you can see the changes to them.

Attention: some macro-only functions like getsyx accept variables of type int, but, being macros, they write values to their arguments. Thus, they also need empty array arguments when called from ruby.

Example:

color_pair_number = 4
foreground_color  = []
background_color  = []
if (Ncurses.pair_content(color_pair_number, foreground_color, background_color) != Ncurses::ERR)
  "color pair number #{color_pair_number} contains color number " +
  "#{foreground_color[0]} as the foreground color, and color "    +
  "number #{background_color[0]} as the background color")
end

There are 2 functions that read a value from the location pointed to by a pointer to int, and store another value at those locations. These functions are mouse_trafo and wmouse_trafo. When calling these functions, you have to provide 2 arrays, each filled with exacly one integer. The values contained in these arrays will then be changed by the ruby module function.

When the C-function expects a pointer to char, you should use a variable containing an empty string as the argument to the ruby function.

Example:

line2 = ""
if (Ncurses.mvwinnstr(Ncurses.stdscr, y=2, x=0, line2, Ncurses.getmaxx(Ncurses.stdscr)) == Ncurses::ERR)
  raise "could not scan 3rd line"
else
  Ncurses.beep if line2.index("|")
end

The string that the C function would store at the pointer-to-char location will be appended to the given string.

Functions expecting const pointers to char do not modify the string they receive, you can pass any string to them.

When the C-function expects a pointer to WINDOW, SCREEN, MEVENT, PANEL, FORM, FIELD, or FIELDTYPE then simply pass it the corresponding, already existing ruby object.

Namely scanw, mvscanw, wscanw, and mvwscanw. Use an array after the format string. The scanned values will be placed there. Remember, you need scanf for ruby installed for these functions to work.

module Ncurses
  class WINDOW; end
  class SCREEN; end
  class MEVENT; end
  module Panel
    class PANEL; end
  end
  module Form
    class FORM; end
    class FIELD; end
    class FIELDTYPE; end
  end
  module Menu
    class MENU; end
    class ITEM; end
  end
end

The class WINDOW implements method_missing and tries to map invoked methods to Ncurses module functions using a simple heuristic:

If the method name starts with "mv", it looks for an Ncurses module function that starts with "mvw", and if it exists, adds itself to the argument list and calls this function. If no such module function exists, or the name of the invoked method does not start with "mv", it looks to see if there is a module function with the name "w" + methodname, and if it exists, adds itself again to the argument list and calls this function. If this module function did not exist either, then, as a last step, it invokes a module function with the same name as the method, adding itself to the argument list.

Example: If you invoke mvaddch(y,x,ch) on an Ncurses::WINDOW object, it will delegate the method call to Ncurses.mvwaddch(win,y,x,ch).

Other examples:

 win.printw("hello")       =>  Ncurses.wprintw(win, "hello")

 win.getmaxyx(y=[], x=[])  =>  Ncurses.getmaxyx(win,y,x)

 win.delwin                =>  Ncurses.delwin(win)    # win cannot be used
                                                      # after this call

The panel library has also been wrapped. All panel functions are implemented as module functions of the module Ncurses::Panel.

Most of these functions are also implemented as methods of class Ncurses::Panel::PANEL, once with their original name and once with the subword "panel" and an adjacent underscore removed.

The form library was wrapped inside the Ncurses:Form module. All form functions are implemented as module functions on the module Ncurses::Form. In addition, all function for which the first parameter is one of the objects are also implemented as an instance method of the respective class. For example, instead of calling post_form(form), you can use form.post_form.

Three objects are defined in the Ncurses::Form module:

1. FORM
2. FIELD
3. FIELDTYPE

They are wrapping actual ncurses pointers and should be use whenever a pointer to one of these types is expected in function calls.

All form constants are defined in the module as Ruby constants with the same name as the curses constants.

Constructors for FORM, FIELD, and FIELDTYPE objects are also provided, and they expect the same parameters as new_form, new_field, and new_fieldtype curses functions.

Field validation is implemented using Ruby Proc objects. You must provide a Ruby block whenever a function pointer is expected in curses function arguments. See the example form2.rb for more details.

The functions form_userptr and field_userptr are not supported. Use form.user_object and field.user_object to store Ruby objects instead.

The menu library was wrapped inside the Ncurses:Menu module. All menu functions are implemented as module functions in the module Ncurses::Menu. In addition, all functions for which the first parameter is one of the objects are also implemented as an instance method of the respective class. For example, instead of calling post_menu(menu), you can use menu.post_menu.

Two objects are defined in the Ncurses::Menu module:

1. MENU
2. ITEM

They are wrapping actual ncurses pointers and should be use whenever a pointer to one of these types is expected in function calls.

All menu constants are defined in the module as Ruby constants with the same name as the curses constants.

Constructors for MENU and ITEM objects are also provided, and they expect the same parameters as new_menu and new_item curses functions.

You must provide a Ruby block whenever a function pointer is expected in curses function arguments.

The functions menu_userptr and item_userptr are not supported. Use menu.user_object and item.user_object to store Ruby objects instead.

The ncurses library is not thread-safe. Your application must properly serialize calls into ncurses.

Prior to release 0.9.2, the getch and wgetch calls used to block the complete ruby interpreter, all threads. This is no longer so. Other threads should now continue to run during blocking calls to getch and wgetch.

Directory "examples" contains a few example programs demonstrating how to use the ncurses library with ruby. Be sure to read the file "examples/LICENSES_for_examples".

1. Fork it ( https://github.com/eclubb/ncurses-ruby/fork )
2. Create your feature branch (git checkout -b my-new-feature)
3. Commit your changes (git commit -am 'Add some feature')
4. Push to the branch (git push origin my-new-feature)
5. Create a new Pull Request