This is the official implementation of "Towards Good Practices for Efficiently Annotating Large-Scale Image Classification Datasets" (CVPR 2021). For more details, please refer to:

Towards Good Practices for Efficiently Annotating Large-Scale Image Classification Datasets

Yuan-Hong Liao, Amlan Kar, Sanja Fidler

University of Toronto

[Paper] [Video] [Project]

CVPR2021 Oral

Data is the engine of modern computer vision, which necessitates collecting large-scale datasets. This is expensive, and guaranteeing the quality of the labels is a major challenge. In this paper, we investigate efficient annotation strategies for collecting multi-class classification labels fora large collection of images. While methods that exploit learnt models for labeling exist, a surprisingly prevalent approach is to query humans for a fixed number of labels per datum and aggregate them, which is expensive. Building on prior work on online joint probabilistic modeling of human annotations and machine generated beliefs, we propose modifications and best practices aimed at minimizing human labeling effort. Specifically, we make use ofadvances in self-supervised learning, view annotation as a semi-supervised learning problem, identify and mitigate pitfalls and ablate several key design choices to propose effective guidelines for labeling. Our analysis is done in a more realistic simulation that involves querying human labelers, which uncovers issues with evaluation using existing worker simulation methods. Simulated experiments on a 125k image subset of the ImageNet dataset with 100 classes showthat it can be annotated to 80% top-1 accuracy with 0.35 annotations per image on average, a 2.7x and 6.7x improvement over prior work and manual annotation, respectively.

• Downdload the extracted BYOL features and change root directory accordingly

wget -P data/features/ http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~andrew/research/cvpr2021-good_practices/data/byol_r50-e3b0c442.pth_feat1.npy 

Replace REPO_DIR (here) with the absolute path to the repository.

• Run online labeling with simulated workers
  • <EXPERIMENT> can be imagenet_split_0~5, imagenet_animal, imagenet_100_classes
  • <METHOD> can be ds_model, lean, improved_lean, efficient_annotation
  • <SIMULATION> can be amt_structured_noise, amt_uniform_noise

python main.py experiment=<EXPERIMENT> learner_method=<METHOD> simulation <SIMULATION>

To change other configurations, go check the config.yaml here.

There are several components in our system: Sampler, AnnotationHolder, Learner, Optimizer and Aggregator.

• Sampler: We implement RandomSampler and GreedyTaskAssignmentSampler. For GreedyTaskAssignmentSampler, you need to specify an additional flag max_annotation_per_worker

For example,

python main.py experiment=imagenet_animal learner_method=efficient_annotation simulation=amt_structured_noise sampler.algo=greedy_task_assignment sampler.max_annotation_per_worker=2000

• AnnotationHolder: It holds all information of each example including worker annotation, ground truth and current risk estimation. For simulated worker, you can call annotation_holder.collect_annotation to query annotations. You can also sample the annotation outside and add them by calling annotation_holder.add_annotation

• Learner: We implement DummyLearner and LinearNNLearner. You can use your favorite architecture by overwriting NNLearner.init_learner

• Optimizer: We implement EMOptimizer. By calling optimizer.step, the optimizer perform EM for a fixed number of times unless it's converged. If DummyLearner is not used, the optimizer is expected to call optimizer.fit_machine_learner to train the machine learner and perform prediction over all data examples.

• Aggregator: We implement MjAggregator and BayesAggregator. MjAggregator performs majority vote to infer the final label. BayesAggregator treat the ground truth and worker skill as hidden variables and infer it based on the observation (worker annotation).

If you use this code, please cite:

@misc{liao2021good,
      title={Towards Good Practices for Efficiently Annotating Large-Scale Image Classification Datasets}, 
      author={Yuan-Hong Liao and Amlan Kar and Sanja Fidler},
      year={2021},
      eprint={2104.12690},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}