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Haƙƙin Riƙe da Ɗaukar Makamai

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Haƙƙin Riƙe da Ɗaukar Makamai
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Haƙƙoƙi
Muhimmin darasi Bindiga
Soja riƙe da Bindiga
]Bindigogi
Wata mata tana horar da bindigar kariya ta gaske ta amfani da yanayi tare da harsashi mai rai a wurin harbin bidiyo a Prague, Jamhuriyar Czech.

Haƙƙin riƙe da ɗaukar makamai (wanda aka fi sani da yancin ɗaukar makamai) haƙƙi ne ga mutane su mallaki makamai don kiyaye rayuwa da 'ƴanci da kuma dukiyoyinsu. [1]


Fage

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Ƙididdiga na Haƙƙin 1689 ya ƙyale 'yan Furotesta na Ingila su "sanya Makamai don Kare su wanda ya dace da Sharuɗɗansu kuma kamar yadda Doka ta ba da izini" kuma ya ƙuntata ikon Ingila Crown don samun sojojin da ke tsaye ko kuma su tsoma baki tare da 'yancin ɗaukar makamai na Furotesta. "Lokacin da Papists ke da Makamai da Aiki sabanin Doka" kuma suka kafa cewa Majalisa, ba Crown ba, na iya tsara 'yancin ɗaukar makamai.

Sir William Blackstone ya rubuta a cikin karni na 18 cewa 'yancin samun makamai taimako ne ga "hakki na dabi'a na tsayin daka da kariyar kai" wanda ya shafi dacewa da izini ta doka. Kalmar makamai, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin 1600s, tana nufin tsarin kayan aiki don yaki. An fi amfani da shi a zaman ma'anar makami.

Shigar da wannan haƙƙin a cikin rubutaccen tsarin mulki wani al'amari ne da ba a saba gani ba. A cikin shekara ta 1875, kashi 17 cikin 100 na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa sun haɗa da 'yancin ɗaukar makamai. Tun farkon karni na ashirin, "matsayin ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 9 kuma yana faɗuwa". A cikin wata kasida mai suna "Hakkin Bindiga na Amurka Gaskiya Ne Bambancin Ba'amurke," wani bincike na tarihi da nazarin kwatancen kundin tsarin mulki tun daga shekara ta 1789, [2] Tom Ginsburg da abokan aikinsa "sun gano tsarin mulki 15 kawai (a cikin ƙasashe tara) waɗanda suka taɓa haɗawa da bayyana haƙƙin rike makamai. Kusan dukkanin waɗannan kundin tsarin mulkin sun kasance a cikin Latin Amurka, kuma yawancin sun kasance daga ƙarni na 19."[3][4][5][6]

n.[7][2][2][8]

Kasashen da suka amince da 'yancin rike da makamai

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Amurkawa

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Guatemala

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Yayinda yake kare haƙƙin riƙe makamai, kundin tsarin mulkin Guatemala ya fayyace cewa wannan haƙƙin ya ta'allaka ne kawai ga "makamin da doka ba ta haramta ba".

Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Honduras bai kare hakkin rike da makamai ba..[9]

Kodayake ba a fayyace su ba a cikin dokar, kowane mutum na da damar samun lasisin riƙewa da ɗaukar makamai a dokokin Honduras, muddin sun cika sharuddan da doka ta buƙata.[10]

Mexico

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Kundin tsarin mulkin Mexico na 1857 na farko ya haɗa da haƙƙin mallakar makamai. A cikin sigarsa ta farko, an fayyace haƙƙin a cikin sharuddan kamanceceniya kamar yadda yake a cikin Kwaskwarima na Biyu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka. Wani sabon kundin tsarin mulki na Mexico na 1917 ya sake sabunta haƙƙin, yana mai cewa amfani da shi dole ne ya kasance daidai da dokokin 'yan sanda na gida.[11]

An haɗa wani canji a cikin Tsarin Mulki na shekara ta 1917. Tun daga wannan lokacin, 'yan Mexico suna da 'yancin ɗaukar makamai kawai a cikin gidansu kuma ƙarin amfani da wannan haƙƙin yana ƙarƙashin izini na doka a cikin dokar tarayya .

Gaba ɗaya, inda kundin tsarin mulkin zamani ya shafi makamai kwata-kwata, manufar ita ce "don ba da damar gwamnati ta tsara yadda ake amfani da su ko kuma ta tilasta aikin soja, ba ta ba da 'yancin ɗaukar su ba". Kundin tsarin mulki wanda tarihi ya ba da tabbacin ikon mallakar makamai sune na Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Laberiya, Mexico, Nicaragua da kuma AmurkaKusan dukkanin misalan Latin Amurka an yi su ne akan na Amurka. A halin yanzu, daga cikin kundin tsarin mulkin duniya kusan 200, uku har yanzu sun haɗa da 'yancin ɗaukar makamai: Guatemala, Mexico, da Amurka; daga cikin waɗannan ukun, na Amurka kawai bai haɗa da ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗan ƙuntatawa ba. Har zuwa shekara ta 2008, Kotun Kolin Amurka ba ta taɓa rushe wata doka da ke da nufin sarrafa bindigogi ba. Hukuncin farko da Kotun Kolin Amurka ta yi kan gyara na biyu, United States v. Cruikshank a cikin shekara ta 1876, ya ba wa jihohi damar hana mallakar bindiga ta wasu tsiraru, suna yanke hukunci na farko da na biyu kawai ga gwamnatin tarayya, ba gwamnatocin jihohi da dokoki ba. An soke wannan hukuncin a cikin shekara ta 2008, sakamakon shari'ar District of Columbia v. Heller kuma, bayan shekaru biyu, McDonald v. Chicago, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta gudanar da cewa jihohi ba za su iya ƙuntata ikon mallakar bindigogi don kare kai a cikin gida ba. [2]

Turai

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Jamhuriyar Czech

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A tarihi, ƙasashen Czech sun kasance a sahun gaba wajen yaɗuwar mallakar bindigogi na farar hula. A cikin shekara ta 1420s da 1430s, bindigogi sun zama kayan aiki masu mahimmanci ga yawancin sojojin Hussite na ƙauye, waɗanda mayaƙansu masu son, ciki har da mata, sun kare jerin hare-hare na ƙwararrun sojojin 'yan Salibiyya na mayaka masu sulke da makamai masu sanyi. [12] Duk da kuma bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Hussite, ƙirar bindigogi sun sami ci gaba cikin sauri kuma mallakarsu ta fararen hula ya zama al'amari na gaske. [12]

An fara aiwatar da ka'idojin bindigogi na farko a cikin shekara ta 1517 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniya ta gama gari tsakanin manyan mutane da masu burgewa kuma daga baya a cikin 1524 a matsayin Dokar Tsaya akan Makamai ( zřízení o ručnicích ). Dokar ta 1517 ta bayyana a sarari cewa "dukkan mutanen da ke tsaye suna da 'yancin ajiye bindigogi a gida" yayinda a lokaci guda kuma suka kafa dokar hana ɗaukar makamai a duniya. [12] Dokar ta 1524 ta tsara tsarin ba da izini don ɗaukar bindigogi da cikakken aiwatar da hukunci da hukuncin ɗaukar kaya ba tare da irin wannan izini ba. Daga baya ya zama mara izini kuma har zuwa shekara ta 1852, lokacin da Dokar Imperial mai lamba 223 ta sake dawo da izinin ɗaukar kaya. Wannan doka ta cigaba da aiki har zuwa lokacin mamayewar Jamus a 1939 . [12]

Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a lokacin juyin juya halin Hussite, haƙƙin riƙe bindigogi ya jure sama da shekaru ɗari biyar har zuwa lokacin da 'yan Nazi suka hana bindigogi a lokacin mamayar Jamus a karni na 20. Daga baya mallakar makamai ya zama ƙarƙashin izinin gwamnati a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na gurguzu inda kawai waɗanda ake ganin masu biyayya ga jam'iyyar gurguzu za su iya ɗaukar makamai. Bayan dawowar 'yanci, Jamhuriyar Czech ta ba da izinin ba da izinin ba da izini, wanda duk mazauna za su iya kiyayewa da ɗaukar makamai dangane da cikar sharuɗɗan tsari. [13]

A cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, kowane mazaunin da ya cika sharuddan da aka gindaya a cikin Dokar Lamba 119/2002 Coll. yana da hakkin a ba da lasisin bindigogi sannan zai iya samun bindiga. [14] [15] Masu riƙe D (motsa jiki) da lasisin E (kare kai), waɗanda kuma za a fitar, na iya ɗaukar har zuwa ɓoyayyun bindigogi biyu don kariya. [16] Ana kare hakkin mallakar makamai bisa doka.

An shigar da shawara don samun haƙƙin riƙewa da ɗaukar makamai da aka haɗa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki a cikin majalisar Czech a cikin Disambar shekara ta 2016. Kuri'ar 139 zuwa 9 ne aka amince da kudurin a ranar 28 ga watan Yunin 2017 ta majalisar wakilai. Daga baya ya gaza samun goyon bayan da ya dace a Majalisar Dattawa, inda Sanatoci 28 cikin 59 da suka halarta ne suka goyi bayanta (mafi rinjayen kundin tsarin mulki shine kuri'u 36). Sanatoci 35 ne suka shigar da wata sabuwar shawara a watan Satumbar 2019 sannan suka amince da ranar 21 ga Yulin shekara ta, 2021, inda suka kara da wani sabon hukunci, bisa ga abin da "yancin kare kansa ko na wani ko da ta hanyar amfani da ana ba da garantin makami a ƙarƙashin sharuddan da doka ta gindaya."

Switzerland

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Swiss suna da haƙƙin mallakar makamai a ƙarƙashin doka ta 3 na Dokar Makamai ta 1997. [17] Switzerland tana aiwatar da aikin shiga aikin soja na duniya, wanda ke buƙatar duk 'ƴan ƙasa maza maza su cigaba da riƙe bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu gaba ɗaya a gida idan an kira. Kowane namijin da ke tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 34 ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗan takarar shiga aikin soja, kuma bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na aiki za a shigar da shi cikin rundunar sojan har sai shekaru ko rashin iya yin hidima ya ƙare aikinsa. [18] Har zuwa Disambar shekara ta 2009, ana buƙatar waɗannan mutanen su ajiye bindigogin yaƙin kashe gobara da gwamnati ta ba su a cikin gidajensu muddin suna cikin aikin soja. Tun daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, sun sami zaɓi na ajiye makamansu a ɗakin ajiyar makaman gwamnati. Har zuwa Satumbar 2007, sojoji sun karɓi harsashi 50 da gwamnati ta ba su a cikin akwati da aka rufe don ajiya a gida; bayan 2007 kusan ƙwararrun sojoji guda 2,000 ne kawai aka yarda su ajiye harsashin a gida.

A cikin wata kuri'ar raba gardama a watan Fabrairun 2011, masu jefa kuri'a sun ki amincewa da wani shiri na 'yan kasar da zai tilasta wa jami'an soji su ajiye bindigu da bindigu a harabar soji kuma suna bukatar a yi rajistar makamai masu zaman kansu.

Ƙasar Ingila

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A cikin United Kingdom babu wani haƙƙin atomatik na ɗaukar makamai, kodayake ƴan ƙasa na iya mallakar wasu bindigogi kan samun lasisin da ya dace. Talakawa na jama'a na iya mallakar bindigogin wasa da bindigogin harbi, ƙarƙashin lasisi, yayin da bindigogin hannu, atomatik, da na tsakiyar wuta ba bisa ka'ida ba ne don mallaka ba tare da ƙarin sharuɗɗa na musamman ba. [19] Lokacin da ba a halarta ba, duk bindigogi masu lasisi dole ne a adana su amintacce (kulle) kuma a ware daga harsashin su. Dokokin na airguns ba su da ƙarfi kuma bindigogin iska tare da makamashin muzzle wanda bai wuce 6 ƙafa-fam karfi (8.1 joules) da sauran bindigogin iska tare da makamashin muzzle wanda bai wuce 12 ft⋅lbf (16 J) ba sa buƙatar kowane takaddun shaida ko lasisi, ko da yake buƙatun ajiya iri ɗaya ya shafi. An kafa babban iko na farko akan bindigogi tare da wucewar Dokar Bindiga ta 1920, an ƙara ƙuntatawa ta hannun bindiga a cikin martani ga kisan kiyashin 1996 na Dunblane wanda mutane 18 suka mutu.

A tarihi Dokar Haƙƙin Ingilishi 1689 ta ba da izini:

Tun 1953, laifi ne na laifi a cikin United Kingdom ɗaukar wuka (ban da wuƙaƙe masu naɗewa da ba a kulle ba tare da yanke inci 3 (7.62 santimita) ko ƙasa da hakan) ko duk wani " makami mai ban tsoro " a cikin jama'a. wuri ba tare da izini ba (misali 'yan sanda ko jami'an tsaro) ko uzuri mai ma'ana (misali kayan aikin da ake buƙata don aiki). Yanke gefen wuka ya bambanta da tsayin wuka. Hanya daya tilo da mutum zai iya daukar makami shi ne a kan kadarorinsa na sirri ko kuma duk wata kadara da jama'a ba su da hakkin isa gare ta, kamar yadda doka ta haifar da laifin idan ya faru a fili, misali., Gidan mutum, fili mai zaman kansa, wurin da ke cikin shagon da jama'a ba su da hanyar shiga, da dai sauransu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, Sashe na 141 Criminal Justice Act 1988 musamman ya lissafa duk wasu makamai masu banƙyama waɗanda ba za a iya mallakar su ta hanyar fasaha ba - har ma a kan kadarorin masu zaman kansu - ta hanyar sanya haramtacciyar siyar, kasuwanci, hayar, da dai sauransu.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, doka ba ta ƙyale wani makami mai cutarwa ko wani abu na yau da kullun da aka yi nufinsa ko aka daidaita shi a matsayin makami na ɓarna a bainar jama'a kafin barazanar tashin hankali ta taso. Hakan zai zama karbuwa ne kawai a idon doka idan mutum ya yi makami kai tsaye kafin ko kuma a lokacin da aka kai hari (a wurin jama'a). Ana kiran wannan da " makamin dama " ko "amfani da makamai nan take".

Sauran

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Sharia

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A karkashin shari'ar Sharia, akwai 'yancin mallakar makamai. Sai dai a lokacin rikicin cikin gida ko tashin hankali na cikin gida ana iya dakatar da wannan hakki na wani dan lokaci don a wanzar da zaman lafiya da hana cutarwa, kamar yadda Imam ash-Shatibi ya ambata a cikin ayyukansa na Maqasid ash-Shari'ah (Manufofin Shari'a da Manufofin Shari'a). ). An haramta wa ‘yan kasa da ba su yi addinin Musulunci rike makamai ba, kuma ana bukatar sojoji su ba su kariya, kasar da suke biyan kudin jiziyya . A madadin su ba sa bukatar fitar da zakka .

Yemen

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Yemen ta amince da haƙƙin mallaka da ɗaukar makamai. Ana iya samun damar yin amfani da bindigogi duka cikin sauƙi da bin doka. [20] [21]

Rikicin Bindiga da Siyasar ‘Yancin Makami

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Kisan kisa da ke da alaka da bindiga da kashe kansa a cikin kasashen OECD masu girma, 2010, kasashe a cikin jadawalin da aka ba da umarnin adadin kisa gaba daya (kisan kai da kashe kansa da sauran mace-mace masu alaka da bindiga).
Nazarin da yawa sun nuna cewa inda mutane ke samun damar samun bindigogi cikin sauki, mutuwar da ke da nasaba da bindiga yakan fi yawa, ciki har da ta hanyar kashe kansa, kisan kai da kuma raunin da ba da gangan ba.

'Yan majalisa galibi suna sanya takunkumin doka kan 'yancin riƙewa da ɗaukar makamai a ƙoƙarin rage tashin hankali da aikata laifuka. Ayyukansu na iya zama sakamakon larura, ko kuma saboda ƙungiyoyin siyasa da ke motsawa don yin irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi. The Brady, Snowdrop Campaigns, da Million Mom Maris su ne misalan kamfen da ke kira ga tsauraran ƙuntatawa akan haƙƙin kiyayewa da ɗaukar makamai.

Ƙididdigan hatsari na da wuya a samu, amma ana samun bayanai da yawa kan batun mallakar bindiga da kuma asarar rayuka. Cibiyar bincike kan laifuka da shari'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNICRI ta yi kwatance tsakanin kasashen da ke da matakan mallakar bindiga daban-daban tare da yin bincike kan alakar matakin mallakar bindiga da kisan kai, da kuma tsakanin matakin mallakar bindiga da kisan kai. Ana ganin alaƙa mai ƙarfi a cikin duka biyun. Ƙaƙƙarfan mayar da hankali kan tasirin matakin mallakar bindiga a kan kisan gilla ko kisan kai na bindiga, duk da haka, yaudara ne saboda bincike mafi ƙarfi na fasaha ya nuna cewa matakan bindigogi ba su shafi adadin kisan kai ba ko kuma yawan adadin kashe kansa - matakan bindiga ne kawai ke shafar rabon kisan kai ko kashe kai da aka yi da bindigogi. [22]

A yayin binciken laifuffukan ƙasa da ƙasa shekarun 1989 da 1992, an tattara bayanai kan mallakar bindiga a kasashe goma sha takwas, inda kuma akwai bayanan WHO game da kisan kai da kisan kai da aka yi da bindigogi da sauran hanyoyin. Sakamakon da aka gabatar a cikin wata takarda da ta gabata dangane da ƙasashe goma sha hudu da aka yi nazari a kansu a lokacin ICS na farko da kuma matsayinsu (Spearman's rho), sun nuna cewa mallakar bindiga na iya kara yawan kashe kai da kashe-kashe ta hanyar amfani da bindigogi, yayin da ba zai rage kashe kansa da kashe-kashe da wasu hanyoyi ba. A cikin bincike na yanzu, an haɗa ƙarin ƙarin ƙasashe huɗu waɗanda 1992 ICS ke rufewa kawai, kuma an yi amfani da ƙididdiga masu alaƙa da Pearson. Sakamakon ya tabbatar da waɗanda aka gabatar a cikin binciken da ya gabata.

UNICRI ta kuma yi bincike kan alakar da ke tsakanin matakin mallakar bindiga da sauran nau'ikan kisan kai ko kisan kai don sanin ko yawan mallakar bindiga ya kara wa wasu nau'ikan kisan kai ko kuma kashe kansa kawai. Sun bayar da rahoton cewa, "ba a gano yawan mallakar bindiga da zai rage yiwuwar afkuwar lamarin da wasu hanyoyi ba. Don haka, mutane ba sa juya wukake da sauran kayan kisa da yawa sau da yawa lokacin da ake samun ƙarin bindigogi, amma yawancin bindigogi yawanci yana nufin ƙarin waɗanda ke fama da kashe kansa da kisan kai. Yin hasashe kan dalilan da ka iya haifar da masu binciken sun kammala da cewa, “abin da muka sani shi ne, bindigogi ba sa rage kashe-kashe saboda wasu hanyoyi, amma suna tafiya tare da karin harbe-harbe. Ko da yake ba mu san dalilin da ya sa ainihin haka yake ba, muna da dalili mai kyau na zargin bindigogi don taka rawa a cikin wannan. "

Wakilin binciken ya gano cewa bindigogi ne kan gaba wajen kashe-kashe a kasashe 3 daga cikin guda 14 da ya yi nazari; Arewacin Ireland, Italiya, da Amurka. Ko da yake bayanan suna nuna cewa rage samun nau'in nau'in makamai masu mahimmanci - bindigogi - yana haifar da raguwa a cikin laifukan bindigogi da kisan kai da bindigogi da kuma laifuffukan gaba daya da kuma kashe kansa, marubucin ya yi gargadin cewa "rage yawan bindigogi a cikin Hannun ƴan ƙasa na iya zama wani aiki marar bege fiye da wani batu", yana yin misali da Amurka.

Sabanin binciken na shekara ta 1993 duk da haka, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da masu bincike na UNICRI suka yi daga shekara ta 2001 ya yi nazari kan alakar mallakar bindiga a gida da kisan kai baki daya, da kashe kansa gaba daya, da kuma kisan gilla da kisan kai da bindiga a tsakanin kasashe 21. An sami alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin mallakar bindigar gida da adadin kashe kashen bindigu na jinsi biyu, da kuma adadin kisan gillar da aka yi wa matan da aka kashe. Babu wani muhimmin alaƙa da aka gano dangane da adadin kisan kai da kashe kansa, da kuma adadin kisan gilla da aka yi da bindigogi da suka shafi maza da aka kashe. Mai sukar lafiyar jama'a da kare hakkin bindiga Miguel Faria a rubuce a cikin Surgical Neurology International yayi ikirarin cewa kiyayewa da ɗaukar makamai ba kawai kariyar tsarin mulki ba ne har ma da cewa bindigogi suna da fa'idodi masu fa'ida waɗanda cibiyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a ta yi watsi da su; cewa bindigogi suna da fa'ida wajen kare kai, kare kai, tare da kare rayuka da dukiyoyi.

Duba kuma

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  • Fihirisar labaran siyasar bindiga
  • Jerin kasashe ta mallakar bindiga
  • Bayanin dokokin bindiga ta al'umma
  • Hakkin kare kai
  • Dokokin wuka

Bayanan kula

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Magana

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  1. ↑ Halbrook, Stephen P. (1994). That Every Man Be Armed: The Evolution of a Constitutional Right (Independent Studies in Political Economy). Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute. p. 8. ISBN 0-945999-38-0. OCLC 30659789.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ginsburg, Tom; Elkins, Zachary; Melton, James (7 March 2013). "U.S. Gun Rights Are Truly American Exceptionalism". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  3. ↑ "1688 c.2 1 Will. and Mar. Sess. 2". The National Archives (UK). Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  4. ↑ "BBC: Bill of Rights Act, 1689 – The Glorious Revolution". bbc.co.uk. BBC. 2002. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  5. ↑ "Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England". Avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  6. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "arm (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  7. ↑ "Arm". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  8. ↑ Elkins, Zachary (4 April 2013). "Rewrite the Second Amendment". New York Times. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  9. ↑ Pasley, Brennan Weiss, James. "Only 3 countries in the world protect the right to bear arms in their constitutions: the US, Mexico, and Guatemala". Business Insider.
  10. ↑ "Guns in Honduras — Firearms, gun law and gun control". www.gunpolicy.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
  11. ↑ "Mexican Constitution (As amended)" (PDF). pp. Article 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Empty citation (help)
  13. ↑ "U.S. Senate: Constitution of the United States". www.cop.senate.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-12-30. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  14. ↑ Firearms Act, Section 8
  15. ↑ Firearms Act, Section 16(1)
  16. ↑ Firearms Act, Section 28(3)(B), 28(4)(C)
  17. ↑ "Art. 3 Recht auf Waffenerwerb, Waffenbesitz und Waffentragen: Das Recht auf Waffenerwerb, Waffenbesitz und Waffentragen ist im Rahmen dieses Gesetzes gewährleistet." (The right to acquire, possess and carry arms is guaranteed in the framework of this law.)
  18. ↑ The Swiss Army at Europeforvisitors.com.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Alpers, Philip, Marcus Wilson, Amélie Rossetti and Daniel Salinas
  20. ↑ Weapons in Yemen, Yemeni gun market.
  21. ↑ [1] Archived 2022-04-10 at the Wayback Machine, Gun policy in Yemen
  22. ↑ Journal of Criminal Justice 43:30-38 (2015); Social Science Quarterly 110(3):936-950 (2019)
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