Kyautar Nobel
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| Suna a harshen gida | (sv) Nobelpriset |
|---|---|
| Iri |
lambar yabo science award (en)  |
| Suna saboda |
Alfred Nobel (mul) |
| Validity (en) | 1901 – |
| Rana |
December 10 (en) |
| Wanda ya samar |
Alfred Nobel (mul) |
| Wuri | Stockholm |
| Ƙasa | Sweden da Norway |
| Conferred by (en) |
Norwegian Nobel Committee (en) , Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (en) , Swedish Academy (en) , Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute (en) da Alfred Nobel (mul) |
| Has part(s) (en) | |
Nobel Peace Prize (en)  Nobel Prize in Physics (en) Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) Nobel Prize in Literature (en) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (en) | |
| Yanar gizo | nobelprize.org |
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Wannan mukalar bata da Reference (Manazarta) ko daya, ka taimaka ta hanyar samar da Manazarta daga littafi ko yanar gizo, duba wannan shafin domin samun masaniya akan yanda zaka samar da Reference (Manazarta) a cikin wannan mukalar.
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Da farko dai masanin nan dan kasar Sweden mai suna Alfred Nobel wanda ya kirkiri nakiya mai fashewa ta farko shi ne wanda ya kirkiri wannan kyauta ta Nobel da ta ke dauke da sunansa. An haifi Alfred Nobel ne a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1833 a birnin Stockholm, babban birnin kasar Sweden.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wannan kyauta da kuma dalilin kirkiro ta a nan muna iya cewa sakamakon kirkiro wannan nakiya mai fashewa da wannan masani ya yi da kuma irin barnar da take yi sakamakon amfani da ita ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba a lokacin yaki wajen kashe mutane saboda haka kafin mutuwarsa sai ya rubuta wata wasiyya wacce ya sanya mata hannu a ranar 27 ga Nuwamban shekarata 1895 inda a cikin wani bangare na wasiyyar ya bayyana cewar yana so a kowace shekara idan an sami wani mutum guda wanda ya yi wani kwazo a fagen ci gaban bil'adama a bashi kyauta daga dukiyar da ya mutu ya bari. To wannan shi ne dalilin kirkiro wannan kyauta da kuma tarihin yadda aka samo ta. An fara ba da wannan kyautar ne a shekarar 1901 kimanin shekaru biyar bayan mutuwarsa, don ya rasu ne a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba 1896 a fagagen ilimin kimiyya da adabi da zaman Lafiya da sauran fagage irin su tattalin arziki wadanda aka shigo da shi a 1968.
Cibiyar Nobel din tana da wani kwamiti a kasar Sweden wanda shi ne ya ke zama tun a farkon shekara don ya tara sunayen mutanen da suka cancanci kyautar ta wannan shekarar sannan kuma ya zabi wadanda suka dace a cikinsu wadanda ake sanar da sunayensu a cikin watan Oktoba, duk da cewa kwamitin kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya yana kasar Norway ne karkashin majalisar kasar.
Har ila yau a cikin wasiyyar tasa Alfred Nobel ya bukaci a kasa wannan kyauta da za a dinga bayarwa din kashi biyar, wato ga wadanda suka fi samun ci gaba a bangaren physics da bangaren kimiyya da bangaren ilmin halittar jikin dan Adam da ilmin aikin likita da bangaren ayyukan adabi da kuma ga wadanda suka taimaka wajen tabbatar da fahimtar juna tsakanin kasashe, tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kuma yin watsi da yaki da amfani da karfi. A saboda haka ne aka raba kyautar kamar yadda muka yi bayani a sama, duk da cewa daga baya an shigo da bangaren tattalin arziki na kyautar.
To wannan dangane da tambayoyi biyu na farko na tambayar taki kenan Malama Hajara Abubakar.
To Malama Hajara idan kuma muka koma ga bangare na uku na tambayar ta ki da kike son sanin yadda ake gudanar da zaben wadanda suka cancanci wannan kyauta kuwa, to a nan muna iya cewa hanyar da ake bi wajen zaben wadanda suka ci kyautar nan ta Nobel ita ce, cibiyar nazarin ilmin kimiyya ta gidan sarautar kasar Sweden karkashin wani kwamiti mai mutane biyar ita ce take kula da zaben wadanda suka cancanci samun kyautar Nobel a bangaren Physics da chemistry da kuma ilmin tattalin arziki. Dangane da kyautar adabi kuwa cibiyar nazarin adabi ta kasar Sweden karkashin wani kwamiti mai membobi hudu zuwa biyar ita ce take da nauyin zaben wanda za a ba shi kyautar Nobel kan ayyukan adabi. Dangane da kyautar zaman lafiya kuwa alhalin zaban wanda ko kuma wadanda suka cancanta din yana wuyan wani kwamiti mai mutane biyar ne da majalisar kasar Norway za ta.
To dangane da yadda ake zabo sunayen wadanda ake ganin kowane guda daga cikinsu yana iya samun wannan kyauta kuwa to a nan wadanda suke da wannan alhaki a wuyansu su ne kwamitocin kula da kyaututtukan Nobel daban-daban (da muka yi bayaninsu a baya) da kuma muhimman jami'o'in duniya da shahararrun masana da masu ilmin kimiyya. To daga cikin wadannan mutane ne za a zabi wadanda suka cancanci wannan kyautar.
Bayan an zabi sunayen wadanda suka cancanci kyautar ta shekara a kan sanar da sunayensu ne watan Oktoba na kowace shekara sai dai kuma ba a lokacin ne za a ba su kyautar ba. Ana ba da kyaututtukan ne a wani buki da ake yi a dakin kade-kade da raye-raye na birnin Stockholm a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na ko wace shekara, wato ranar da shi Alfred Nobel ya mutu. Sarkin kasar Sweden ne ya ke ba da wannan kyautar ga wadanda suka samiu nasara. Kyautar kuwa ta hada ne da takardar shaida, lambar yabo ta zinari da kuma kudi.
Yana da kyau a san cewa ana iya ba da kyautar nobel din ga mutum guda ko mutane biyu ko uku, kamar yadda kuma ana iya ba da ita ga wata kungiya.
Idan kuma muka koma ga tambaya ta hudu daga cikin tambayoyin na ki Malama Hajara inda kike son sanin ko ya zuwa yanzu mata nawa ne suka sami wannan kyautar, to a nan muna iya cewa ya zuwa yanzu dai kimanin mata 40 ne da suka fito daga bangarori daban-daban na duniya da suka sami wannan kyautar. Mace ta farko da ta sami wannan kyauta ita ce masaniyar nan 'yar kasar Poland wacce daga baya ta zaman 'yan kasar Faransa Marie Currie wacce ta samu kyautar nobel din a bangaren ilimin physics a shekarar 1903. Ita dai wannan mata ta samu kyautar har sau biyu wato a shekarar 1903 da kuma 1911. Saboda haka mata 40 suka sami wannan kyauta, duk da cewa idan ana magana sau nawa ne aka ba wa mata wannan kyautar to a nan kan ana iya cewa sun samu sau 41 ne saboda ita wannan mace ta samu sau biyu ne. Mace ta karshe kuwa da ta samu wannan kyautar ita ce Elinor Ostrom 'yar kasar Amurka wacce ta sami kyautar ilimin tattalin arziki.
'Yar Afirka ta farko kuma wacce har ya zuwa yanzu ba a sami wata ba da ta ci wannan kyautar ita ce Madam Wangari Maathai 'yar kasar Kenya sakamakon irin gudummawar da ta bayar wajen ci gaba da kuma kare demokradiyya da zaman lafiya kamar yadda aka bayyana.
To idan kuma muka koma ga tambayarki ta karshe Malama Hajara da kike son sanin ya zuwa yanzu sau nawa aka ba da wannan kyauta. To a nan muna iya cewa ya zuwa yanzu dai an ba da wannan kyauta har sau 829, wato sau 765 ga maza sannan kuma sau 41 ga mata sannan sau 23 ga kungiyoyi.
Wani abin da yake da muhimmanci a fahimta shi ne cewa a cikin wasiyyar shi Alfred Nobel ya bayyana cewar "wajibi ne a bayar da kyautar ga wadanda suka fi cancanta, ba tare da la'akari da kasashen da suka fito da launin fatansu da kuma addinan da suke bi ba', to amma abin da ke gudana a halin yanzu shi ne cewa an siyasartar da wannan kyautar ta yadda a lokuta da dama ba lalle ne ya zamanto wadanda suka dace din ne ake ba su ba, wato manyan kasashen duniya sun shigo cikin lamarin sun yi kane-kane ta yadda sai wanda suke so ne ake ba shi wato wanda ta hanyar hakan za su cimma manufarsu musamman ma dai bangaren zaman lafiya na wannan kyauta, lamarin da ya sanya ake ta sukan kyautar, misali na baya-bayan nan shi ne irin sukan da masana suka dinga yi dangane da kyautar da aka ba wa shugaban kasar Amurka Barack Obama wanda suke ganin bai cancanci kyautar ba.