Puke noi‘i kū‘ikena

Puke noiʻi kūʻikena (ʻŌlelo Pelekania: encyclopedia) he puke ia me nā mea hoihoi a koʻikoʻi. Nāu e hoʻohana no ka ʻimi ʻana a loaʻa ka ʻike e pili ana i nā mea like ʻole. Ma hoʻokahi puke noiʻi kūʻikena, loaʻa paha ka ʻike ma hoʻokahi kumumanaʻo, a i ʻole loaʻa ka ʻike ma nā mea he nui wale. Mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene "enkyklios paideia", ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻonaʻauao piha loa. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻatikala ma ke kaʻina pāʻālōʻālōʻā a i ʻole ma nā kumuhana. He ʻokoʻa ka puke noiʻi kūʻikena mai ka puke wehewehe ʻōlelo, no ka mea, wehewehe ka puke noiʻi kūʻikena i nā kumuhana ma kahi o nā huaʻōlelo wale nō.

Ka Moʻolelo

Ua hoʻomaka ka puke noiʻi kūʻikena kahiko loa i koe a hiki i kēia lā me ka Naturalis Historia na Pliny ka Mua i ka makahiki 77. He luna koa a he kanaka akamai ʻo Pliny ka Mua ma Roma. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻo ia i nā ʻike like ʻole mai nā puke he 2,000 a ʻoi, a ua hoʻokomo i nā kumuhana he nui: ka hulikanaka, ka honua, nā holoholona, nā mea kanu, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā kiʻi hana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I kona kau, ua hoʻohana nā kānaka akamai ma Roma i kāna puke no ke aʻo ʻana. A hiki i kēia lā, he waihona waiwai nō kēia puke no ka ʻike o ke au kahiko Roma, no ka mea, ua nalowale ka nui o nā puke kahiko āna i heluhelu ai. He mea nui ka Naturalis Historia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā puke noiʻi kūʻikena ma ʻEulopa, a ua kope ʻia e nā mea kākau ma hope mai^[1]^[2]. Ma Kina, ua kākau ʻia ka Huanglan Xueshi i ka makahiki 222. Ma ʻEulopa, ua haku ʻo Isidore o Seville i ka Etymologiae (c. 600-625), ka puke noiʻi kūʻikena Kalikiano mua.

Ma ke kenekulia 18, ua hoʻomaka ka Encyclopédie Palani (1751-1772) na Denis Diderot lāua ʻo Jean le Rond d'Alembert. Ua paipai ʻo Diderot i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike i ka lehulehu. Ua hui pū ʻo ia me nā mea kākau he nui (nā Encyclopédistes) e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻike hou o ka honua.

He manaʻo kūʻē ko ka ʻEkalesia Katolika no ka mea, ua hoʻohana ka Encyclopédie i ke ʻano hoʻokolokolo ʻepekema ma mua o ka haipule. I ka makahiki 1759, ua pāpā ʻia ka puke. Eia naʻe, ma lalo o ka pale ʻana o kekahi mau aliʻi a me nā kānaka waiwai, ua hoʻomau ka paʻi ʻana a hiki i ka makahiki 1772.

He mea koʻikoʻi ka Encyclopédie i ka Hoʻomālamalama ma ʻEulopa. Ua hoʻolaha aku i nā manaʻo e pili ana i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka noʻonoʻo, ke kālaiʻike, a me ka hoʻokolokolo ʻepekema. Ua hōʻike i ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻike no nā kānaka a pau^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7].

Ka Britannica

ʻO ka Encyclopedia Britannica (no ka ʻōlelo Lākina 'British Encyclopedia') ke puke noiʻi kūʻikena lōʻihi loa i paʻi ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ma Kekokia i ka makahiki 1768 e Colin Macfarquhar lāua ʻo Andrew Bell, me ʻekolu puke wale nō. I ka puka ʻana ʻelua (1777-1784), ua piʻi aʻe i ka ʻumi puke, a i ka puka ʻana ʻehā (1801-1810), ua piʻi hou i ka iwakālua puke. Ua kaulana loa ka puka ʻana 9 (1875-1889) a me ka puka ʻana 11 (1911) no ka maikaʻi o nā ʻatikala akamai a me ke kākau ʻana maikaʻi. I ka makahiki 1933, ua hoʻomaka ka Britannica i ka "hoʻoponopono mau", kahi e hoʻoponopono mau ʻia ai nā ʻatikala a pau.

Mai ka makahiki 1901, ua kūʻai ʻia e kekahi hui ʻAmelika a ua mālama ʻia e nā hui like ʻole, me Sears Roebuck (1920-1923, 1928-1943) a me ka Kulanui o Chicago (1943-1973). ʻO ka puka ʻana 15 (1974-2010) ka hopena, me ʻekolu māhele nui: ka Micropædia (12 puke o nā ʻatikala pōkole), ka Macropædia (17 puke o nā ʻatikala lōʻihi), a me ka Propædia (1 puke e hōʻike ana i ke kahua ʻike). I ka makahiki 2012, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka paʻi palapala ʻana ma hope o 244 makahiki. Mai ia manawa mai, ua paʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele wale nō, me 40 miliona huaʻōlelo ma luna o ka hapalua miliona kumuhana^[8]^[9].

Nā ʻAno Like ʻOle

Puke noiʻi kūʻikena laulā: Hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻike like ʻole o ke ao holoʻokoʻa
Puke noiʻi kūʻikena kikoʻī: Kālele i kekahi kumuhana kikoʻī
Puke noiʻi kūʻikena pūnaewele: E loaʻa ana ma ka pūnaewele, e like me Wikipikia
Puke noiʻi kūʻikena ʻōlelo kikoʻī: Hōʻike i nā ʻike ma kekahi ʻōlelo kikoʻī

Ka Hoʻololi ʻAna I Ke Au Kikoʻī

Ma ka makahiki 1980 a me 1990, ua hoʻopuka ʻia nā puke noiʻi kūʻikena ma ka CD-ROM. ʻO ka Microsoft Encarta (1993-2009) kekahi puke noiʻi kūʻikena kaulana loa o ia au. He mea hoʻololi nui ka Encarta no ka mea, ʻaʻohe ona paʻi palapala - he puke uila wale nō. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā wikiō, nā leo hoʻolohe, nā kiʻi nui, a me nā mea hoʻonānā like ʻole. Ua kūʻai nā kula he nui i ka Encarta no kā lākou haumāna.

Ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Wikipedia i ka makahiki 2001, ua emi mai ka makemake i ka Encarta. No ka mea, ua manuahi ka Wikipedia a ua hiki ke hoʻololi i nā ʻatikala i kēlā me kēia lā. I ka makahiki 2009, ua hoʻopau ʻo Microsoft i ka Encarta^[10]. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻololi ʻia i ka DVD. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka pūnaewele ke ala nui no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike puke noiʻi kūʻikena.

Wikipedia

Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka Wikipikia i ka makahiki 2001 a ua lilo i ka puke noiʻi kūʻikena nui loa ma ka honua. He kaiaulu kēia e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohana ke:

Heluhelu i ka ʻike ma nā ʻōlelo he nui
Hoʻololi a hoʻoponopono i nā ʻatikala
Hoʻohui i nā kiʻi a me nā wikiō
Hahai i nā loulou i nā ʻatikala pili

Nā Kūmole

↑ Naturalis Historia Reception and History, Loeb Classical Library, 1938
↑ Naturalis Historia, Pliny ka Mua, 77 CE
↑ The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, Robert Darnton, 1979
↑ Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History, Philipp Blom, 2004
↑ The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, Robert Darnton, 1979
↑ Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History, Philipp Blom, 2004
↑ Encyclopédie, Denis Diderot, 1751-1772
↑ Encyclopedia Britannica Digital Transition, 2012
↑ The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Herman Kogan, 1958
↑ Microsoft Encarta Discontinuation Notice, Microsoft Corporation, 2009

Nā Loulou I Waho

E nānā pū

He ʻōmuku kēia mea. Inā hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, e kōkua mai i ka holomua ʻana i kēia mea.

[1] Naturalis Historia Reception and History, Loeb Classical Library, 1938

[2] Naturalis Historia, Pliny ka Mua, 77 CE

[3] The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, Robert Darnton, 1979

[4] Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History, Philipp Blom, 2004

[5] The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, Robert Darnton, 1979

[6] Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History, Philipp Blom, 2004

[7] Encyclopédie, Denis Diderot, 1751-1772

[8] Encyclopedia Britannica Digital Transition, 2012

[9] The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Herman Kogan, 1958

[10] Microsoft Encarta Discontinuation Notice, Microsoft Corporation, 2009

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