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Karma

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Karma as action and reaction: if we show goodness, we will reap goodness

Karma (/ˈkɑːrmə/, sanskrt se: karm, ip: [ˈkɐɾmɐ] ⓘ; paalee: kamm) yah "Karm" ek praacheen Bhaarateey Dharm ki avadhaarana hai jo kisee kaary, kaary ke prabhaav ya parinaam ko sandarbhit karatee hai. Karm shabd (sanskrt: karm; paalee: kamm) kriya, krty aur uddeshy, donon ko batata hai. Karm ko aksar varnanaatmak roop se karm ka siddhaant kaha jaata hai, jisamen vyaktiyon ke iraade aur kaary (kaaran) unake bhavishy (prabhaav) ko prabhaavit karate hain: achchhe iraade aur achchhe karm yogadaan karate hain achchhe karm aur sukhee punarjanm ke lie, jabaki bure iraade aur bure karm bure karm aur badatar punarjanm ke lie yogadaan karate hain. haalaanki, kuchh dharmagranthon mein punarjanm aur karm ke beech koee sambandh nahin hai. karm ko aksar bhaagy, niyati ya poorvanirdhaaran ke roop mein galat samajha jaata hai. [1][2][3]

Ramayana aur Mahabharata me Karma aur Dharma ka pramukh stan hai.[4][5][6]

Karm kee avadhaarana bhaarateey dharmon ke saath judi hai. Vishesh roop se hindoo dharm, bauddh dharm, jain dharm aur sikh dharm) mein punarjanm ke vichaar se nikatata se judee huee hai. Vartamaan mein karm vyakti ke vartamaan jeevan mein bhavishy ke saath-saath bhavishy ke jeevan kee prakrti aur gunavatta - vyakti ke sansaar ko bhee prabhaavit karata hai.[8][9] is avadhaarana ko pashchimee lokapriy sanskrti mein bhee apanaaya gaya hai, jisamen kisee vyakti ke kaaryon ke baad hone vaalee ghatanaon ko un kaaryon ka svaabhaavik parinaam maana ja sakata hai.[4][4][5] [7]

Karm ke siddhaanton ka ek saamaany vishay isaka kaary-kaaran ka siddhaant hai. karm aur kaary-kaaran ke beech ka yah sambandh hindoo, bauddh aur jain vichaaradhaara ke sabhee skoolon mein ek kendreey vishay hai.

Brihadaranyaka Upanishad me Karm ke bare me kaha gaya hai:

ab manushy jaisa hai ya jaisa hai, jaisa vah karm karata hai aur jaisa vah aacharan karata hai, vah vaisa hee hoga, achchhe karm karane vaala achchha banega, bure karm karane vaala bura, shuddh karm karane se vah pavitr banata hai, bure karm karane se vah bura banata hai

aur yahaan ve kahate hain ki manushy ichchhaon se bana hai, aur jaisee usakee ichchha hai, vaisee hee usakee ichchha hai; aur jaisee usakee ichchha hai, vaisa hee usaka karm hai; aur vah jo karm karega, vaisa hee phal paega.

[8]{{refn|group=note|The words "deed", "acts" above are rendered from karma.[9]

References

[badlo | source ke badlo]
  1. ↑ Halbfass, Wilhelm (2000) (in de). Karma und Wiedergeburt im indischen Denken. Munich, Germany: Diederichs. ISBN 978-3-89631-385-0.
  2. ↑ Lawrence C. Becker & Charlotte B. Becker, Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2nd edition (2001), ISBN 0-415-93672-1, Hindu Ethics, pp 678
  3. ↑ Wasserman, Danuta (2021-01-08). Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-883444-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=zqkPEAAAQBAJ&dq=sanchit+karma&pg=PA23.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Template:Harvc.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Template:Harvc.
  6. ↑ Jackson, Bernard S. (1975), "From dharma to law", The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol.
  7. ↑ Bruce R. Reichenbach, The Law of Karma and the Principle of Causation, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Oct. 1988), pp. 399–410
  8. ↑ Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5-6, translated by Max Müller, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs, 2013 [1879], archived from the original on 13 April 2013, retrieved 2023-01-14
  9. ↑ Black, James (2011). "Brihadaranyaka Original Sanskrit & Müller Oxford English Translations". University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
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