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�îɩP����� UK to Fund 'Small-Scale' Outdoor Geoengineering Tests �^���٧U�p���ǥ~�a�y�u�{����
Political Violence Problem in U.S.? Data Is Mixed. ����F�v�ɤO���D�w�M�����H����
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UK to Fund 'Small-Scale' Outdoor Geoengineering Tests �^���٧U�p���ǥ~�a�y�u�{����
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A British science agency will provide 57 million pounds, or about $75 million, for researchers to examine ideas for artificially cooling the planet �X including outdoor experiments to determine whether any of those ideas could actually work.

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The announcement, by the Advanced Research and Invention Agency, or ARIA, is among the largest single infusions of money to date toward research into ��solar geoengineering��: the notion of injecting particles into the air to deflect some of the sun��s radiation back into space with the goal of reducing the Earth��s temperature.

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The government initiative is focused on testing several types of solar geoengineering. Those approaches could include injecting aerosols, such as sulfur dioxide, into the stratosphere or shooting sea-salt aerosols into low-lying marine clouds to reflect more sunlight away from the Earth.

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The funding comes as the effects of climate change are becoming increasingly destructive. Last month was the warmest August on record, as measured by average global land and ocean surface temperatures, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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Yet, the greenhouse emissions that are driving climate change keep rising as humans continue to burn coal, oil and gas.

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ARIA said it was pursuing geoengineering research because ��even under the most aggressive scenarios�� of cutting greenhouse gasses, it may not be possible to reduce those emissions fast enough to prevent dangerous increases in global temperatures.

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That has led governments and scientists to increasingly consider ways to artificially cool the planet, effectively trying to buy time while heat-trapping pollution is reduced.

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But without conducting physical tests of those strategies, the agency said, ��there is no prospect of being able to make proper judgments�� about whether any type of geoengineering is ��feasible, scalable, and controllable.��

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Opponents of geoengineering say it would distract from the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. And they worry that the technology could have severe unintended consequences.

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To address the concern about outdoor experiments, the program will apply a set of constraints when it judges research proposals, British officials said. The technologies being examined must already have undergone modeling and indoor tests, and researchers must show that critical scientific questions ��cannot be answered without an outdoor experiment.��

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Political Violence Problem in U.S.? Data Is Mixed. ����F�v�ɤO���D�w�M�����H����
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When former President Donald Trump was nearly assassinated in Pennsylvania in July, a Dartmouth College political scientist named Sean Westwood happened to be in the middle of a research project asking Americans about political violence.

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At the time, many feared that the shooting would lead to a growing appetite for more violence.

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But Westwood and his colleagues found the opposite. In the weeks after the attack, Americans�� support for partisan violence, and murder specifically, diminished �X and fell most sharply among Republicans who identify with Trump.

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Americans are still exceptionally hostile about people who disagree with them on politics, but ��an assassination attempt did not inflame the tensions,�� the authors write in a forthcoming paper in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Two unsuccessful attempts on Trump��s life, a daily barrage of violent threats against public officials of all stripes and finger-pointing from both parties have fueled the impression that the country��s politics are spinning out of control.

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But some common assumptions about political violence in America are not reinforced by recent data, according to several new studies.

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Instances of extremist violence have actually declined in recent years by some key measures. Although some Americans continue to say they approve of political violence, support for the most serious types of violence has not increased amid election-related tensions this year.

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And neither apocalyptic political rhetoric nor extraordinary events over the past few years have produced eruptions of political violence of the sort that many feared would become more commonplace after the riot at the Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021.

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In short, even amid an explosive political climate and some high-profile incidents, politics may not be becoming broadly more violent.

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Such findings come with many caveats. Political violence in the United States remains rare, leaving relatively few data points to study. Trend lines can vary widely depending on the how you define violence and what questions you try to answer.

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In the United States as in other countries, recorded acts of right-wing political violence have been deadlier than left-wing violence. But Trump, not President Joe Biden or Vice President Kamala Harris, has been the target of two apparent assassination attempts this summer.

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Those attempts are also a stark reminder that such nation-transforming tragedies do not require many people �X or even more than one.

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