Moldova
Moldova（摩爾多瓦）
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]
Gaga kska Owcow ka Moldova, 47 00 N, 29 00 E ka gaga na nniqan. Kana ka knlbangan na o 33,851 sq km（hangan na o Tg140） (knlbanga dxgal o 32,891 sq km, knlbangan qsiya o 960 sq km). Kana ka sejiqun o niqan 3,510,485 hiyi. Gaga Chisinau ka pusu alang paru, jiyax 27 idas 8 ka jiyax skrayan klwaan. Manu ka dxgal Moldova ga wada sugan 74.90% ka dxgal qpahan, 11.90% ka dxgal bbuyu, rahuq dxgal do niqan 13.20% na.
Bukung klwaan ta sayang o kiya ka Igor Dodon, pnaah hngkawas2016 idas 12 jiyax 23pnrajing kmlawa klwaan.
cinkhulan sa knita’ sa brbiru’
Mortwowa konghkwo （摩爾多瓦共和國）
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Mortwowa konghkwo “kari Lwonaniya,Republica Moldova”slawa Mortiwa “kari lwomaniya, Moldova, i/mɒlˈdoʊvə, mɔːl-/”kika mniq ruwan alang klwaan hraan hidaw Ow, pusu alang paru ka Cisinyo[10].Gaga siyaw gqiyan hidaw Lwomaniya ka Mortiya, daya, hraan hidaw, hunac mquri siyaw Uklang.
Mrtwowa sayang, kkana dxgal nCong sci Mrtaweyya koyueyn. Mrweyya kongkwo mniq 14 ci pnhiyu alangaklwaan do, kndadax 16 sci prajing klwaan Awsmantikwo . 19 sci, paru dxgal Mortaweyya “kiya ni alang Pisalapiya”spuway klwaan Saxane duri.
Mangan duma dxgal ka Mortaweyya bukuy musa phiyu Lwomaniya leynghkwo. bngnuway Ekwo ka Pisalapiya nama ka murux, sblxan bukuy ka Lwomaniya duri, hngkawas 1940, Lwomaniya wankwo sbgay na Sulyeyn ka dxgal nii, Sulyeyn ka empqlahan alang Mortaweyya, spuan pnhiyu Tartaweyya weyay sexwey cui konghkwo, kika tgmaxal rima cyamong konghkwo Sulyeyn. hngkawas 1941 phnan psbu ka Sut, kika kingal Cosing kwo Lwomaniya madas psaping musa Sulyeyn, idas maxal sblxan ka Awtsa,mniq naswey Tkwo hunac citwan cyun dmayaw siida uri lkan ka alang Mortwowa, hngkawas 1944 musa krmux Tkwo paru endaan ka Sulyeyn, pxalan hongcyun ka psaping Lwomaniya sblxan dha ka alang hini duri, miyah nanaq ka euda Mortaweyya Suweyay sexwey cukongkwo. priyux bukuy ka tongO, hngkawas 1991, rmngaw murux ka Mortwowa, kika Mortwowa konghkwo sayan. murux bukuy ka Mortwowa do yasa gllu ka kmlawa, ini tduwa ka uuda dnii, ida psiyaq mlih ka hbangan. yasa psbu ka ruwan wada ini baka, Nyeysth yeynan “tcwo”alang mnduwa murux dhuq sayan, snsaw naqih uuda Tcwo[11][10].
qnpah dxgal ka kingal klwaan Mortwowa, sciway hari ka
kongyey, stmaan sejiq klwan ka ngngalan hbangan dxgal, qmamas sinaw dnii. Mortwowa dhuq sayan klwaan Owcow hini dhiya ka mqrinuc bi, knkawas ka sejiq GDPwana dha maxal kbkuysngari hbangan Amrika[12][11][10]. saw kmlawa,gisu yahan smisu fantwey pay ka kmlawa.klwaan Mortwowa hini o niqan ka qnaqih bi uuda bnbari sejiq[13][14].
hngkawas 1991 murux bukuy do, musa mseupu leynghkwo ka Mortwowa, snbuan mawi tnlangal “WTO”, ni snpuan Oan “OSCE”, murux kwosyey dnii snpuan kwoci.
Hangan klwaan “pnnatas”（國家名稱）
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Mortwowa “Moldova” hngan nii kndadax yayung Mortwowa. Yayung Mortwowa mniq Mortaweyya kongyueyn pnhyugan siida dhiya ka pska kmlawa klwaan hini. Dhuq sayan kndadax inu ka hangan Mortwowa nii ini klai[17].rmngaw ka kingal rmngaw, Mortaweyya tgkingal bukun sbiyaw Tlakse nii mnkingal tnsamac siida, yasa mhraw kingal dapa kika dhuq kingal siyaw yayung “ kika yayung Mortwowa sayan”.muuc bi ka Tlakse paqan ka dapa nii, uri empahun huling niya “Molda”yasa muuc bi mntucin yayung ni wada mhuqin, kiya ka kiya ni, ngalan niya hangan kuxunTlakse empahun hulin nii ka hangan yayun nii, bukuy duri hangan yayung nii jiyung na phiyu klwaan “kika brah Mortwowa sayan”hini [18].
Sulyeyng sbiyaw siida Mortaweyya suweyay sexwey dmuy “Mortaweyya”hangan nii. kghak ka Sulyeyn do, rmngaw murux ka Mortwowa psaw kari Lwomaniya phnan, kika hangan klwaan ka Mortwowa”[19]
Ris（歷史）
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]hngkawas 2010, mniq ruwan Mortwowa ka niqan tunux slayan dha ka qyiqaya Awtwo, ni saw sayan ruwan Mortwowa pntasan brah bi sejiq ka uuda psaan dhuq qndhyaqan sayan brah hngkawas maspac kmxalan kbuhug dhuq maxal dha kbkuy kbuhug [20]. burah qyiqaya sbiyaw Tlipolyey yuenxwa congsin kika mniq ruwan Mortwowa sayan.kingal yuenmin nii kndadax hngkawas 5500 brah kongyueyn knttu dhuq hngkawas 2700 brah kongyueyn, pnuda nongyey, tmabu tnbugan, tnsamac, smalu mriqu tawci na pntasan[21].
Brah ska sci “pntasan”(中世紀以前）
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]sejiq rdrudan sbiyaw Mortwowa ka sejiq Taciya, sayan Mortwowa duma plalay bi kingal Lwomatikwo[11][22]. Maxal tru sci dhuq ska maxal spac sci, yasa krmxan Mongku ni Syongyali, sejiq Taciya prajing sugan sejiq Mortwowa, sejiq walaciya, sejiq waysifangniya tru nii, kska, sejiq Mortwowahngkawas 1359 pnhiyu Mortaweyya kongkwo. Hngkawas 1538,gaga qhlangan Awsmantikwo ka Mortaweyya, kika maa quli Awsmantikwo. Kiya ni, ida srwaun pklwa klwaan bukun Mortaweyya kongkwo[23].
Lalih kndusan sayan “pntasan”(近現代）
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]hngkawas 1812, saxan Ekwo mniq Awsmantikwo psbu siida lkang ka kkana dxgal Mortaweyya kongkwo. slawa “Pisalapiya”saxan Ekwo ka duma dxgal nii. hngkawas 1859, mseupu ka Mortaweyya kongkwo ni Walaciya, rmngaw phiyu Lwomaniya leynghkongkwo[11][10]. idas dha Hngkawas 1917 kmin do, rmngaw murux ka Pisalapiya, phiyu Mortaweyya mingcu konghkwo. Hngkawas 1918, mseupu ka klwaan nii mi Lwomaniya. hngkawas 1940, laxan Lwomaniya wankwo ka dxgal nii subway dha Sulyeyng, klwaan Sulyeyn ka alangl Lwomaniya wangkwo, spuan pnhiyu Mortaweyya Suweyay sexwey cui konghkwo.
kika tgmaxal rima cyamong konghkwo Sulyeyn. hngkawas 1941 phnan psbu ka Sut, kika kingal cosingkwo Lwomaniya snkagun psaping Sulyeyn, idas maxal mrmux Awtsa, kika dyagan mniq hunac naswey Tkwo citwan siida lkang ka alang Mortwowa. kiya ni, hngkawas 1944 paru pnuda ka Sulyeyn musa snbu Tkwo, ini baka hongcyun ka psaping Lwomaniya sblxan dha kadxgal nii duri, ida sbrinah nanaq ka Mortaweyya Suweyay sexwey cuikonghkwo cyeync [11][22].
priyux ka tongO do, hngkawas 1990, Mortaweyya Suweyay sexwey cikonghkwo priyux hangan Mortwowa Suweyay sexwey cuikonghkwo. Idas rima hngkawas1991, Mortwowa Suweyay sexwey cuikonghkwo rmngaw priyux hangal Mortwowa konghkwo. idas maspac, rmngaw kndadax Sulyeyng murux ka klwaan hini, phiyu Mortwowa sayan[10][11].
murux ka Mortwowa do, yasa bbaraw jiyax ini tuku ka ngngalan hbangan ka alang dha. dhuq sayan, ida mqrinuc bi kingal klwaan Owcow ka Mortwowa [24][25].
Ini klai sunhuya ka Nyeysth yeynang “pnnatas”(聶斯特河沿岸問題）
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]hngkawas 1990, koyeycyu Nyeysthyeynan Mortwowa “Tcwo”rmngaw kndadax Mortwowa murux. Mntna siida, knttu mniq Nyeysthyeynan ka psaping Sulyeyng “Elwos”, kika psaw dhuq sayan “snarux tunux Tcwo”.hngkawas 1992, phnan psbu ka alang Tcwo ni Mortwa. Ini baka ka Mortwowa dhuq hini ka psbu da, alang Tcwo murux dhuq sayan “ana murux ka alang Tcwo ini psrwai kwoci sexwey”. Elwos mniq alang Tcwo na psaping ini usa dhuq sayan[10][11][22][26].
Cngc(政治）
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]kingal ixey konghkwo ka Mortwowa sayan. qtaan ka hngkawas 1994 rnagan Mortwo syeynfa, puda sancyueyn fenli ka Mortwowa ixwey, sklawa ka Mortwowa congli, lifacyueyn ka Mortwowa ixwey, Sfacyueyn ka syeynfa fayueyn. Mortwowa ixwey puda – yueync, niqan kingal kbkuy kingal ka isi, mnkingal knkawas spac kana klwaan psaw pili taypyawc ka empqaaw. Pqlahan klwaan Mortwowa ka bukun Mortwowa, cenfusonaw ka Mortwowa congli, ruwan cenfu congli ka phiyu “ wana hangal ruwan asi ka kndadax ixwey psruwa”.mnkingal pnuda ka Mortwowa kndadax ixwey ka pgaaw bukun, kiya ni hngkawas 2016 prajing pryuxan kana sejiq pgaaw duri[27][11][10][28]
hngkawas 1994 psgaaw ka Mortwowa ixwey, mangan egu gngaan patas ka Mortwowa nongyeytan, nii o gisu nama pkla musa kpriyux ka kmlawa Mortwowa[29]:1342hngkawas 1996, mangan pgaaw bukun ka Mortwowa kongcantan jentan, ririh tan Pit.Lucyeynsci ka tgdha bukun Mortwowa.
Hngkawas 2001 psgaaw ka ixwey siida, Mortwiwa kongcantan jentan ebiyax duri. Tgtru bukun Mortwowa ida mntna rireyh kongcantan jentan Flatimir. Wolwoning[30][31]. Mortwowa kongcantan jen congti ccingE sida. kndadax idas 4 hngkawas 2009 wada ini kbiyax ka Malian. Lupu priux mquri Mortwowa mingcutan. priyux siida ini kciway ka kongcantan jentan mquri priyux dmayaw Mortwowa mingcutan. [32]. Idas 4 hngkawas 2009 pgaw ka ixwey enbiyax ka sejiq Mortwowa kongcantan, kiya ni ana saw nii ini psai lnglungan sejiqan, kiya ni paru bi ka kanixwotong[33][34]. idas empitu, prajing muda pgaaw. yasa ini tduwa pntan ka sejiq pgaaw bukun, idas maxal kingal hngkawas 2010, Mortwowa ixwey muda pgaaw duri[35][36]. hngkawas 2012, murux sejiq Nikula. Timofuti ka congtong[37.
hngkawas 2015 dhuq 2016, yasa naqih bi ka ngngalan hbangan Mortwowa, ruwan klwaan niqan paru bi ka psrngaw. prajing hngkawas 2016, miyah pqpah Mortwowa congli ka Paweyr.Feylipu, pdudu sapah qhlangan Mortwowa[38].
Sayan, ruwan klwaan Mortwowa dmuy cing Omong uxay kiya cingE pqnaqih[39].
Tiri(地理）
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]klwaan ruwan ka Mortwowa, mi Uklang, Lwomaniya dha klwaan ptuduc. Kkana dxgal alang Mortwowa mniq ska Nyeysth ni Puluth kana. Gaga siyaw gqiyan hidaw Mortwowa ka Puluth, ni gqiyan hidaw bi Mortwowa Cuculey mquri qluli Twonawh.Nyeysth o kndadax daya mquri hunac qluli muda hraan hidaw Mortwowa
Cingci(經濟）
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]hngkawas 1991 kghak ka Suleyn do, Mortwowa o yasa knciway ka ngngalan, gllu ka kmlawa, ini tiku ka brigan, ini tdawa muuda dnii ka pusu, knttu saw smisu ka cingci dha[25]. bukuy hngkawas 2009, yasa smisu ka kwoci cinjong ida wada saw smisu ka cinci Mortwowa duri[11]. Mqrinuc bi klwaan Owcow sayan ka Mortwowa, kntaan kana, sejiqan Mortwowa GDP wana nOwcow mqrinuc bi klwaan Arpaniya mdka ka gaya sbiyaw, kkana mntna klwaan Cyana, Nicyalakwa dnii[40]. tghangan mrana sejiqan hini, Mortwowa mniq hngkawas 2018 0.7 ka tghangan dha, wana bi mntna saw mslalih knrana sjiqanklwaan Feylyubing ni Nangfey, ida mntruma bi tghangan ska klwaan Owcow.
dxgal ka qpahun klwaan Mortwowwa, ngngalan cingci ka nongyey ni qmamas sinaw ka pusu qpahun dha[11].
Sehwey (社會）
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Qtaan ka snpuaan sblayaq ni pdayaw “spuaan Owan”. Hngkawas 2004 Mortwowa siida,ida knttu mruc hnan ni uuda murux fantweypay. Ana snhuya, gaga ini tduway ka lencyueyn hanweyce, kmlawa fantweypay ni Pasat gaga hmkun maxal hngkawas.
kndadax Owcow lyeynmong Amrika ni jencyueyn hanweyc sqita dha naqih kmlawa ka hiya, mntuhuy kingal kri kwanfan kndadax Ewaycyawpu slawa “pqita bi qnaqih uuda”mnsa.
pnaah snpuaan kwocitse hngkawas 2007 knkwasan rmngaw pntasan, mnniq saw nnaqih bi ka jencyueyn Mortwowa,. Muda bi snbuc ni cmiyax, nii brah hridan psilin o naqih bi. ana wada srwaun ka qnlahan dqrijil, kiya ni snaw, dqrijil ni dqlaqi ida dha knttu ini pslaiq ni kana saw ini au ka sbari dha, kkana gaga dha sbari dhuq alang Parkan, duma o klwaan tongow uxay uri o klwaan Yacow ni Afuhan dnii. ini tuku ka wana qmlahan ini tduway ka dqrijil. Mnnuda pnryuxan ka syeynfa laxun ka phuqin. Bhangan ka kari gaga htrun ka cyo duri krinah asitay mhmuc qmraq fantweypay, siyaw Nyeysth yeynan konghkwo jengcyueyn ni can gaga krinah naqih, maku ini tdawa nanaq psli psilingka ssjiqan hini, gaga lkan ka pngaaw patas uri, tongsingleyn ni duma ssjiqan ini tduway ni cyaxan dha, niqan snpuaan ka guyan sbrigan puniq ni niqan nanaq ka pnuda dha naqih bnbari, mniq hngkawas 2006 Tilaspu mndha mnda bali kongsian, kika niqan hbaraw ka mhuqin ni mangan luqih.
Pqtaan（參見)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]kari Mortwowa ni psrngagan ssjiqan