🔍Analyze Query Execution Plan: Identify bottlenecks like missing indexes, inefficient joins, or redundant operations. 📊Index Optimization: Create or modify indexes to improve access speed, focus on columns frequently used in filters and joins. ✍️Query Refactoring: Simplify complex queries- break them into smaller parts or use more efficient SQL constructs. 📝Partitioning: Use table partitioning to improve performance on large datasets by limiting the scans 💡Caching:Implement query result caching to avoid repeated heavy calculations. 📦Database Configuration:Tune db parameters like memory allocation, cache siz,connection pool settings. ⚖️Load Balancing:Distribute traffic across multiple db instances to reduce load on any single instance.