Basic Unix Commands

More information on almost any of the commands that follow

can be found in the on-line manual pages. Type "man
command-name" at the command line to look at the manual
page for the command "command-name".

Files Environment
 Display files in a directory :ls  Keep getting "Can"t open display: :
 Copying files : cp 0" :setenv
 Delete file(s) : rm  Display current environment variables:
 What kind of file is this ? : file env
 Where is this file ? : find , which, Networking
whereis  Check your mail or mail someone : mail ,
 Compile a file : cc, cc++, g++, gcc, CC elm, pine
 Debug a program : gdb, dbx, xgdb  Write message to persons screen: write
 Whats in this file ? : more, less, cat  Graphically display new mail xbiff
 Whats different with these two files ?  Information on a person : finger
diff, cmp  Information on people logged-on rwho
 View a file in PostScript (.ps file):  Info on Printers : printers
ghostview  Printing a file : lpr
 Edit a file : emacs, vi, jove  Check the print queue : lpq
 Change permission : chmod  Cancel print jobs :lprm
 Finding man page : man -k  Transfer files over Network : ftp, kermit
 Moving files : mv  HOW DO I QUIT !? : logout
 Did I spell that right?: spell, ispell  Information on Servers : rupall
Directories Processes
 Where am I now ?? : pwd  What program is running now? jobs, ps
 Moving around : cd , ln Passwords
 Create a directory : mkdir  CHANGE YOUR PASSWORD !
 Delete a directory : rmdir yppasswd
 Change permissions to a directory :
chmod
 How much disk space do I have left ?
quota -v
c++ {filename}
A compiler for the C++ programming language. Command line parameters are
similar to the "cc" compiler"s. A typical invocation might be "c++ -g file.cpp -o
executablename -llib".
cat {filename}
 Prints out ( to the screen ) the contents of the named file. Can also be used to
concatenate files. Say you want file1 and file2 to be all together in one file named
file3. If file1 is first, then "cat file1 file2 > file3" will produce the correct file3.
cc
A compiler for the "C" programming language. "cc" is ANSI compatible on the
SGI, IBM, and newer Sun machines. You might try also try "gcc", GNU CC,
which is also available on the SGI, SUN, and IBM machines. A typical invocation
might be "cc -g file.c -o executablename -llib".
cd {dirname}
Change current directory. Without a "dirname", it will return you to your home
directory. Otherwise, it takes you to the directory named. "cd /" will take you to
the root directory.
chmod {options}
Changes the permission modes of a file. If you type "ls -l" in a directory, you
might get something like this:
drwx------ 3 ertle 512 Jul 16 13:38 LaTeX/
drwxr-xr-- 2 ertle 512 Jun22 12:26 X/
drwxr-xr-x 3 ertle 512 Jul 13 16:29 Xroff/
-rw-r--r-- 1 ertle 373 Oct 3 1992 o.me
-rw-r--r-- 1 ertle 747 Nov 21 1992 profile
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ertle 244 Jul 16 23:44 zap*

The first part of the line tells you the file"s permissions. For example, the "X" file
permissions start with a "d" which tells that it is a directory. The next three
characters, "rwx" show that the owner has read, write, and execute permissions on
this file. The next three characters, "r-x" shows that people in the same group
have read and execute permission on the file. Finally, the last three characters "r-"
show that everyone else only has read permission on that file ( To be able to enter
a directory, you need read AND execute permission ). Users can use "chmod" to
change these permissions. If the user didn"t want anybody else to be able to enter
the "X" directory, they would change the permissions to look like those of the
LaTeX directory, like this : "chmod og-rx X" - this means remove the read ("r" )
and execute ("x") permissions from the group ("g") and others ("o").

cmp {file1} {file2}

Compares the contents of two files from eachother. Reports the first different
character found, and the line nummber.
cp {filename(s)}{path}
Copies files from one directory/filename to another. "cp f1 f2" makes a file "f2"
identical to "f1". "cp *.c src/" copies all files that end in ".c" into the "src"
subdirectory.
ctags
Creates a tags file for use with ex and vi. A tags file gives the location of
functions and type definitions in a group of files. ex and vi use entries in the tags
file to locate and display a definition.
date
 Shows current date and time.
dbx {executable}
Source level debugger. In order to use this, you must use the "-g" option when
compiling your source code. Allows you to set break-points, single step through
the program, etc.
diff {file1} {file2}
Displays all the differences between two files or directories to the screen.
elm {login-name}
Runs a screen oriented mail reader. With a "login-name", starts elm to send mail
to "login-name". Otherwise, it starts elm for an interactive session.
emacs {filename}
Runs the most recent version of the text editor named EMACS ( produced by the
GNU project ). If filename is present, it will start editing that file. Type
"<CTRL>-x <CTRL>-h t" to start a tutorial. "<CTRL>-x <CTRL>-c" will exit
from emacs.
env
Prints out the values for all the current environment variables. Some typical
environment variables are "DISPLAY", "EDITOR", and "PRINTER".
xemacs {filename}
An X version of emacs.
file filename(s)
Looks at "filename(s)" and tells what type of files they are. This is useful in
checking a file to be sure that it is text before you "cat" it out ( using "cat" on
binary files can be a bummer ). Example:
ertle@newton (55)> file *
useful.dvi: data
useful.hlp: English text
useful.tex: ascii text
xwin.dvi: data
xwin.tex: English text
ertle@newton (56)>
find
Searches the named directory and it"s sub-directories for files. Most frequently
called like this:
find ./ -name "t*" -print

Which searches the current directory ( and all of its sub-directories ) for any files
that begin with the letter "t" and then prints them out. If you are looking for a
specific filename, then replace "t*" with "filename", and "find" will print out all
incidences of this file.

finger {login-name}
Without a "login-name", finger shows who is currently logged on the system, with
limited information about them. With a "login-name" you get more detailed info,
along with anything that is in that person"s ".plan" file.
ftp {address}
File Transfer Program. "ftp" transfers files to and from a remote network site.
There are many ftp-sites that will let you log in as "anonymous" and get
software/data/documents from them for free. After connecting, "ls" will print out
the files in the current directory, and "get filename" will transfer the named file
into your local directory. Be sure to type "binary" before transferring non-ascii
( executable, compressed, archived, etc ) files. To exit "ftp" type "bye". See also
"xarchie".
g++
GNU project"s compiler for the C++ language. Parameters are similar to those of
"cc". A typical invocation might be "g++ -g filename.cpp -o executablename
-llib". More information available under "libg++" in the emacs information
browser ( M-x info while in emacs ).
gcc
GNU project"s compiler for the C language. Command line parameters are mostly
similar to those of "cc". More information available under "gcc" in the emacs
information browser ( M-x info while in emacs ).
gdb
GNU project"s source level debugger. Must use the "-g" command line option
when compiling to use this debugger. This debugger is superior to dbx when
called from inside emacs ( M-x gdb ) because it gives you a full-screen look at the
source code instead of line by line, and allows you to move around and make
break-points in the source file. More information available under "gdb" in the
emacs information browser ( M-x info while in emacs ).
ghostview {filename.ps}
X PostScript previewer. PostScript is a text processing and graphics language, and
ghostview is handy for looking at the resulting page or picture before you send it
to the printer.
gossip
Anonymous local message center.
ispell filename
Interactively checks the spelling of the named file, giving logical alternatives to
the misspelled words. Type "?" to get help. "ispell" can be accessed from the
command line, and also through emacs with M-x ispell-buffer.
jobs
Shows backgrounded (<CTRL>-z"ed) processes with pid #"s. If you use "jobs" to
find the processes that you have suspended or are running in the background,
what you get back might look like the following:
[1] 21998 Suspended emacs useful.tex
[2] - 22804 Suspended (signal) elm
[3] + 22808 Suspended badb
jove {filename}
Johnathan"s Own Version of Emacs. Another emacs editor. Jove doesn"t have as
many features as GNU"s emacs, but some people prefer it. <CTRL>-x <CTRL>-c
to exit.
less filename
Displays file with minimal space.
kermit
File transfer program. Allows you to transfer files between computers - your PC
at home to/from the computers at school, for instance. For more information, look
in the online manual pages.
ln -s {source} {dest}
Creates a symbolic link from {source} to {dest}. {Source} can be a directory or a
file.
Allows you to move around with ease instead of using long and complicated path
names.
logout
Exits and disconnects your network connection.
lpq {-Pprintername}
Reports all print jobs in the queue for the named printer. If no printer is named
with -Pprintername, but the "PRINTER" environment variable is set to a printer
name, "lpq" will report on that printer.
lpr {-Pprintername}filename
Queues file "filename" to be printed on "printer". If no printer is specified with
-Pprintername, but the "PRINTER" environment variable is set, then the job will
be queued on that printer.
lprm {-Pprinter}{job-number}
Lprm removes a job or jobs from a printer"s spooling queue ( i.e. it stops it from
being printed or printing out the rest of the way ). Typically, you"d get the job
number from the "lpq" command, and then use lprm to stop that job.
ls {directory}
Shows directory listing. If no "directory" is specified, "ls" prints the names of the
files in the current directory.
ls -l {directory}
Shows long directory listing. If you type "ls -l" in a directory, you might get
something like this:
drwx------ 3 ertle 512 Jul 16 13:38 LaTeX/
drwxr-xr-- 2 ertle 512 Jun 22 12:26 X/
drwxr-xr-x 3 ertle 512 Jul 13 16:29 Xroff/
-rw-r--r-- 1 ertle 373 Oct 3 1992 o.me
-rw-r--r-- 1 ertle 747 Nov 21 1992 profile
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ertle 244 Jul 16 23:44 zap*

The first part of the line tells you the file"s permissions. For example, the "X" file
permissions start with a "d" which tells that it is a directory. The next three
characters, "rwx" show that the owner has read, write, and execute permissions on
this file. The next three characters, "r-x" shows that people in the same group
have read and execute permission on the file. Finally, the last three characters "r-"
show that everyone else only has read permission on that file ( To be able to enter
a directory, you need read AND execute permission )
mail {login-name}
Read or send mail messages. If no "login-name" is specified, "mail" checks to see
if you have any mail in your mail box. With a "login-name", "mail" will let you
type in a message to send to that person. For more advanced mail processing, you
might try "elm" or "pine" at the command line, or "M-x mail" in emacs.
mkdir dirname
Makes a sub-directory named "dirname" in the current directory.
man -k pattern
Shows all manual entries which have "pattern" in their description.
man {section}name
Shows the full manual page entry for "name". Without a section number, "man"
may give you any or all man pages for that "name". For example, "man write"
will give you the manual pages for the write command, and "man 2 write" will
give you the system call for "write" ( usually from the C or Pascal programming
language ).
more filename
Displays the contents of a file with pagebreaks. Usefull to use "file" first so you
don"t display garbage.
mv filename path
Moves "filename" to "path". This might consist of a simple renaming of the file,
"mv file1 file2", moving the file to a new directory, "mv file1 /tmp/", or both "mv
file1 /tmp/file2".
pine
Full featured graphical mail reader/sender. "pine" will read your mail, "pine
username" will prepare a message to "username".
printers
Shows available printers and current status.
ps {options}
"ps" reports that status of some or all of the processes currently running on the
system. With no command line parameters, "ps" only shows processes that belong
to you and that are attached to a controlling terminal.
pwd
Shows current working directory path.
quota -v
Shows current disk usage and limits.
rm filename(s)
Removes files. Careful with this one - it is irreversible. It is usually aliased ( in a
user"s .cshrc file ) to "rm -i" which insures that "rm" asks you if you are sure that
you want to remove the named file.
rmdir dirname
Removes the directory "dirname".
rupall
Reports that status of local compute servers.
rwho
 Similar to "who", but shows who is logged onto all emba machines as well as the
local machine. Without "-a", rwho shows all the people with under one hour idle
time. With the "-a", rwho shows everybody that is logged on.
setenv
Sets environment variables. Most frequently used to tell X which display you are
on with "setenv DISPLAY displayname:0". Also used in .cshrc file to set
"EDITOR" and "PRINTER" environment variables. This tells programs which
editor you prefer, and which printer you want your output to be printed on.
spell {filename}
Checks the spelling of the words in the standard input by default, checks words in
"filename" if a name is supplied on the command line. If a word is misspelled it is
printed to stdout ( usually the screen ).
trn
Threaded, full page network news reader. Quicker than vn.
tin
Threaded, full page network news reader. Easier to use than trn.
vi {filename}
Runs the screen oriented text editor named "vi". If a filename is specified, you
will be editing that file. Type "[ESC]:q!" to exit without making any changes.
vn
Runs the screen oriented network news program. Old and slow - maybe try "trn"
or "tin".
whereis {command}
Reports the directory in which the {command} binary redides.
which {command}
Reports the directory from which the {command} would be run if it was given as
a command line argument.
who
Shows who is currently logged on the system. The "w" command does the same
thing, but gives slightly different info.
write loginname
Send a message to another user. Each line will be sent to the other person as you
hit the carriage-return. Press <CTRL>-D to end the message. Write won"t work if
the other user has typed "mesg n".
xbiff
X mailbox flag. The xbiff program displays a little image of a mailbox. When
there is no mail, the flag on the mailbox is down. When mail arrives, the flag goes
up and the mailbox beeps. This program must be started on one of the machines
that you receive mail on. This will be one of the Suns ( griffin, sadye, newton,
etc ) for most people.
xcalc
X scientific calculator.
xcalendar
X calendar. Interactive calendar program with a notebook capability.
xclock
 X clock.
xforecast
X interface to national weather forecast.
xgdb
X interface to the gdb debugger.
xman
X interface to the online manual pages.
yppasswd
Interactively changes your password.