Chapter 4

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4.1

The Binary Concept

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Binary refers to the idea that many things can be thought of as existing in only one of two states.
The binary states are 1 and 0

The 1 and 0 can represent: ON or OFF Open or Closed True or False High or Low
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A logic gate is a circuit with several inputs but only one output that is activated by particular combinations of input conditions.
Logical AND
The high beam light can be turned on only when the light switch AND the high beam switch are closed. The dome light will be turned on whenever the passenger door switch OR the driver door switch is activated.

Logical OR

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4.2

AND, OR, and NOT Functions

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The AND Function

An AND gate is a device with two or more inputs and one output.

The AND gate output is 1 only if all inputs are 1.

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The AND Function

If all inputs are 1, the output will be 1. If any input is 0, the output will be 0.
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The AND Function

The AND logic gate operates similarly to control devices connected in series The light will be on only when both switch A and switch B are closed.

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The OR Function
An OR gate can have any number of inputs but only one output.

The OR gate output is 1 if one or more inputs are 1.

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The OR Function

If one or more inputs are 1, the output is 1. If all inputs are 0, the output will be 0.
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The OR Function
The OR logic gate operates similarly to control devices connected in parallel. The light will be on if switch A or switch B or both are closed.

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The NOT Function

The NOT function can have only one input.

The NOT output is 1 if the input is 0.

The output is 0 if the input is 1.

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The NOT Function

The circle indicates that an inversion of the logical function has taken place. The bar across the top of the letter, indicates an inverted output.

The result of the NOT operation is always the inverse of the input, and the NOT function is, therefore, called an inverter.
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The NOT Function

The NOT function can be performed on a contact input simply by using a normally closed instead of a normally open contact.

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The NOT Function

NOT function used in conjunction with an AND gate on a low pressure indicator circuit.

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The NAND Function

An AND gate with an inverted output is called a NAND gate.

The NAND gate has the opposite outputs to the AND gate.

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The NOR Function

A OR gate with an inverted output is called a NOR gate.

The NOR gate has the opposite outputs to the OR gate.

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The Exclusive-OR (XOR) Function

The output of the XOR gate is HIGH (1) only when one input or the other is HIGH, but not both.

The exclusive-OR gate is commonly used for the comparison of two binary numbers.
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4.3

Boolean Algebra
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The mathematical study of the binary number system and logic is called Boolean algebra.

Boolean algebra is used to write combinations of logic statements that are used to solve PLC programming problems.
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Typical Boolean Instructions or Statements

Instructions are based on the basic Boolean operators of AND, OR, and NOT

Even though these instructions are programmed in a list format they implement the same logic as relay ladder logic.
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Boolean algebra as related to AND, OR, and NOT functions.

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Logic operators used form logical statements.

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Logic operators used to form Boolean equations.

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Some laws of Boolean algebra are similar to those of ordinary algebra.

This law holds true only in Boolean algebra

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4.4

Developing Logic Gate Circuits from Boolean Expressions

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Logic gate circuit developed from the Boolean expression Y = AB + C.

Gates required:
1 - AND gate with input A and B 1 - OR gate with input C and output from previous AND gate

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Logic gate circuit developed from the Boolean expression Y = A (BC + D).
Gates required: 1 - AND gate with input B and C 1 - OR gate with inputs BC and D 1 - AND gate with inputs A and the output from the OR gate

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4.5

Producing the Boolean Equation for a Given Logic Gate Circuit

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Determining the logic circuit Boolean equation

The output of the OR gate is A + B
The output of the inverter is D Based on the input combination applied to the AND gate the Boolean equation for the circuit is Y = C D (A +B)
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Determining the logic circuit Boolean equation

The output of AND gate 1 is AB The output of AND gate 2 is AB Based on the combination of inputs applied to the OR gate the Boolean equation for the circuit is Y = A B + AB
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4.6

Hardwired Logic versus Programmed Logic

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The term hardwired logic refers to logic control functions that are determined by the way devices are electrically interconnected.
Hardwired motor control program.

Hardwired logic is fixed and changeable only by altering the way devices are electrically interconnected.
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Programmable control is based on the basic logic functions, which are programmable and easily changed.
PLC programmed motor control program.

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Simulated PLC motor control program.

Ladder Logic Program

I/O
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The most common PLC programming language is ladder logic .

A ladder logic program consists of several rungs, each of which controls an output. Each rung is a combination of input conditions (symbols) connected from left to right, with the symbol that represents the output at the far right.
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Relationship between the relay ladder schematic, the ladder logic program, and the equivalent logic gate circuit.

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Two limit switches connected in series and used to control a solenoid valve.

Program simulation of two switches in series used to control an output.

Program

I/O
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Two limit switches connected in parallel and used to control a solenoid valve.

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Program simulation of two switches in parallel used to control an output.

Program

I/O
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Two limit switches connected in parallel with each other and in series with a pressure switch to control a pilot light.

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Program simulation of two switches in parallel and this pair in series with a switch used to an output.

Program

I/O
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Two limit switches connected in parallel with each other and in series with two sets of flow switches (in parallel), and used to control a pilot light.

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Program simulation of two switches in parallel and in series with a second pair of switches in parallel.

Program

I/O
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Two limit switches connected in series with each other and in parallel with a third limit switch, and used to control a warning horn.

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Program simulation of two switches in series and in parallel with a third switch.

Program

I/O
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Two limit switches connected in series with each other and in parallel with two other limit switches (in series), and used to control a pilot light.

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Program simulation of two switches in series and in parallel with a second pair in series.

Program

I/O
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One limit switch connected in series with a normally closed pushbutton and used to control a solenoid valve.

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Program simulation of one switch connected in series with a normally closed pushbutton.

Program

I/O
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The output lamp of this circuit is ON only when pushbutton A or B is pressed, but not both.

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Program simulation of an exclusive OR circuit.

Program

I/O
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When either start button is depressed, the motor runs. Either stop button stops the motor when it is depressed.

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Program simulation of a motor starter circuit.

Program

I/O
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4.7

Programming Word Level Logic Instructions

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Selecting Word Logic Instructions

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Word-level AND instruction.

This instruction tells the processor to perform an AND operation on B3:5 and B3:7 and to store the result in destination B3:10 when input device A is true.
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Program simulation of the word level AND instruction.

Program

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I/O

B3 Data Table

Word-level OR instruction.

This instruction ORs the data in Source A, bit by bit, with the data in Source B and stores the result at the destination address.
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Program simulation of the word level OR instruction.

Program

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I/O

B3 Data Table

Word-level XOR instruction.

Data from input I:1.0 are compared, bit by bit, with data from input I:3.0. Any mismatches energize the corresponding bit in word O:4.0.
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Program simulation of the word level XOR instruction

I:1

I:3

O:4

Input Table

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Word-level NOT operation.

The bit pattern in B3:10 is the result of the instruction being true and is the inverse of the bit pattern in B3:9.
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Program simulation of the word level NOT instruction

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