Convoy Surv TSP

63H34G01
TRAINING SUPPORT PACKAGE

FOR:
CONVOY SURVIVABILITY
Version 1.1
27 August 2004
Table of Contents
SECTION I, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA..................................................................................3

SECTION II, INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 10
SECTION III, PRESENTATION........................................................................................... 12
ELO A: IDENTIFY THE THREAT ........................................................................................ 12
ELO B: HARDEN VEHICLES .............................................................................................. 13
ELO C: CONDUCT CONVOY BRIEFING ........................................................................... 17
ELO D: EXECUTE MOTOR MOVEMENT........................................................................... 22
ELO E: DEFEND AGAINST ATTACK ................................................................................. 30
ELO F: REACT TO IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES................................................. 42
ELO G: CONDUCT CONVOY CONSOLIDATION AND REORGANIZATION .................... 48
ELO H: CONDUCT ACTIONS AT THE RELEASE POINT ................................................. 53
ELO I: DESCRIBE THE PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF A GUN TRUCK ........................ 55
ELO J: IDENTIFY GUN TRUCK CREW DUTIES ............................................................... 57
ELO K: HARDEN GUN TRUCKS ........................................................................................ 59
ELO L: EMPLOY GUN TRUCKS......................................................................................... 62
SECTION IV: SUMMARY .................................................................................................... 66
SECTION V: STUDENT EVALUATION .............................................................................. 67
ANNEX A: CONVOY WARNING ORDER FORMAT .......................................................... 68
ANNEX B: PRE-COMBAT CHECKS AND INSPECTIONS ................................................. 70
ANNEX C: CONVOY TASK ORGANIZATION .................................................................... 74
ANNEX D: CONVOY MANIFEST ........................................................................................ 77
ANNEX E: CONVOY COMMANDERS REPORT ............................................................... 79
ANNEX F: REPORTS.......................................................................................................... 81
ANNEX G: CONVOY LIVE FIRE EXERCISE...................................................................... 83
ANNEX H: GUNNERY TABLES .......................................................................................... 87
ANNEX I: GLOSSARY......................................................................................................... 94
BATTLE DRILLS.................................................................................................................. 96
2
FOR:
BUCK SHAW
CASCOM TD, Trans Div
(804)765-1587
DSN: 539-1587
SECTION I. ADMINISTRATIVE DATA
All Courses COURSE NUMBER (S) COURSE TITLE (S)

Including This
Lesson 091-63B30 MOSC Wheeled Vehicle Mechanic
091-63H30 MOSC Track Vehicle Mechanic
Task(s) Taught TASK NUMBER TASK TITLE

or Supported
---- Defend a Convoy
* ALL Task Are
From 551-721-1384 Perform as Wheeled Vehicle Ground Guide Day and Night
Transportation 551-721-1359 Operate Vehicle in a Convoy
School 551-721-1410 Read Strip Maps
551-721-2357 Prepare Vehicle for Tactical Operations
551-721-2408 Implement Defensive Procedures when Under Enemy Attack
or Ambushed in a Truck Convoy
551-721-3334 Supervise Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services
551-721-3340 Supervise Operation of Vehicle-Mounted Crane
551-721-3348 Perform Duties as Serial/March Unit Commander
551-721-3355 Instruct the Use of Maps in Motor Transport Operations
551-721-4326 Perform Duties as Convoy Commander
551-721-4327 Manage Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services
071-311-2007 Engage Targets with M16 Rifle
071-311-2130 Engage Targets with and M203 Grenade Launcher
071-313-3454 Engage Targets with an M2 .50 Cal Machine Gun
071-325-4407 Employ Hand Grenades
071-326-0608 Use Visual Signaling Techniques
441-091-3000 Supervise the Implementation of Air Defense Measures
071-030-0004 Engage Targets with an MK19 Machine Gun
071-010-0006 Engage Targets with an M249 Machine Gun
071-025-0007 Engage Targets with an M240B Machine Gun
093-401-5050 React to a Possible Improvised Explosive Device (IED)
01-4730.26-0008 Manage Battle Damage Assessment and Repair
--- Transport Casualties

081-831-1000 Evaluate a Casualty
081-831-0101 Request Medical Evacuation
081-831-1040 Transport a Casualty Using a One-man Carry
081-831-1041 Transport a Casualty Using a Two-man Carry or Improvised
3
Litter
--- Conduct a Convoy
171-121-3009 Control Techniques of Movement

551-721-1359 Operate Vehicle in a Convoy
551-721-1364 Operate Vehicle with Standard or Automatic/Semiautomatic
Transmission
551-721-1361 Operate Vehicle Under Adverse Conditions
113-637-2001 Communicate Via a Tactical Radio in a Secure Net
113-571-0005 Perform Voice Communications
071-329-1030 Navigate from One Point on Ground to Another While
Mounted
Task(s) TASK NUMBER TASK TITLE

Reinforced
551-721-1352 Perform Preventive Maintenance Checks
551-721-1360 Operate Vehicle on Secondary Roads/Trails/Cross-country
551-721-1363 Operate Vehicle with/without trailer/semitrailer Under
Blackout Conditions
551-721-1368 Operate Vehicle with Trailer/Semitrailer on Secondary
Roads/Trails/Cross-country
551-721-1384 Perform as Wheeled Vehicle Ground Guide Day or Night
551-721-1410 Read Strip Maps
551-721-3338 Supervise Personnel Performing Vehicle Recovery
551-721-4327 Conduct Reconnaissance of Convoy Route
551-721-4335 Prepare Map Overlays
Academic PEACETIME MOB

Hours
AC TASS Training Bns AC/RC
Resident AT/ADT IDT Non-res DL
Hrs: Hrs: Hrs: Hrs: Hrs:
Min/MOI Min/MOI Min/MOI Min/MOI Min/MOI
TEST N/A
TOTAL 16.0/C
HOURS 8.0/PE------- IF time and
conditions
permit
Note 1: Time reflects summation of lesson academic time by MOI

Note 2: Time must be shown in Hours: Minutes.
Note 3: 1 academic hour = 50 minutes and does not include break time. 1:40
represents a 50-minute academic hour and an additional 40 minutes.
Test Lesson N/A

Number
Hours Lesson No.
Prerequisite LESSON NUMBER LESSON TITLE
4
Lesson(s)
Prerequisite Task Number Task Title
Task(s)
Security For Official Use Only (FOUO)

Clearance/
Access
Foreign FD5. This product/publication has been reviewed by the product developers in
Disclosure coordination with the Fort Lee foreign disclosure authority. This product is
Restrictions releasable to students from all requesting foreign countries without restrictions.
References Number Title Date Additional

Information
AR 350-41 Training in Units Mar 93 Chapter 12, CLS
FM 21-60 Visual Signals
FM 55-30 Army Motor Transport Units Jun 97 Chapter 6, Convoy
and Operations Defense Techniques
AR 385-55 Prevention of Motor Vehicle Mar 87 Chapter 2, Safety in
Accidents Tactical Vehicle
Operations
FM 21-60 Visual Signals Sep 87 Chapter 2
FM 21-305 Manual for the Wheeled Aug 93 Vehicle Operations
Vehicle Driver
FM 25-4 How to Conduct Training Sep 84
Exercises
FM 7-8 Infantry Rifle Platoon and Apr 92 Dismounted
Squad Operations
FM 7-1 Battle-Focused Training Sep 03 PCIs, AARs, Leader
Roles
FM 6-30 TTPs for Observed Fire Jul 91 Chap 4, Call for Fire
FM 44-8 Combined Arms for Air Jun 99 Chap 4 and 5
Defense
CALL Convoy Leader Training Nov 03 Convoy specific
Handbook 03- guidance
33
CALL Combat Convoy Handbook Apr 04 Convoy specific
Handbook 04- guidance
5
JP 3-09.3 TTPs for Tactical Close Air Sep 03 Joint Publication
Support Chap 3, Para 8
FM 21-60 Visual Signals Sep 87 Hand and Arm Signals
FM 23-14 M249 MG in Auto Role Jan 94 Weapon employment
FM 23-65 Browning MG .50 Cal M2 Jun 91 Weapon employment
Student Study None

Assignments
Instructor Instructors will be qualified on all weapons used in weapon/crew gunnery and live
Requirements fire exercise.
5
Additional The following is required if Live fire is conducted:
Support Medical support personnel To accompany convoy and/or support range
Personnel operations
Requirements Combat Lifesavers Will accompany convoy
Range Safety NCOs Range Use only
Observer/Controllers Accompany convoy on live fire exercise
MEDEVAC Capability (if available)
The equipment listed below is a suggested listing. Quantities will vary with
Substitutions application, and is therefore not addressed. Substitutions may be provided as
applicable, depending on availability of vehicles and equipment.
Equipment Item LIN/NSN Qty Eq/St

Required Ratio
If Live Fire is Truck, Util, 1 Ton, M998 T61494
Conducted Truck, Cargo, M1078, LMTV, 2 ton T41135
Mount, MG Tripod, M-60 1005-00-710-5599
Machine Gun, 5.56mm, M249 1005-01-127-7510
Firing Attachment, Blank Ammunition 1005-01-148-7437
Rifle, 5.56mm, M16A4 1005-01-383-2872
Machine Gun, 7.62mm, M240B 1005-01-412-3129
Launcher, Grenade, M203, 40mm 1010-00-179-6447
Radio Set, AN/PRC-119 5820-01-151-9915
Navigation Set, Satellite Signals 5825-01-395-3513
Compass, Magnetic, Un-mounted 6605-01-196-6971
Bag, sand 8150-00-285-4744
Tent, GP Medium 8340-00-482-3963
Liner, Wet Weather Poncho 8405-00-889-3683
Poncho, Wet Weather 8405-00-935-3257
Cover, Helmet, Camouflage Pattern 8415-00-105-0605
Suspenders, Individual Equipment 8465-00-001-6471
Case, Small Arms Ammunition 8465-00-001-6482
Cup, Canteen Water 8465-00-165-6838
Cover, Canteen Water 8465-00-860-0256
Canteen, Water 8465-00-889-3744
Case, Field First Aid Dressing 8465-00-935-6814
Field Pack 8465-01-019-9103
Helmet, Ground Troops 8470-00-255-8579
Motorola Radio ZX9001
Bag, Combat Lifesaver, w/Components 6545-01-506-0060
Materials Instructor Materials: One copy of this TSP to include all annexes and supporting
Required slide materials.
Student Materials: Students may be given copies of the slides and portions of the
annexes at the instructors discretion.
Classroom, Facility Code

Training Area,
and Range General Instruction Building 17120
Requirements Field Training Area (AC) 17999
6
Substitutions Of the ammunition listing below, substitutions may be used depending on
availability. This is a suggested listing, and may be modified based on the training
application.
Ammunition Qty Eq/Stu
Requirements Ratio
If Live Fire is Item Name DODIC
Conducted CTG- 5.56mm Blank w/M27 Links A075
5.56mm BLK F M16A1/A A080
7.62mm Blank linked For M60 MG A111
Grenade, Hand, M18 Green Smoke, w/Fuse G940
M201A2
Grenade, Hand, M18 Yellow Smoke w/Fuse G945
M201A1
Grenade, Hand, M18 Red Smoke, w/Fuse G950
M201A1
Grenade, Hand, M18 Violet Smoke, w/Fuse G955
M201A1
Grenade, Hand, Smoke HC AN MB w/Fuse G982
M201A1
Signal Illum cluster, M158 T133E2 Red star hand L306
HEL
Signal Illum Grnd Para M127 T73 White Star L312
Simulator, Booby Trap, Flash M117 w/acc L598
Simulator, Hand Grenade, M116 Series L601
Instructional Before presenting this lesson, instructors must thoroughly prepare by studying this
Guidance lesson and identified reference material. (Include additional guidance as required.)
Branch Safety Rank Position Date

Mgr. Approval
NAME
Rank Position Date

Proponent NAME
Lesson Plan
Approvals
7
NOTE CONCERNING DOCTRINE
This training support package was developed in answer to a constantly evolving

Contemporary Operating Environment (COE). It should be noted that there is no doctrine
supporting much of what is contained herein. It should be further noted that some of the tactics,
techniques, and procedures (TTP) contained in this package would not have been accepted as
viable courses of action as little as two years ago. This training product is the result of the reality
that a force in a rapidly changing environment must adapt in order to survive and win. The
objective here is not to blindly follow outdated procedure, but to determine the best possible TTPs
to carry out the mission and keep our soldiers alive.
With this in mind, it should be noted that there are varying schools of thought regarding
many of the TTPs found in this TSP. This product is the result of input from experienced convoy
commanders, battalion commanders, NCOs, and civilian employees, all recently returned from
Iraq or still serving there. Although they all performed the same basic mission, there was often
little agreement between them concerning particular aspects of convoy survivability. For instance,
there is much disagreement regarding what type of vehicle makes the best gun truck, how it
should be armed, how it should be hardened, or if it should be hardened at all. Within the TSP,
differences such as this are often ignored and the decision is left to the unit commander. In other
cases, where it is not feasible to ignore the issue, the TSP may give a primary solution with
mention of an alternative solution. However, the primary solution offered is that which is currently
sanctioned and taught within the COE.
Finally, a significant amount of research concerning the Vietnam era, including interviews
with gun truck drivers, also went into this TSP. Contrary to the belief of many soldiers, the
experience of these former soldiers is highly relevant to todays COE. One enabling learning
objective of this TSP is dedicated to Vietnam gun trucks. These drivers have much to tell us that
will save lives. Do not ignore them.
BUCK SHAW
TRAINING SPECIALIST
CASCOM TNG DIRECTORATE
FORT LEE, VA
8
SECTION II. INTRODUCTION
Method of Instruction: Conference

Instructor to student ratio is: 1 : audience
Time of Instruction (minutes): 10
Media: Slideshow presentation
Motivator In a highly mobile combat environment, virtually all Army units face the task of
Slide #1 overland transportation. While peacetime convoys are in their own right difficult to
control, convoy operations in a Contemporary Operating Environment (COE)
present unique challenges. A convoy of soft-skinned vehicles carrying valuable
cargo is difficult to defend, and presents a tempting target for guerrillas and
terrorists. In order to protect your force and stay alive, you must be familiar with the
threat and how to counter it in the COE.
Slide #2
Terminal Note: Inform the students of the terminal learning objective requirements.
Learning At the completion of this lesson you (the student) will:
Objective
ACTION: Conduct tactical convoy operations in a Contemporary Operating
Environment (COE)
CONDITION: Assigned as a convoy commander in a COE; given an OPORD,
maps with overlays, strip map(s), vehicles, weapons, equipment,
materials needed to harden vehicles (vehicles not yet hardened)
and personnel. Convoy planning and preparations to include
map and route reconnaissance, PCC/PCI, and rehearsals are
complete.
STANDARD: Convoy arrived at release point (RP) with minimal or no loss of
personnel, convoy assets, and cargo; all casualties evacuated to
treatment facilities.
Slide #3 Safety is of the utmost importance in any training environment. During training,
commanders will conduct risk assessments to determine the safest methods of
training the soldiers. Every precaution will be applied while attempting to provide
realistic and authentic battlefield conditions for the training event.
Slide #4
Safety Ensure safe handling and muzzle awareness of weapons is enforced
Requirements throughout lesson and exercise.
Ensure mandatory safety guidelines are enforced with respect to vehicle
maintenance and operation throughout lesson and exercise.
Ensure standard safety procedures are followed when mounting and
dismounting vehicles.
Gunnery range operation will be conducted IAW established regulations.
Range safety personnel will be certified prior to range operation.
All live fire exercise participants must be pre-qualified on individual and crew-
served weapons in order to be allowed onto range.
Slide #5 Anyone can stop an unsafe act.
Slide #6
Risk HIGH- Expenditure of live ammunition from a moving platform on a controlled firing
Assessment range. Complete a risk assessment matrix and obtain command approval for this
Level lesson prior to start.
(Live Fire Only)
9
Environmental AR 200-1 delineates TRADOC responsibilities to integrate environmental
Considerations requirements across DOTMLPF and ensure all training procedures, training
materials, and training doctrine include sound environmental practices and
considerations. The Armys environmental standard is to be a national leader in
environmental and natural resource stewardship for present and future generations
as an integral part of all Army missions. This training support package meets this
standard.
Evaluation 1) Individual and crew-served weapons training must be completed prior to the live
(Live Fire Only) fire exercise.
2) Live fire gunnery standards are used to achieve performance objectives.
Slide #7
Instructional Convoy motor marches are a mission in which all military branches are involved.
Lead-in Prior to starting this block of instruction, each of you should have completed
training on convoy planning and convoy operations. The entire convoy chain of
command must be active in establishing and maintaining convoy discipline with a
heightened sense of situational awareness that includes column formation,
defensive measures, and logistical support. Only then will the convoy mission be a
success.
Slide #8 During this course of instruction you will learn to:
Identify the threat

Harden vehicles
Conduct convoy briefing
Execute motor movement
Defend against attack
Defend against Improvised Explosive Devices (IED)
Conduct convoy consolidation and reorganization
Conduct actions at the Release Point (RP)
Slide #9
You will also:
Describe the purpose and functions of the gun truck

Identify gun truck crew duties
Harden gun trucks
Employ gun trucks
Slide #10
This class will culminate in a live fire exercise.
SECTION III. PRESENTATION
Note: Inform the students of the Enabling Learning Objective requirements.

Slide #11
ELO A. ACTION: Identify threat
CONDITION: Given a Contemporary Operating Environment (COE).
STANDARDS: Described the nature and motives of the threat in a COE
environment.
1. Learning step/activity 1. Identify the threat.
10
Instructor to student ratio: 1 : audience
Time of instruction (minutes): 10
The arrival of the Twenty-first Century brought about the advent of a different way of
GENERAL doing business on the battlefield. This style of warfare, known as the Contemporary
Operating Environment, or COE, will be the mode in which the United States Army
fights for many years to come. COE is an asymmetric environment, meaning that one
side is well-manned, well-organized, and well-equipped, while the other side consists
of an irregular guerrilla force incapable of fighting a conventional battle with any hope
of victory. In a COE, this guerrilla force snaps at the heels of its enemy, harassing,
attacking soft targets, and doing as much damage as possible before melting back into
the general population. This enemy hopes to prevail not through military force, but by
turning public opinion against the war and thereby forcing the other side to give up and
go home.
Slide #12 Among the most vulnerable of soft targets is the convoysoft-skinned vehicles
carrying vital (and often volatile) cargo, often strung out for miles down a deserted
stretch of road. The convoy is the enemys target of choice. His objective is to kill as
many Americans as possible while inflicting the greatest amount of damage, and to be
gone before you can get off your first shot.
Slide #13 In a COE, the enemy threat looks like this:
a. Unconventional, irregular forces.

b. Not easily identified; blends in with the civilian population.
c. Wants to kill Americans and force withdrawal.
d. Focus is on soft targets, especially convoys.
e. Attacks with improvised explosive devices (IED), small arms, and rocket-
propelled grenades (RPG), or any combination thereof.
Slide #14 f. Avoids sustained contact; adopts a hit-and-run posture.
g. Constantly monitors movements of troops, vehicles, and equipment.
h. Constantly adapts and improves his tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP);
avoids targets that appear to be heavily defended.
Slide #15
2. Learning step/activity 2. Enemy goals.
Method of Instruction: Conference/Demonstration

Slide #16 a. Stop your movement.

b. Kill Americans
c. Demoralize US soldiers and the American public.
d. Dissuade third country nationals and contractors from working for or with the
US.
e. Turn public opinion against the war, creating political pressure to abandon the
war effort.
Check on Determine if students have learned the material presented by --

Learning
11
a. Soliciting student questions and explanations.
b. Asking questions and getting answers from the students.
c. Providing immediate feedback in context to the material presented and correcting
student misunderstandings.
Slide #17
ELO B. ACTION: Harden vehicles.
CONDITION: Assigned as the convoy commander and given tactical wheeled
vehicles, sandbags, wire mesh, steel plating, and support
personnel.
STANDARDS: Hardened vehicles based on the intended mission and cargo.
Hardening a vehicle, or applying sandbags, armor plating, ballistic glass, and other
protective devices, makes it less vulnerable to the effects of explosives and small arms
GENERAL fire. Although hardening may serve to protect certain vehicle components and cargo,
its primary purpose is to protect the occupants. The protection afforded by hardening
can be significant, and often means the difference between survival and death.
Vehicle hardening techniques include both commercial customized armor kits and
locally fabricated armor. Consider the following factors in determining the method and
extent of vehicle hardening:
Slide #18
Flexibility. Harden vehicles to provide the degree of protection required while
maintaining maximum flexibility in vehicle use. Harden the cargo beds of vehicles
carrying troops with sandbags. Beds of vehicles carrying cargo are not normally
hardened (depending on the cargo).
Availability. If you make the decision to fabricate vehicle armor, consider the availability
of suitable materials and the time needed to complete the project. For instance,
hardening the cab of an M923 5-ton cargo truck requires 14-20 sandbags. The bed
requires about 226 sandbags.
Weight. Hardening adds a considerable amount of weight to the vehicle. If too much
weight is added it will reduce the vehicles speed, mobility, and overall operational
capabilities. Of key importance is the fact that the added weight of hardening reduces
proportionally the amount of cargo that can be carried.
Maintenance. Maintenance and weight are inseparable factors in vehicle hardening.

The added weight increases wear and tear on a vehicle, and can in itself cause
mechanical or structural damage.
Other trade-offs. Every step you take in hardening a vehicle has a cost. For instance,
the added weight mentioned above decreases cargo capacity and speed, while
increasing maintenance problems. Additional armor often changes the vehicles center
of gravity, and may result in roll-over accidents. The additional weight of adding armor
to doors can place severe stress on the hinges. Adding wire mesh to the windows
keeps larger projectiles, such as rocks and grenades out, but it also limits the ability of
vehicle personnel to return fire. Lowering a windshield protects the occupants from
flying glass, but it does not protect them from decapitation wires. Cabover vehicles,
such as FMTVs, are subject to damage from excessive weight added to the cab. For
each step considered in vehicle hardening, the trade-off cost must be identified and
considered. What are you willing to give up for this particular aspect of added
protection?
Slide #19 The shortcomings of sandbags. The following learning steps rely heavily on the use of
sandbags in vehicle hardening. However, lessons from the field indicate that sandbags
12
have limited protective value, which is often offset by the damage they do. For
instance, sandbags placed on the hood or in the cab of a vehicle leak into the engine
compartment. The sand finds its way into the inner workings of the engine, eventually
causing serious damage. Another problem with sandbags is that they deteriorate on
their own accord, and must constantly be maintained. The resultant loose sand on the
floorboard or in the bed of a truck blows into the faces of the vehicle occupants.
Further, if the vehicle is hit by an explosive device or projectile, the sand tends to
become tiny secondary projectiles which can cause injury to the vehicle occupants.
Still another problem is the basic laws of physics. If you place a sandbag on a moving
vehicle, it is destined to eventually fall off. Passing convoys in the COE have been
known to leave trails of hundreds of sandbags behind them.
Sandbags are the cheapest and most readily available method of vehicle hardening.
However, in an environment where hardening is the rule, sandbags should be replaced
as quickly as possible with the more permanent and effective rolled steel plating and/or
Kevlar blankets or panels. (Effective use of steel plating is discussed in ELO K, Harden
Gun Trucks.)
1. Learning step/activity 1. Harden vehicle cab

Slide #20
a. First you must harden the floorboard. The best hardening for the floorboard is
steel plate or a Kevlar blanket, which will be discussed later. In the absence of
these materials, double-stack sandbags under the passenger seat and on the
cab floor. (This may be more practical on paper than in reality.)
b. Stack sandbags two deep under the seat. (In some vehicles this may not be
possible.) In placing sandbags:
Do not restrict the movement of foot pedals, levers, or controls.
Do not interfere with the normal functions performed by the driver.
Do not restrict the drivers vision.
c. Place a heavy rubber mat or fiber mat over the sandbags. This will reduce the
danger from flying fragments (rocks, sand, and metal parts from the vehicle).
d. Cover side windows and the front windshield with wire mesh to protect personnel
from rocks and grenades.
e. The convoy commander will consider the following factors in his decision of
whether to raise or lower windshields:
1) Only windshields on the M939 and M998 series vehicles can be lowered.
Refer to the applicable technical manuals for procedures.
2) A raised windshield serves to protect the occupants from injury and the
vehicle from excessive wear in the case of heavy rain or blowing sand.
3) A raised windshield may serve to protect vehicle occupants from
decapitation wires stretched across the road.
4) Windshields should be removed or lowered when they interfere with the
use of weapons or during blackout operations.
5) If available, place a piece of plywood or similar material covered with
sandbags on top of the lowered windshield to prevent damage from shock,
flying debris, or vibration.
f. Harden the doors. Since the vehicle occupants are located directly behind the
door, and since the enemy wants to kill as many vehicle occupants as possible,
13
hardening of the doors is particularly important.
1) Attach steel plate to the doors. A creative welder can build double layered
door armor with a few inches between the plates.
2) In the absence of steel plate, an expedient measure is to remove the
window glass and fill the door cavity with sand (not recommended except as
a last resort).
3) Check with your Logistics Assistance Office for kit availability, as well as
upgrade hinges and attachment points.
4) In the absence of available material, virtually anything that can be hung on a
door can help deflect a round, including Kevlar blankets or unused flack
vests.
g. The engine compartment is generally not hardened.
Slide #21 This slide illustrates the placement of sandbags on the floorboard of the cab.
Placement of sandbags or other hardening material must not restrict movement of foot
pedals, levers, or controls, or interfere with the normal functions of the driver.
Slide #22 This slide illustrates the lowering and hardening of a windshield. Vehicle hardening
should not restrict the drivers vision.
Slide #23
2 Learning step/activity 2. Harden vehicle cargo area (PAX use)

Instructor to student ratio: 1 : Audience
GENERAL Vehicle cargo beds are not normally hardened unless they are intended to carry
passengers. Again, the primary objective is to protect life and limb; not cargo.
a. Cover the floor of troop-carrying vehicles with a least one layer of sandbags. Fit
the bags to the contours of the vehicle.
b. Stack the sandbags five high around the sides of the vehicle to add protection.
c. To hold the sandbags in place, construct a support structure and place it inside
the bed of the vehicle. This structure should consist of four-by-fours on the corners
and two-by-fours and/or plywood in between.
Slide #24 Overhead view of sandbag frame. Note the dimensions and placement of sandbags.
Slide #25 Lateral view from rear. Note the dimensions.
Slide #26 Sand bags, no support frame. Sandbags must follow contours of the vehicle.
It takes about 226 sandbags (dry, weighing about 40 pounds each) to prepare the bed
of a 5-ton, M923 cargo truck. Distribution is as follows:
86 on the floor bed (single layer)
5 High on each side (50 per side = 100 bags)
NOTE:
20 In the front of the bed
20 In the rear of the bed
Emphasize to the students the volume and weight involved.
14
Caution must be taken to ensure that the sandbags do not exceed the allowable weight
of the vehicle bed. Double stacking the sandbags increases the possibility of
CAUTION: exceeding the vehicles payload capacity. The mission, coupled with the enemy threat,
must determine the extent of hardening (single or double layer of sandbags). The
bottom line is to ensure soldier safety.
Slide #27
3 Learning step/activity 3. Harden vehicle fuel tank

a. Place protective plating around sides, bottoms, and tops of fuel tanks if possible.
b. Ensure fuel lines and fuel tank hanger brackets are not damaged during
hardening.
c. Ensure that hardening of the fuel tank does not interfere with the performance of
operator PMCS.

Learning
Slide #28
ELO C. ACTION: Conduct Convoy Briefing
CONDITION: Assigned as the convoy commander and given convoy briefing
information (OPORD), local SOP, convoy leaders/key personnel,
maps/strip maps, and overlays. Convoy order of march has been
established and vehicles have been staged in preparation for
movement; all convoy personnel are present.
STANDARD: Key convoy leaders were briefed on mission and applicable SOP
guidelines/restrictions. Critical mission information was briefed to
convoy personnel; pre-designated signals and frequencies
established. Feedback was solicited and backbrief was accomplished
to ensure comprehension.
A convoy briefing is but one step in the many preparatory actions leading up to convoy
execution. Subordinate leaders should always use troop leading procedures to ensure that
all mission information and the commanders intent is disseminated and clearly
GENERAL understood. The briefing should be clear and concise to provide relevant information for
this mission only. When the 5-paragraph OPORD format is used, the information will be
detailed and to the point. It will not provide unnecessary information that may cloud the
mission objective.
Troop Troop leading procedures (TLP) are used by a leader to prepare a unit for a mission.
Leading Many of the things that need to be done, such as pre-combat checks (PCCs) and pre-
Procedures combat inspections (PCIs), may already be in unit SOPs since they are fairly standard
from mission to mission. In situations where the missions conducted are similar to each
other, such as tactical convoy operations on known routes, most of the planning will be
completed beforehand and merely updated for each new mission. The use of SOPs, drills,
and pre-mission preparation (for example, detailed strip maps) will reduce the time
15
required to prepare for a new assignment, particularly when lead times are short. The
TLPs are:
Slide #29 Receive the mission: You may initially receive the mission as a FRAGO, or
verbally, or you may receive it as a formal written order. It is critical that you as
convoy commander understand the mission. Review the information you have
been given, and clarify any information that you do not fully understand before
issuing your warning order.
NOTE A sample Convoy Warning Order format is located in Annex A.
Issue the warning order: Restate the mission in terms of your organization and
add details as needed to assemble a clear and concise warning order. When
issuing any order, conduct a brief-back with your subordinates to insure they fully
understand the mission.
Make a tentative plan: The operative term here is tentative. You do not yet have
all the information you will need, but you are gathering it while you consider
alternative courses of action. Consult your subordinate leaders during planning.
Their input is valuable.
Conduct reconnaissance: Either map, air, ground, or a combination thereof. Insure

that the prospective route will support your vehicles, and that there are no bridges,
tunnels, or restricted routes that will prevent you from accomplishing your mission.
Determine likely ambush areas, and review intelligence regarding enemy activity
on a given route.
Complete the plan: Make the final determination of the route, critical points,
designated halts, and defense measures. Prepare the strip map.
Issue the operations order: Prepare a five-paragraph field order and disseminate
to key personnel.
Conduct rehearsals: Rehearsals are the key to an orderly convoy. Review the
route with key personnel and determine actions to be taken at critical points.
Practice crew drills. The time you spend around a sand table may save lives.
Supervise the execution: A well-planned convoy is difficult to control. An un-

planned convoy is impossible to control. The key to control is communication
linked with a sense of situational awareness.
NOTE Sample pre-combat check and pre-combat inspection checklists are located in Annex B.
1 Learning step/activity 1. Assemble key convoy personnel.

16
a. Prepare the convoy briefing. Ensure that the convoy briefing is completed as close to
departure time as possible to allow for any last minute changes in the OPORD.
b. Review the convoy manifest. This document, completed by the NCOIC and reviewed
by the convoy commander, is a vital planning document. It shows the order of march,
who is assigned to each vehicle by bumper number, assigned tasks, key weapons,
and communications systems assigned to each vehicle.
NOTE: A sample convoy manifest and blank manifest form are located in Annex D of this
TSP.
c. Assemble personnel. Your mission may dictate whether to have all convoy
participants attend the briefing or just key leaders. If the lead time is short and vehicle
operators, gunners, and other personnel are still needed for final preparations, then
the attendance may be limited to key personnel only.
Slide #30 d. Convoy key personnel are as follows:
1) Serial/March unit commanders.

2) Security force OIC or NCOIC.
3) Trail/Maintenance and Recovery OIC/NCOIC.
4) Platoon sergeants accompanying convoy.
5) Squad leaders accompanying convoy.
6) Communications NCOIC or radio operator(s).
7) Ammunition NCOIC.
8) Pacesetter/lead vehicle commander.
9) Route/choke point guides.
10) Vehicle commanders (as needed).
11) VIPs.
The most important aspect in a convoy briefing is DETAIL. Be aware that if you leave out
one item of critical information, it could have disastrous results when the convoy is
NOTE
underway.
Slide #31
2 Learning step/activity 2. Issue maps/strip maps/overlays.
Method of Instruction: Conference/Demonstration

a. It is imperative that as many individuals as possible can read and interpret maps,
strip maps, and map overlays. Mission requirements may dictate availability or limit
dissemination of copies to just key leaders.
b. Map Sheets. The convoy commander, as well as key leaders in the convoy, should
have in their possession a military map of the area to be traversed by the convoy.
c. Strip Maps. The ability to read a strip map is a key aspect of a drivers skills. All
convoy personnel should be trained in reading a strip map prior to crossing the Start
Point (SP).
d. Overlays. Overlays are used to augment certain important or key facets of the
mission. The overlay must be properly attached to the map in order to be properly
read. Examples of overlays are:
1) Fire support - (target reference points, support elements, range fans).

2) Engineer - (known obstacles, minefields, bridges, bridge capacity, etc.).
3) Chemical - (suspected contaminant drift distances, etc.).
4) Combat Service Support Locations of resupply points, refueling points, etc.).
17
e. Ensure all convoy vehicle operators have a copy of maps or strips maps before
departure.
f. During the convoy briefing, discuss items of interest on maps/strip maps and solicit
questions.
g. Ensure overlays are handed out to key convoy leaders and are controlled according
to the classification of information they contain.
Slide #32
3 Learning step/activity 3. Disseminate information in 5-Para OPORD format.

1. Situation: General overview of enemy and friendly situation in the AO.

Friendly Forces
o Operational support provided or coordinated by higher headquarters
Helicopter/gunships
Quick reaction force (QRF)
MP escorts/ rat patrols
Fire support elements
Attachments
Enemy Situation
o Identification of enemy (if known)
o Composition/capabilities/strength/equipment
o Location (hot spots highlighted on map)
2. Mission: (WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY)
Specified/Implied/Essential Tasks
Type of Cargo
Origin
Destination
3. Execution:
General organization of the convoy (task organization manifest)
NOTE Sample convoy task organization and convoy manifest are included in Annexes C and D,
respectively.
Tasks to subordinate units (includes OPCON elements)

Uniform
Order of March
Time line. This is structured using backwards planning, and should include the
following key events:
Warning order (WARNO)
PCC/PCI
Ammunition upload
Convoy OPORD
Confirmation brief/brief back
Equipment upload
Vehicle staging
Rehearsals
Convoy mission update
Start point (SP)
Routes (Strip map displayed separately; include SP, load points, checkpoints, rally
18
points, refuel points, mandatory halts, RONs, traffic control points. Mileage to each
should be indicated)
Convoy Speed
Catch-up speed
Vehicle interval
Emergency measures
o Accidents
o Breakdowns
o Obstacles
o Separation from convoy
o Ambush (Actions on contact) (Applicable battle drills to be rehearsed)
o Action of convoy personnel if ambushed
o Action of security forces during ambush
o Actions of medical support personnel during contact
o Designation of rally points
4. Service Support : (Administration and Logistics)
Control of personnel
Billeting arrangements
Messing arrangements
Refueling and servicing of vehicles, complying with spill prevention guidelines
Ammunition (individual/combat loads/tracer mix)
Medical (internal treatment/evacuation procedures other than SOP and external
procedures/support)
Maintenance/ Recovery (internal and external)
5. Command and Signal:
Location of convoy commander and other key convoy chain of command
Succession of command
Communications
Action of security force commander
Serial commanders responsibility
Standardized hand and arm signals
Pyrotechnics
Other prearranged signals
o Subordinate leaders
o Security force commander
o Fire support elements
o Reserve security elements
o Medical evacuation support
6. Safety:
Hazards of route and weather conditions
Defensive driving
Hazards of operating machinery
Hazards of handling weapons
7. Environmental protection:
Spill prevention
Transporting HAZMAT
NOTE After issuing the order, conduct a brief-back with subordinates to insure they fully
understand the mission.

Learning
19
Slide #33
ELO D ACTION: Execute motor movement
CONDITION: Assigned as the convoy commander and given convoy vehicles and
OPORD mission information (to include primary and alternate routes);
all preparations are complete; vehicles are staged and start-up signal
given.
STANDARD: Initiated movement of convoy elements from the start point (SP),
completed initial reports, and established and maintained convoy
discipline.
1 Learning step/activity 1. Organize the convoy.

NOTE There are planning factors peculiar to convoy defense that should be considered in
organizing the convoy, and therefore must be addressed even though the general training
assumption is that planning is complete. Sample task organization of a convoy is included
in Annex C.
a. Select the formation.

Slide #34 1) The column formation is generally used on two-lane roads with approaching
traffic. The typical tactical interval should be 75 to 100 meters, with a speed of
50 miles per hour as conditions permit. Gun trucks are in the front and rear,
and may run up and down both flanks of the column. Gun trucks approaching
task vehicles from the rear should flash their lights and sound their horns to
prevent collision with task vehicles changing lanes.
Slide #35 2) The inverted T formation is used on four-lane roads. This formation is used
to prevent civilian traffic from coming up behind the convoy and infiltrating it.
The convoy runs the centerline. Gun trucks are positioned in the front and
rear, as well as running up and down both flanks of the formation, with two
trucks flanking the rear gun truck. Typical speed is 50 miles per hour as
conditions permit. Again, gun trucks approaching task vehicles from the rear
should flash their lights and sound their horns to prevent collision with task
vehicles changing lanes.
Slide #36 3) The diamond formation is used on six-lane or larger roads. Like the inverted
T, the intent is to control the road and prevent civilian traffic from infiltrating
the convoy. Due to the complexity of maintaining this formation, convoy
speed may need to be decreased.
Slide #37 b. Organize the convoy. Place a gun truck as the lead vehicle in the convoy. This
vehicle should have a pushing capability.
c. Place an experienced, senior driver in the first task vehicle. This soldier should be
an NCO, and must be able to navigate, communicate, control the pace, look for
IEDs and ambushes, respond quickly when observing potential dangerous
situations, select rally points, etc.
d. Placement of the convoy commanders vehicle is subject to debate. The objective is
to place the commander where he can effectively command and control the convoy.
Experienced combat convoy commanders usually prefer to be either at the front or
20
near the center of the convoy.
e. Place a gun truck behind the convoy commanders vehicle. This gun truck reacts to
contact and is the convoy commanders reserve to bolster defense as necessary.
f. Place a wrecker and maintenance team near the rear of the convoy. Spread
additional maintenance assets throughout the convoy to avoid loss of all recovery
assets in one attack.
g. Ensure that all vehicles are configured for towing.
h. Place a gun truck as the last vehicle in the convoy for rear security. Vehicles in the
rear of a convoy are traditionally prime targets. A show of force in the rear serves as
a hefty deterrent.
i. Place the convoy NCOIC in a rearward vehicle with a combat life saver (CLS).
j. Scatter other CLS throughout the convoy.
NOTE Issue a copy of Annex C, Convoy Task Organization, to each student. This annex
contains detailed information on convoy elements, including task organization for
convoys of varying sized.
2 Learning step/activity 2. Maintain Situational awareness.

In a Contemporary Operating Environment, convoy personnel should exercise a

GENERAL heightened since of awareness to their surroundings. This includes not only the
environment itself, but the activities of those found in the environment.
Slide #38 a. All soldiers in the convoy should scan the roadway ahead and to each side for
suspicious activity and respond according to the convoy commanders/SOP
guidance. Drivers should scan 9-1 oclock and assistant drivers/vehicle commanders
should scan 11-4 oclock. Security forces should scan 360 degrees. The rear
security element should place particular emphasis on monitoring the area to the rear
of the convoy. Consider the following when scanning:
Slide #39 1) Any suspicious movement of people or vehicles on overpasses along the
route.
2) Abandoned or broken down vehicles parked close to the roadway.
3) Foreign objects, such as trash, rubble, debris, or dead animals lying on or
near the roadway.
4) Sudden activity within crowds when the convoy approaches.
Slide #40 5) Local nationals dispersing or disappearing as the convoy approaches.
6) Suspicious movement in upper floor windows of buildings.
7) Animal-drawn carts or wagons moving near or on the roadway
8) Fresh concrete work on curbs
9) Signs of tampering, exposed wires, or objects taped or otherwise attached to
the backsides of guardrails
Slide #41 b. Keep close watch on the trail element of the convoy. Defensive weaponry is usually
trained forward in direction of travel. The enemy rely on this to attack the trailing
element of the convoy.
c. Ensure your actions in weapons movement are obvious and deliberate. Keep
barrels of all weapons visible at all times. Trailing gun truck should train weapons to
the rear and side to side.
d. Actively train crew-served weapons in the direction of perceived threats. Ensure that
sectors of fire are assigned to gain 360 degree security. Gunners should make eye-
to-eye contact with those that appear hostile toward the convoy. Intimidation is a
21
highly reliable psychological weapon.
e. Require all convoy personnel to wear helmets, goggles, hearing protection, and
body armor at all times. This not only serves as protection, but also gives a
professional appearance that aids in intimidation.
Slide #42
3 Learning step/activity 3. Maintain convoy discipline (daylight).

a. Ensure vehicle interval is established and maintained during movement. Report

departure to higher headquarters.
b. Reduce vehicle intervals in built-up areas or areas of concern.
c. Do not engage service drive lights during tactical operations unless local
SOP/OPORD dictates or otherwise directed by the convoy commander.
d. Ensure vehicles are running at established convoy speed.
e. Ensure vehicle serial/march unit gaps are as specified in SOP/OPORD.
f. If checkpoints are established along the convoy route, ensure checkpoint reports are
received and relay to higher headquarters.
g. Relay significant operational changes to higher headquarters.
Slide #43
4 Learning Step/Activity 4. Maintain convoy discipline (night operations).

a. Establish and maintain vehicle interval during movement.

b. Reduce/adjust vehicle intervals in built-up areas or areas of concern.
c. Reduce vehicle intervals in order to accommodate use of blackout drive and marker
lighting. However, service drive lights may be appropriate, depending on the tactical
situation. If using service drive lights, be prepared to go to blackout drive with little or
no notice.
d. Adjust convoy speed according to visibility and road conditions.
e. Implement use of Drivers Vision Enhancers if available.
f. Employ night vision devices if available.
g. Ensure vehicle serial/march unit gaps are as specified in SOP/OPORD.
Slide #44
5 Learning step/activity 5. Maintain communications.

22
NOTE The purpose of this class is not to instruct the students on the use of communications
equipment. However, a convoy commander should be familiar with the communications
assets at his disposal. Not all convoy commanders will have the same assets available.
Equipment will vary depending on the type of unit and its organizational structure.
GENERAL Communication is one of the greatest challenges in conducting a tactical convoy. The
convoy commander must maintain communications with his higher headquarters,
movement control units, Military Police, and fire support units. In addition, the commander
may be required to communicate with joint and allied forces, maneuver units in the area,
and local civil and military authorities.
A tactical convoy with the proper interval between vehicles can be strung out over several
miles. In this situation, tactical radios (SINCGARS) may be extremely limited in their
application to communication within the convoy, or may be useless. A convoy commander
must ensure that all radios and satellite communications are fully functional before
departing. The commander must make maximum use of all available communications
assets in order to maintain control of the convoy.
a. FM radio network. The FM radio network has traditionally been the Armys primary
means of communication. The primary tactical radio system in a joint environment is
SINCGARS. Advantages include encryption capability. Disadvantages include
distortion and range limitations caused by atmospheric conditions and terrain.
b. Movement Tracking System (MTS). MTS serves both as a Global Positioning System
and an email communications system. Convoy commanders equipped with MTS have
the capability to communicate with vehicles assigned to the convoy, other convoys,
higher headquarters, movement control elements, and other designated MTS-
equipped elements. MTS is a satellite communications system. Although it is
encrypted, it is not considered a secure communications device for tactical purposes.
MTS is highly dependable.
c. Force XXI Battle Command Brigade-and-Below (FBCB2). FBCB2 is a digitized
command information system. Its applications are somewhat similar to MTS.
However, unlike MTS, it is a fully encrypted system capable of secret
communications. It is only found in combat units, combat support units, and some
combat service support units at brigade level and below.
d. Pyrotechnics. Pyrotechnics, especially smoke, are highly valuable communications
assets for convoy defense. Smoke thrown out of a vehicle can indicate the direction
from which an attack is coming, and the color of smoke can mean a number of things,
depending on unit SOP or the OPORD. However, it can create visibility problems at
critical moments if not used carefully. In extremely dusty environments, smoke may
also be hard to see.
e. Hand and arm signals. Hand and arm signals are valuable assets. Many hand and
arm signals are standard in the transportation environment. Like pyrotechnics, these
can be assigned and defined by unit SOP and the OPORD. These signals can be
obscured by dust and darkness. However, they may be your best alternative to radio
communications if some or most vehicles are not so equipped.
f. Audio signals. Audio signals include horns, whistles, megaphones, and loudspeakers.
They are effective at short ranges, but they can be obscured by gunfire and the sound
of the engines.
g. Field expedients. Convoy personnel have made extensive use of field expedient
communication methods since the Vietnam war. Intercom systems for gun trucks can
be installed using CVC helmets and related equipment, or commercial products such
as intercoms and stereo headphones. Citizens band radios have proven very
effective both between vehicles and between gun truck crew members. Mobile
telephones have also proven useful to supplement communications. Convoy
personnel should bear in mind that such communications are in the clear, and cannot
be encrypted.
23
Slide #45
6 Learning step/activity 6. Conduct actions at the halt (scheduled and unscheduled).

GENERAL A convoy is highly vulnerable when it is halted. The convoy commander must enforce
heightened security at all times when a convoy is sitting still.
Slide #46 a. Stop the column at the prescribed time and location for scheduled halts. However,
do not establish a pattern, either in terms of time or location, for scheduled halts.
Post a flagman to stop oncoming traffic.
b. Report the halt to higher headquarters.
c. Exercise caution when moving vehicles off the road. Assume the prescribed
formation and proper interval between vehicles.
d. For short halts, drivers remain in the vehicle with the engine running.
e. Assistant drivers dismount and check the immediate area for IEDs, mines, etc.
Slide #47 f. Assistant drivers initiate perimeter security by kneeling or lying prone to avoid
presenting a profile.
g. Crew-served weapons stay mounted and stagger orientation with other crew-served
weapons in the convoy.
h. Trail elements maintain rear security.
i. Keep civilians away from vehicles.
j. Position gun trucks to cover most likely avenues of approach or to cover dead
space.
k. Position vehicles to blend into surroundings if possible.
l. If the halt is two hours or more in duration, perform vehicle PMCS.
Slide #48 m. Notify the maintenance officer of any vehicle needing immediate repairs.
n. Inspect vehicle loads for safety and security at every stop.
o. Perform PMCS/function checks on weapons if time permits. This should be done at
timed intervals in order to maintain security.
p. Refuel and rearm as needed.
q. Recover security on order to move.
r. Conduct headcount prior to departure. Leaders report their headcount tally to the
convoy NCOIC. The convoy does not depart until the headcount is verified.
s. Conduct departure at the specified time in the movement order.
t. Report resumption of march to higher headquarters.
NOTE There is little difference in the procedures for a scheduled and unscheduled halt. The
primary concern with an unscheduled halt other than those listed above is to maintain
security, resolve the problem causing the halt as quickly as possible, and get the convoy
moving again with minimal delay.
7 Learning step/activity 7. Implement active/passive defense measures.

Every effort should be made to cover and/or conceal high-value/volatile cargo. This will
CAUTION: increase convoy survivability by denying the enemy of valuable intelligence used to plan
and conduct an attack.
24
Slide #49 a. Maximize concealment. Although it is all but impossible to camouflage a moving
convoy on open terrain in the daylight, steps can effectively be taken to mislead,
deceive, or confuse the enemy as to the convoys purpose, cargo, or projected route.
1) Cover shiny surfaces.

2) Cover vehicle bumper markings if the situation dictates. (This will usually not
be necessary.)
3) Exercise noise and light discipline.
Slide #50 b. Support the deception story.
1) Camouflage or disguise high-priority cargo to resemble something else.

2) Cover or otherwise obscure labels and markings on any containers or visible
cargo to prevent ready identification.
NOTE Do not alter cargo labels or markings without command approval.
Slide #51
8 Learning step/activity 8. React to man-made road obstacles.

Slide #52 a. Identify the obstacle as far away as possible.

b. Halt only if there is no alternative. A convoy sitting still is an inviting target.
c. Scan for potential IEDs and enemy activity. Anticipate and prepare for an attack.
d. Do not halt in the projected kill zone.
e. Send SITREP and SALUTE report to higher headquarters.
Slide #53 f. Identify a bypass or alternate route, if available. Look closely for an ambush and/or
IED on the bypass route.
g. If a halt is necessary, keep vehicles running for quick reaction to enemy action.
h. Engage the enemy with suppressive fire if encountered.
i. If you cannot bypass the obstacle, breach it if possible. Although breaching an
obstacle is not normally a convoy commanders mission, you must consider the
alternative of remaining stationary for an extended period of time. A convoy is most
vulnerable when it is sitting still, and engineer support may be slow in arriving. This is
a matter of risk assessment, and the outcome may be less than desirable no matter
which course of action you take.
WARNING The enemy frequently employs obstacles in order to channel convoys into an ambush
and/or IED site.
Slide #54
9 Learning step/activity 9. React to human obstacles.

GENERAL The enemy will use crowds of civilians to stop a convoy and make it easier to ambush and
loot. The enemy will also play on humane actions on your part to inflict casualties on your
soldiers and damage to your equipment. You must not allow them to stop your convoy.
25
Slide #55 a. Identify as far away as possible.
b. Bypass the crowd using another route if possible.
c. Assume hostile intent on the part of the crowd.
d. Adopt an aggressive posture toward those blocking the road.
e. Position at least one gun truck in an overwatch position to cover the convoy and
display a show of force.
f. Push the vehicles slowly through the crowd while sounding the horns.
g. Fire warning shots over the heads of anyone refusing to move. Do not stop.
Remember, you must assume hostile intent.
h. Send SITREP to higher headquarters.
i. Continue the mission.
NOTE An alternate school of thought is for key personnel to dismount and attempt to
negotiate clearing the road. Failing that, assistant drivers dismount, form a line, and
push the crowd back out of the way. This is not recommended for the following
reasons:
Dismounting in the presence of a potentially hostile crowd is extremely

hazardous.
Convoy commanders are not trained negotiators.
Convoy personnel are not trained in crowd or riot control.
Runs a high risk of the convoy mission becoming secondary to a riot control
mission as the situation develops. A riot will almost certainly result in damage
to vehicles and casualties on both sides.
Slide #56 j. Remember, when confronted with a crowd:
1) Do not stop.
2) Always assume hostile intent.
3) Do not appease, feed, or give them anything.
4) If they do not disburse, you must force your way through.
Slide #57
10 Learning step/activity 10. React to heavy traffic.

Slide #58 a. Gun trucks stop traffic at intersections to allow the convoy to pass uninterrupted.
b. All personnel remain mounted.
c. Keep vehicles running for quick reaction to enemy activity.
d. Maintain constant internal communication.
e. If halted and unable to clear the area, maintain alert and ready posture.
f. If the convoy is halted in a vulnerable position, deploy gun trucks onto the opposing
traffic lane and clear traffic to allow the convoy to go around the traffic jam.
g. Provide higher headquarters with a detailed SITREP.

Learning
26
Slide #59
ELO E ACTION: Defend Against Attack
CONDITION: Assigned as the convoy commander and given personnel, vehicles,
weapons, ammunition, fully-manned and equipped gun trucks, and
communications equipment.
STANDARD: Successfully defended against all forms of attack.
1 Learning step/activity 1. Weapon Engagement Skills.

Instructor to student ratio: 1 : Audience
GENERAL Every soldier on the battlefield is qualified with his assigned weapon. However, firing from
a moving vehicle or at a moving target requires skills not learned on the standard rifle
range. These skills are learned in live fire exercises and through use of crew drills.
Slide #60 a. Preparation. Survival is a team effort, and the team must be trained and equipped
prior crossing the start point.
1) Ball-to-tracer ammunition ratio: Tracers assist the gunner (in particular,

machine gunner) in determining where he is hitting in relation to the target. In
convoy operations, tracers also carry the critical function of warning follow-on
drivers of attack. Also, as a soldier returns fire, the tracers inform convoy
personnel of the source of incoming fire. For the M16, the ratio should be one
tracer for every two ball rounds. For machine guns, (i.e., M249 and M2), the
ratio should be one tracer for every four ball rounds. The last few rounds in a
belt or magazine should all be tracers to alert the gunner to prepare to reload.
Slide #61 2) Establish sectors of fire. Sectors of fire fall within scanning sectors. The
drivers sector of fire is from 9 to 11 oclock. The assistant drivers sector is
from 1 to 3 oclock. This slide depicts sectors of fire and scan for the driver,
assistant driver, and rear seat occupants in a HMMWV.
Slide #62 b. Weapon engagement methods:
1) Engage targets using the lead-burst method. Lead your target, and fire using
short bursts.
2) Drivers fire in the semi-automatic mode only. Drivers should be armed with a
rifle or carbine only. Grenade launchers, SAWs, and machine guns should be
issued to personnel who can devote their full attention to engaging the target.
3) Establish aiming points:
If the gunner is moving and the target is stationary, shoot low and
short of the target. This method allows the gunner to observe the
impact of his rounds and walk them into the target.
If the gunner is stationary and the target is moving, shoot low and
lead the target. The targets speed determines how much it should be
led. Again, the gunner can observe the impact and walk his rounds
into the target.
If both the gunner and the target are moving, shoot on line with the
target and low.
Slide #63 c. Crew and battle drills:
1) Battle drills require extensive teamwork, and are unit-trained. Battle drills are
critical, in that they provide convoy personnel with a planned and rehearsed
27
course of action for a given situation. Several basic battle drills are found in
Annex J.
2) Crew drills are in effect scaled-down battle drills, pertaining to a designated
team or the occupants of a particular vehicle.
3) This slide is a graphic depiction of a crew drill for exiting a HMMWV under
fire.
Slide #64
2 Learning step/activity 2. React to contact-maintain movement.

GENERAL As this slide indicates, convoy defense is nothing new. The basic procedures of convoy
defense have remained relatively unchanged for over a hundred years. However, each
new enemy adopts tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) that require the convoy
commander to adapt in order to survive.
NOTE For hands-on training, see Battle Drill Convoy Reacts to Direct Fire Ambush (Road Not
Blocked), and Dismount and Mount a Wheeled Vehicle While under Direct Fire, which
are located in Annex J.
Slide #65 a. General defense actions.
1) Increase speed and do not stop unless a vehicle is disabled. If one vehicle is
disabled, the entire convoy stops.
2) Aggressively return fire.
3) Gun trucks engage enemy from stand-off positions.
4) Drivers to the rear of the kill zone transit the kill zone unless forced to stop. If
forced to stop, follow procedures under the lesson, React to Contact-Forced
to Stop.
5) Do not block the road.
6) The entire convoy proceeds to the next rally point.
Slide #66 b. Actions of the convoy commander.
1) Receive spot report on the attack from subordinates and warn convoy
elements in transit.
2) Direct use of pyrotechnics or other signal devices to mark location of attack.
(Drivers should use turn signals, smoke, or tracers to indicate the direction of
attack.)
3) Direct gun trucks to return fire and suppress enemy fire until the threat is
neutralized or until the convoy breaks contact.
4) Direct convoy personnel to place a heavy volume of fire on enemy forces
from their vehicles as they transit the area.
5) Determine map location of the ambush
6) Call in artillery, close air, or maneuver support if available and deemed
necessary. (However, artillery and CAS may be of little or no value in a built-
up area, due to risk of collateral damage.)
28
NOTE Call for fire should be addressed during the convoy planning stage. The
commander should determine likely ambush sites during route
reconnaissance, and coordinate fire on those locations or be prepared to shift
fire from known coordinates.
Slide #67 7) Provide situation report and instructions to follow-on convoy elements.
8) Transmit SALUTE and SITREP to higher headquarters
9) Proceed to the rally point.
Slide #68 This slide depicts a reaction to contact while maintaining movement. Note the
position of the gun truck.
Slide #69 10) Consolidate and reorganize.
Establish security
Receive ACE reports from subordinate element leaders.
Redistribute ammunition as required.
Coordinate requirements within march elements for load transfer,
vehicle repairs, mortuary affairs, and medical evacuation.
Request emergency destruction authorization from higher
headquarters for not mission capable (NMC) vehicles or items that
cannot be transported with available assets.
Forward SITREP to higher headquarters.
Leave no soldier behind.
Slide #70 ACE Report Format. The ACE report is a short report used by unit
leaders at all levels to advise the commander of immediate status.
All subordinate element leaders should automatically submit an ACE
report to the convoy commander immediately following any form of
attack.
a) Ammunition: Report status in terms of full magazines or drums.

b) Casualties: The status of casualties in your convoy element.
c) Equipment: Status of equipment (trucks, weapons and weapons
systems, communications equipment, and anything else of
immediate importance.
The ACE report should always be short, and contain only relevant
information.
Slide #71
3 Learning step/activity 3. React to contact-forced to stop.

GENERAL We have seen how to react to an ambush with a clear road. Now we will approach an
ambush in which the road is blocked or the convoy is otherwise forced to stop.
NOTE For hands-on training, see Battle Drill Convoy Reacts to Direct Fire Ambush (Road
Blocked), and Dismount and Mount a Wheeled Vehicle While under Direct Fire,
which are located in Annex J.
29
Slide #72 a. General defense actions. The enemy may block the road prior to the attack, or a
vehicle become disabled during the course of the attack. In either of these cases, the
entire convoy must stop.
1) If in the kill zone:

Dismount by exiting on the non-contact side of the vehicle.
Take cover.
Return maximum volume of fire.
2) All drivers stop, dismount, take cover, and lay suppressive fire.
3) Vehicles short of the kill zone do not enter it.
4) Gun trucks engage the enemy from stand-off positions.
5) Once the threat is neutralized, convoy personnel will conduct a hasty recovery
and CASEVAC before moving to the rally point.
Slide #73 b. Actions of the convoy commander. These actions are similar to those actions taken
in a react to contact-maintain movement.
1) Receive spot report from subordinates and warn follow-on elements.

2) Direct use of pyrotechnics or other signal devices as required. (Drivers should
use turn signals, smoke, or tracers to indicate the direction of attack.)
3) Direct gun trucks to return fire and suppress enemy fire until the threat is
neutralized or contact broken.
4) Direct convoy personnel to place a heavy volume of fire on the enemy.
5) Identify map location of the ambush site.
6) Call in artillery, CAS, or maneuver support if available. (Again, this may have
little value in a built-up area.)
NOTE Call for fire should be addressed during the convoy planning stage. The
commander should determine likely ambush sites during route
reconnaissance, and coordinate fire on those locations or be prepared to shift
fire from those planned coordinates.
Slide #74 7) Once the threat is neutralized, order a hasty vehicle recovery and CASEVAC.
8) Provide SITREP and instructions to follow-on elements.
9) Transmit SITREP to higher headquarters.
10) Proceed to the rally point.
30
Slide #75 This slide depicts initial contact in an ambush in which the convoy is forced to
stop. The enemy has disabled a vehicle, and the entire convoy must stop to
protect the vehicle and driver and neutralize the threat.
All vehicles stop.

Begin immediate suppression from the contact side.
Gun trucks reposition if necessary within stand-off distance.
Non-contact side dismounts first followed by the contact side.
Slide #76 In this slide, the convoy has reacted by laying down suppressive fires and
deploying a gun truck to neutralize the threat.
Gain fire superiority or kill the threat.

Begin CASEVAC/hasty recovery operations (to the rally point).
Remount the vehicles.
Proceed to the rally point.
Slide #77 This slide depicts CASEVAC/Recovery. The convoy has suppressed enemy
fire or neutralized the threat. The intent is to perform buddy aid and hasty
recovery, then move out of the contact zone as quickly as possible.
Convoy commander notifies aid and litter team and recovery team.
Aid and litter vehicle moves on the non-contact side to the point of
injury, loads casualties, and links up with the convoy.
Recovery vehicle moves on the non-contact side to the disabled
vehicle, conducts hasty recovery, and links up with the convoy.
Slide #78 11) Consolidate and reorganize. These actions are identical to those taken in
consolidation and reorganization following a react to contact-maintain
movement.
Establish security
Receive ACE reports from subordinate element leaders.
Redistribute ammunition as required.
Coordinate requirements within march elements for load transfer,
vehicle repairs, mortuary affairs, and medical evacuation.
Request emergency destruction authorization from higher
headquarters for not mission capable (NMC) vehicles and items that
cannot be transported with available assets.
Forward SITREP to higher headquarters.
Leave no soldier behind.
Slide #79
4 Learning step/activity 4. Defend against sniper attack.

31
NOTE For hands-on training, see Battle Drill Convoy Reacts to Direct Sniper Fire, and Convoy
Reacts to Visual Contact With Enemy Forces, which are located in Annex J.
GENERAL While a sniper does not possess the capability to stop a convoy in its tracks, he does
possess the capability to harass the operation, as well as demoralize and possibly kill your
soldiers. Appropriate action taken under a sniper attack will serve to minimize the threat.
Slide #80 Actions of the convoy commander

a. Ensure that all convoy personnel wear helmets and body armor.
b. Receive the sniper warning from convoy elements.
c. Use a pre-designated signal to warn convoy elements of sniper attack.
d. Direct march elements to increase speed and maintain interval.
e. Use smoke to obscure the target. (This may not be practical if the convoy is moving
at a rapid speed.)
f. Do not stop.
g. Determine the approximate location of the sniper on the map.
Slide #81 h. Determine whether the area is a free fire or restricted fire zone. (This should have
been determined prior to crossing the Start Point.)
i. Direct gun trucks to lay down suppressive fire if necessary.
j. Call in artillery or close air support if available.
k. If a vehicle is disabled and under fire, stop the convoy and continue as a contact in
which you are forced to stop.
l. Proceed to the rally point.
Slide #82 m. Consolidate and reorganize.
1) Establish security.
2) Receive ACE reports from subordinate element leaders.
3) Redistribute ammunition as required.
4) Coordinate MEDEVAC if necessary.
5) Coordinate requirements within march elements for load
transfer, vehicle repairs, mortuary affairs, and medical evacuation.
6) Request emergency destruction authorization from higher headquarters for not
mission capable (NMC) vehicles or items that cannot be transported with
available assets.
7) Forward an incident report (SALUTE) to higher headquarters.
8) Provide situation report and instructions to follow-on convoy elements.
Slide #83
5 Learning step/activity 5. Defend against NBC Attack.
NOTE For hands-on training, see Battle Drill Convoy Reacts to Chemical Attack, which is
located in Annex J.

GENERAL The COE is an environment in which the enemy will do anything possible to accomplish his
goals. If the enemy has an NBC capability, he is almost certain to use it against you.
Slide #84 a. Be aware of commonly used chemical agents and their effects.
b. Be alert to chemical agents already present on the ground or in the air.
c. If attacked, take defensive actions in the same manner as any other combat
situation.
d. On consolidation and reorganization, perform hasty decontamination and evacuate
32
casualties.
e. Carry out minimal decontamination of equipment necessary to continue the mission.
f. Report status to higher headquarters before continuing the mission.
Slide #85
6 Learning step/activity 6. Defend against air attack.
NOTE Battle Drill Convoy Reacts to Aerial Attack is located in Annex J.

GENERAL An air attack is a type of ambush. Convoys face the greatest danger of air attack while
moving along open roads or during halts where there is little or no overhead cover. Expect
enemy aircraft to fly in at a low terrain masking altitude at high speed. Small arms fire will
have little effect on a high speed aircraft at or slightly above treetop level. If the aircraft is
at an altitude of higher than 350 feet, small arms fire will have no effect on it, but air
defense weapons, if properly deployed, can be quite effective.
a. Active defense. The amount of fire a logistical convoy without air defense weapons
can bring to bear on an attacking aircraft is extremely limited. The best defense is to
put up a large volume of fire with assigned weapons.
Slide #86 1) Shoot any attacking aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
2) Fire at the nose of an approaching aircraft; fire at the fuselage of a hovering
helicopter or slightly above the nose of a moving helicopter.
3) Fire in volumeeverybody shoots.
4) Lead the aircraft crossing your position by 100 yards, or one football field.
5) Take cover if time allows.
Slide #87 6) Support your weapon if possible.
7) Lie on your back to return fire if caught in the open.
8) Aim mounted machine guns slightly above the nose for head-on targets.
9) Control small arms fire so that the attacking aircraft flies through it. (This
requires extensive rehearsal.)
10) Immediately following the attack, watch for repeated attacks by one or more
additional aircraft.
Slide #88 b. Passive defense. For a logistical convoy, passive measures provide the best
defense against air attack.
1) Dispersion. The commander must decide whether to use an open or closed

column convoy formation. Regardless of the commanders decision, distance
between vehicles should vary during the course of a march.
2) Open column.
Open column convoys maintain 80 to 100 meters between vehicles.

Open column formations result in less damage from air attack, but are
more difficult to control.
If an open column is attacked, its defense is less effective due to its
inability to concentrate small arms fire.
33
Slide #89 3) Close column.
Close column convoys maintain an interval of less then 80 meters

between vehicles, and make an inviting target for air attack.
Close column formations are best executed during night operations if
there is a threat of air attack.
Slide #90 4) Camouflage. While a moving vehicle is virtually impossible to conceal, steps
can be taken to help the convoy blend in with its surroundings.
Cover smooth surfaces and shiny objects, such as windshields, so they

will not attract the pilots attention.
If vehicles are not painted to match the surroundings, mud or even a
coat of dust will help break the stand-out effect.
Use tarps and bows to cover the cargo. While not totally camouflaged,
covered cargo cannot be identified.
When under air attack, take shelter under trees or bushes or anything
that may obscure the vehicles outline.
Slide #91 5) Air guard.
Assign air guards, each with an area of responsibility (9-3 oclock, 3-9
oclock, or whatever best fits the situation).
If the convoy lasts over an hour, place air guards on shifts to avoid
dulling the senses.
6) Communications security. All transmissions are subject to monitoring and

jamming. Use the radio only when necessary and be brief. If equipped, use
electronic countermeasures to disrupt enemy communications and avoid IED
attack.
Maintain a contingency plan to destroy COMSEC material and equipment in the

event that the convoy or convoy elements are overrun.
c. Passive reactions. Upon sighting enemy aircraft, the convoy commander may:
34
Slide #92 1) Halt the convoy.
It is harder to see a halted convoy than a moving one from the air.
It is easy to continue the march after the attack.
Volume of organic weapons fire is more dense than if the convoy is
dispersed.
BUT
The enemy has a greater chance of causing damage to the convoy.
Slide #93 2) The traditional vehicle formation for use in daylight air defense is the
Herringbone Formation. This is a staggered formation with vehicles placed at
45 degree angles to the road, usually 50 to 100 meters apart.
Gun trucks act as stationary or roving defense as terrain and situation

dictates.
Leaves the road clear for traffic.
Best defense against air attack/indirect fire, but difficult to concentrate
fire if attacked with small arms.
Terrain in the COE often does not lend itself to this formation, and with little to
no likelihood of an air attack, it has fallen out of favor. It is often impossible to
assume the herringbone formation without leaving the pavement. In an IED-rich
environment, leaving the pavement can be very hazardous.
Slide #94 3) Disperse vehicles
Staggers vehicles so that there is not a straight line (like ducks in a

shooting gallery) for a target.
BUT
Easier for the enemy to spot the convoy as it disperses.
Volume and density of small arms fire are reduced.
It takes longer to reorganize the convoy after the attack.
Slide #95
7 Learning step/activity 7. Defend against indirect fire.

NOTE For hands-on training, see Battle Drill Convoy Reacts to Enemy Indirect Fire, which is
located in Annex J.
35
GENERAL Artillery or mortar fire is either planned based on known coordinates, or called in and
adjusted on a target of opportunity by a forward observer. The forward observer can adjust
fire to follow movement of the convoy. It is likely that the enemy will attack with pre-
coordinated fire, and adjust as necessary under the direction of a forward observer. It is
also highly likely that indirect fire, especially mortar fire, will be used to initiate an ambush.
Slide #96 a. Active defense.
Direct counterbattery fire if the direction and approximate distance to enemy

artillery can be determined. This can be done using either grid coordinates
or polar plotting.
NOTE You must know the call sign and frequency (or MSE address) of a field artillery unit
that can respond to your request. This must be arranged during the convoy planning
phase.
NOTE The convoy commander should determine likely locations for attack during convoy
planning and coordinate indirect fire on those coordinates at that time. It is much
easier to call in preplanned fire, or to shift from a known coordinate under fire than to
begin the whole process from scratch.
Direct small arms fire or artillery fires against the enemy FO if he can be
located.
Coordinate an air strike against the enemy artillery.
Slide #97 b. Passive defense. An open column formation is the best passive defense against
indirect fire.
Halt the convoy only if the artillery concentration is ahead of the convoy.
Locate an alternate route around the impact area and move out rapidly.
As in an ambush, increase speed and obtain maximum interval between
vehicles.
Prepare for ambush.
If ambush follows, defend as in any other ambush. Get out of the area as
quickly as possible.
Slide #98
8 Learning step/activity 8. Break Contact.

NOTE For hands-on training, see Battle Drill Convoy Breaks Contact With Enemy Forces,
and Dismount and Mount a Wheeled Vehicle Under Direct Fire, which are located
in Annex J.
GENERAL The convoy security elements may not always be capable of suppressing enemy fire and
neutralizing the threat. In this case, the convoy commander must break contact. This
action must be carefully coordinated and rehearsed in order to carry out an orderly
withdrawal.
a. Determine status. If the convoy cannot gain fire superiority, the convoy commander
will give the order to break contact.
b. Designate rally points. The convoy commander will designate both forward and rear
36
rally points. Forward and rear rally points will be used simultaneously if the convoy is
severed. All rally points should be out of range of known enemy fire, and preferably
out of line of sight.
Since a convoy is constantly moving, the use of fixed locations as rally points is of
limited value. Floating rally points are generally more effective than fixed ones,
depending on the situation and terrain.
A floating rally point is a predetermined distance to the front or rear of a convoys

current location, varying in distance from two to six miles. It can be either forward or
to the rear of the convoys direction of movement. The convoy commander should
designate and brief the floating rally point distance prior to crossing the start point.
Never establish a pattern for floating rally point distance. If you become predictable,
the enemy will set up a secondary ambush at your projected rally point. If the lead
vehicle driver finds that the floating rally point is in a built-up area, he should
continue driving until the convoy clears the area and establish the rally point in a
more secure area.
NOTE The designation of rally points, and the method used (floating or fixed), is determined
during convoy planning. These elements should be included in the convoy
commanders briefing prior to crossing the start point (SP).
c. Give the order to break contact.
1) Radio order BREAK CONTACT.

2) Visual or audio signals (pyrotechnics, horns, etc.).
d. Give the order to proceed to the rally point.
1) Radio order RALLY POINT.

2) Specify front or rear, or both if necessary.
3) Provide visual or audio signals (pyrotechnics, horns, etc.).
Slide #99 e. Gun trucks provide covering fire to support evacuation of wounded and break
contact.
f. Deploy obscuration measures (smoke).
g. Litter teams recover wounded and KIA.
h. All personnel and vehicles maintain position, provide suppressive fire, and assist aid
and litter teams as required.
i. Destroy and abandon disabled vehicles in accordance with command directives.
j. Vehicles displace either backward or forward through convoy lines under control of
the convoy commander. The most forward vehicle in the kill zone moves first, the
next most forward vehicle moves second, etc.
k. If the break contact occurs with vehicles on both sides of the kill zone, displacement
of vehicles will occur using an alternating displacement technique.
l. Vehicles separated from the convoy when not in contact with the enemy will stay
together and move to the closest rally point or checkpoint.
Slide #100 This slide depicts a break contact battle drill.
Convoy commander orders withdrawal and identifies the floating rally point.
Vehicles clear the kill zone first with priority to the wounded, and linking with
convoy leadership to insure that no one is left behind.
Vehicles closest to the kill zone are the next to displace.
Gun trucks suppress enemy fire and cover the convoy as vehicles displace.
37
Learning
Slide #101
ELO F ACTION: React to Improvised Explosive Devices
CONDITION: Assigned as the convoy commander, during convoy movement;
given IED characteristics and probable emplacement
intelligence along convoy route, vehicles with
operators/crewmembers, communications, and weapons.
STANDARD: Convoy elements successfully reacted to both suspected and
exploded IEDs by taking mounted evasive action to avoid
destructive effects; relayed suspected IED emplacement
information along roadway to subsequent convoy
vehicle/members; notified higher headquarters of status.
Casualties sustained were evacuated for treatment.
1 Learning step/activity 1. Identify Improvised Explosive Devices (IED).

IEDs often initiate an ambush. Convoy personnel should always expect an ambush to
CAUTION
immediately follow an IED attack.
Slide #102 a. Definition: An Improvised Explosive Device (IED) is a device that is placed or
fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious,
pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals, designed to destroy, disfigure, distract, or
harass. It may incorporate military stores, but is normally devised from non-military
components. Note from the definition that IEDs may have an NBC capability.
The first line of defense against these devices is to maintain situational awareness
Slide #103 and a vigilant security posture. Convoy personnel should attempt to detect IEDs
before they can do any damage. All soldiers in the convoy should scan the roadway
ahead and to each side for any of the following signs of IED emplacement and
respond according to convoy commander/SOP guidance. Drivers should scan 9-1
oclock and vehicle commanders/assistant drivers should scan 11-4 oclock.
Slide #104 b. IEDs can be command detonated, victim actuated, or timed. They can be detonated
using both hard-wired and radio controlled means. Car alarms, battery-powered
remote doorbell devices, remote controlled light switches, and cordless and cellular
telephones are common means of detonation.
Any and all forms of insulated wire can be used to connect the detonator to the
explosive.
c. IEDs may incorporate military ordinance, but are normally devised using non-
military components. IEDs have been known to be constructed using mortar shells,
artillery projectiles, anti-tank mines, diesel fuel or mogas, rockets, black powder,
fertilizer, chemical explosives, etc.
d. IEDs can be daisy chained. A daisy chain is two or more explosive devices wired
together so that a single signal will detonate all the munitions at once.
e. IEDs have been disguised using trash and debris, trash bags, soda cans, milk
38
cans, buckets, burlap bags, MRE bags, etc. The enemy may use decoys and bait
devices to slow or stop convoys in the kill zone. IEDs have been found under
apparently discarded equipment, cigarette cartons, and have even been carried by
children. IEDs are very difficult to detect if employed correctly.
f. IEDs can be easily concealed. They can be hidden in potholes, abandoned
vehicles, and in dead animal carcasses. They have been secured to telephone
poles and guardrails.
g. IEDs can be dropped from overpasses. Drivers should watch for suspicious activity
on overpasses, and never stop under one.
Slide #105 h. Children wearing explosive vests may approach friendly troops or equipment.
i. IEDs may be left in the open to channel convoy traffic into an ambush or other
hazard. Watch for visible ordinance on the road. The enemy may place an
explosive device, such as an artillery shell, on or by the road. When the driver of
the lead vehicle sees it, he will stop or alter his course, which serves to stop the
entire convoy or channel it into a kill zone.
j. Vehicle-borne IEDs (VB/IEDs) can be initiated by either the driver, an occupant, or
remotely. SUVs, pickup trucks, and delivery trucks can carry the largest payload,
and are the most likely suspects. Watch for abandoned vehicles, vehicles parked
where they dont belong, and vehicles with loose wires hanging off of them.
Slide #106 These are the basic components of an IED: an explosive charge (in this case, mortar
rounds, augmented by a flammable liquid), a battery and cable, and a spool of wire.
Slide #107 This is an IED fashioned from a mortar round. IEDs are sometimes supplemented with
secondary munitions.
Slide #108 This is a bucket pressed into service as an improvised shape charge. The giveaway here
is the concave design, which was concealed by the cover. Shape charges are base
initiated. Not the hole in the bottom of the bucket to accommodate detonators.
Slide #109 This is an IED in a trash bag. Note the components: cable (possibly a command wire); a
possible detonator (with leads attached to the black cable); a steel container (suspected to
contain HE); and something that looks like an initiation system (maybe time delay or RC).
It is not uncommon for IEDs to have a dual method of initiation. The long orange item is
possibly a power source.
Slide #110 These photos demonstrate a common and often preferred method of concealment. The
IED was cast in concrete and disguised as part of the curb.
Slide #111 This is an example of an IED firing point. A command wire was found leading back to this
location. Once you observe a suspect IED, be on the lookout for possible firing points and
ambush sites.
Slide #112 Here the attacker used a pole as a marker to confirm when the vehicle was over the IED.
Slide #113
2 Learning step/activity 2. Avoid IEDs.

a. An IED in any shape, form, or fashion is extremely dangerous. It is very difficult to

spot IEDs at convoy speeds. These precautions will assist drivers in countering the
IED threat:
1) Maintain designated convoy speed when possible.
2) Follow the tracks of preceding vehicles on unpaved roads.
3) Stay on the hardstand. Avoid driving on the shoulder of the road.
4) Travel in the lane best suited to allow rapid travel. IEDs are statistically
ineffective on convoys moving faster than 40 miles per hour with at least a
39
50-meter interval.
5) If conditions permit, travel down the middle of the road to stay as far away
as possible from IEDs on the median and breakdown lane.
6) If conditions permit, change convoy position (left, right, middle of the road),
rate of speed, SP times, and convoy routes to present an unpredictable
target.
7) Scan the road carefully for IEDs before coming to a halt.
Slide #114 8) Avoid abandoned or disabled vehicles parked on or near the roadway.
9) Avoid animal-drawn carts or wagons moving near or on the roadway.
10) Watch for signs of tampering, exposed wires, or objects taped or otherwise
attached to the backsides of guardrails.
11) Watch for fresh concrete work on or around the road surface.
12) Watch for packages, containers, or any other foreign objects on center
median turnarounds.
13) Watch for markings warning the local population of IEDs (for example, a
blue X painted in a rock).
14) Prevent civilian vehicles from infiltrating the convoy.
15) Drive in nonstandard patterns to avoid predictability.
Slide #115 b. In addition to watching the road itself, observe the local population for signs of an
IED or impending attack:
1) Sudden activity within crowds as the convoy approaches.

2) Civilians dispersing or disappearing as the convoy approaches.
3) Absence of women and children normally present.
4) Dramatic changes in population from one block to the next.
5) No activity where there are normally large crowds.
Slide #116 6) Suspicious movement in upper floor windows of buildings.
7) Suspicious presence of people or vehicles on overpasses.
8) People inside traffic circles.
9) Signals as convoy approaches, such as flares or building lights going on or
off.
10) Vehicles following the convoy for long distances and then pulling to the side
of the road are often the sign of an impending ambush.
11) Civilians with video cameras. The enemy often records convoy movements
on film to study US TTPs, or may be recording the attack itself.
12) Presence of a media crew. The enemy solicits media attention to gain
publicity for his cause. Media, especially from an unfriendly government or
unfriendly non-governmental organization (NGO) is likely to be invited.
Slide #117
3 Learning step/activity 3. React to suspected IED.

Time of instruction 15
(minutes):
40
CAUTION The procedures listed herein are guidelines only. The IED threat changes constantly, and
methods of dealing with IEDs must remain fluid and dynamic.
CAUTION Although technically a suspected IED cannot be confirmed until an EOD expert examines
it, all convoy personnel should be trained to recognize the telltale signs. Once a suspected
IED is identified, all convoy personnel must react as if the IED is verified, whether an EOD
expert is on the scene or not. Remember that he who always treats the gun as if it is
loaded never gets shot.
GENERAL Detection is your first and best line of defense against an IED. Every soldier in the convoy
should know what an IED is, what to look for, and what to do when a suspected IED is
identified. Convoy personnel should rehearse actions for contact with an IED prior to
departure. If you identify a suspect IED while on the move, take the following actions:
WARNING Inform students to always assume that there is at least one secondary device.
Slide #118 a. Wear helmet, body armor, eye and hearing protection at all times. Eye and hearing
protection should be OSHA approved.
b. Do not approach a suspected IED; it may be command detonated from a distance.
c. Contact follow-on convoy elements and warn them of the threat. To warn follow-on
drivers in the immediate vicinity, throw a smoke grenade from the vehicle on the same
side of the road as the suspected IED. (Do not throw it where it will come in contact or
close proximity with the device.) Unit SOP will designate the color of smoke to use.
Slide #119 d. Drivers that cannot brake quickly enough to stop outside at least a 100 meter radius
of the IED should increase speed and move through the danger area/kill zone as
e. Drivers that can stop prior to entering the kill zone should maintain a distance of at
least 300 meters from a suspected IED. Standoff distance should be varied (beyond
300 meters) to avoid developing a predictable pattern.
f. Do not transmit on radios or cell phones within 100 meters of a suspected IED. Your
vehicle radio or cell phone could detonate the device.
g. Immediately look for potential enemy vantage/observation points. One of these points
may be the location of the trigger man. In addition, many of these sites are also
potential ambush sites.
Slide #120 h. When confronted with a suspected IED, remember the five Cs:
1) CONFIRM the suspected IED sighting and report the finding to higher
headquarters using IED/UXO format. (Do not approach it or tamper with it.)
NOTE The IED/UXO report format is contained in Annex F.
2) CLEAR the area surrounding the IED (minimum 300 meters). The convoy
assumes a box formation on each side of the IED.
3) CORDON off and secure the area. Post guards to prevent risk to military
personnel and vehicles.
4) CONTROL entry and exit to the area around the IED. Establish an entry
point. Do not let civilian or military traffic transit the area. Do not allow
personnel to enter the area unless authorized to do so (i.e., EOD
personnel).
5) CHECK for secondary devices. Always assume that there is at least one
secondary device. Scan the side of the road out to 25 meters from the
shoulder of the road. Use gun trucks or dismounted personnel for this
mission.
41
CAUTION Be careful to always vary the distances that you stop in the vicinity of an IED so as not
to establish a pattern that can be used against you at a later date.
Slide #121 i. Some logistical convoy commanders in the COE have developed an alternative to the
Five Cs. Logistical convoys are convoys that haul cargo daily, usually on a line haul
basis. Line haul is defined as needing one full operating shift to cover one trip or
portion of a trip, and often crossing movement control boundaries (for example,
moving between the COMMZ and corps rear boundaries).
1) Logistical convoys are large, often consisting of fifty vehicles or more.

2) Logistical convoy commanders are faced with unique problems not normally
encountered by smaller convoys made up of units or portions thereof.
3) A large convoy strung out over several miles and setting still for an extended
period of time is highly vulnerable to attack.
4) Because of their immense size and high speed, an alternate school of
thought to the Five Cs for the logistical convoy is to move as far as possible
to the opposite side of the road while staying on the pavement, accelerate,
and keep moving. This in effect exchanges the risk of leaving a large convoy
open to attack while waiting for EOD to arrive for the risk of the IED
exploding as the convoy passes by.
5) The convoy commander forwards a UXO report as the convoy passes.
6) The action you as a convoy commander take upon identifying a suspected
IED will depend on unit SOP. Check your unit SOP for this and any other
deviations in procedure. Countering a rapidly evolving threat requires rapidly
evolving TTPs.
Slide #122
4 Learning step/activity 4. React to an IED attack.

(minutes):
CAUTION The procedures listed herein are guidelines only. The IED threat changes constantly, and
methods of dealing with IEDs must remain fluid and dynamic.
a. Prior to departure, rehearse actions for contact with an IED.

b. Upon detonation, react as if an ambush has been initiated, whether any further
activity takes place or not. It is critical to continue to move. Do not stop unless your
vehicle is disabled or the road becomes blocked.
c. Once contact has been broken and the area secured, proceed to the nearest rally
point to consolidate and reorganize.
d. Forward a SITREP to higher headquarters.
e. The following three slides depict common enemy IED TTPs. Although these
methods are historically preferred by the enemy, remember that his TTPs are
constantly changing and always improving. These methods are always subject to
modification or replacement at any time. They are provided here merely as
examples of how IEDs may be employed.
42
Slide #123 1) Basic no frills IED attack. Here the IED is simply placed on the shoulder of
the road or on the median, camouflaged, and detonated at the appropriate
time using command detonation or victim activation.
Slide #124 This artillery projectile was buried on the side of the road. Note the wire
attached to the fuse.
Slide #125 2) Broken down vehicle IED attack. In this scenario, a supposedly broken down
vehicle is placed on the road. As the convoy passes, it is channeled to the left
side of the road and into the proximity of the median strip where the IED is
placed. This method draws attention away from the IED (convoy personnel will
be looking at the broken down vehicle) and ensures maximum damage by
canalizing the convoy to receive the full effect of the blast.
Slide #126 3) Fiendishly clever IED attack. In this scenario, an IED is placed on the side of
the road, but the camouflage is flawed so that the IED can be easily seen.
The driver of the lead vehicle sees the fake IED and stops the convoy. The
enemy knows that all attention is focused on the fake IED ahead of the
convoy. The real IEDs are actually daisy chained together where the enemy
knows the convoy will stop.
Slide #127 This is an example of multiple artillery projectiles placed along the side of the
road. The projectiles would be daisy-chained together, and usually command
detonated. Here, little effort was made to conceal them. Is this an unfinished
daisy chain, or a set-up for a fiendishly clever IED attack?

Learning
Slide #128
ELO G ACTION: Conduct convoy consolidation and reorganization
CONDITION: Assigned as the convoy commander; given OPORD/SOP guidelines,
convoy personnel and vehicles, equipment, ammunition, and fixed or
floating rally point(s).
STANDARD: Vehicles were recovered; security was established at the rally point;
casualties were evacuated; ammunition was redistributed; equipment
inspected; SITREP forwarded to higher headquarters.
Slide #129
1 Learning step/activity 1. Move from kill zone to rally point.

(minutes):
GENERAL After breaking contact, the convoy must move to the nearest rally point in an orderly
fashion to consolidate and reorganize. These actions, like all others, should be well-
rehearsed prior to crossing the Start Point.
a. Upon order to break contact, unaffected vehicles break contact from the kill zone.
They proceed at an increased rate of speed to a floating or fixed rally point either
forward of or behind the kill zone, depending on the outcome of the fire fight.
b. Rally points will be located at designated points along the convoy route as METT-
TC dictates, out of contact with the enemy. Rally points should be in an open area
43
with maximum observation and clear fields of fire in all directions. If mileage places
a floating rally point in a built-up area, the convoy should continue moving until
beyond the built-up area.
c. Conduct consolidation and reorganization as quickly as possible at the rally points.
Rally point activities will always be conducted following contact unless the
commander directs otherwise.
d. Vehicles will assume a defensive formation at rally points. The optimum vehicle
formation in the COE is the Box Formation.
Slide #130 Task vehicles form a close formation (approximately ten meters apart) with control
vehicles, A&L teams, and maintenance activities inside the box; gun trucks position
themselves at 12, 3, 6, and 9 oclock in the box formation to establish security (12
and 6 if only two gun trucks), or act as roving security; the road is kept clear for
military traffic if possible (civilian traffic is routed around the box, not through it);
facilitates control and security against small arms fire, but vulnerable to air
attack/indirect fire. This is the preferred method in the COE because it facilitates
control, it offers better protection from small arms fire, and it can be assumed
without leaving the pavement.
Slide #131 e. Vehicle occupants will dismount on the non-contact side of vehicles and establish
perimeter security using vehicles for cover.
f. Designated personnel will conduct a sweep of the immediate area around the
vehicles looking for mines, IEDs, or any other signs of enemy activity.
NOTE Consolidation and reorganization begins once the convoy has arrived at the rally point
and it is secured.
g. Once security is established, the convoy commander will collect ACE reports from
leaders.
h. The convoy commander will report to higher headquarters that the rally point is
occupied, along with the status of the convoy.
NOTE Although the consolidation and reorganization activities are listed herein in linear order,
most occur simultaneously.
Slide #132
2 Learning step/activity 2. Evaluate casualties.

(minutes):
a. Treatment of wounded, except for emergency treatment to prevent loss of life,

will occur once casualties are safely removed from the kill zone.
b. Drivers will display the visual signal for casualties on board per unit SOP.
c. Employ combat lifesavers (CLS). CLS will dismount and scan vehicles in
search of casualties.
d. Provide personnel and equipment as needed to assist combat lifesavers (aid,
litter teams).
e. Provide additional security for casualty assistance as required.
f. Receive casualty assessment report from combat lifesaver(s).
g. Determine the need and priority for medical evacuation based on
recommendation of combat lifesaver/medical personnel.
h. Reestablish the chain of command if required.
i. Secure sensitive items/weapons/documents.
j. Report casualty status to higher headquarters.
44
Slide #133
3 Learning step/activity 3. Request Casualty Evacuation.

(minutes):
a. Collect all applicable information needed for the MEDEVAC request. In order
to save valuable time, every vehicle should be equipped with a MEDEVAC
request shell displayed on the dash board.
NOTE A detailed MEDEVAC request format is found in Annex F.
Slide #134 1) Location of the pickup site (6-digit UTM grid).

2) Radio frequency, call sign, and suffix.
3) Number of patients by precedence.
4) Special equipment required.
5) Number of patients by type (litter or ambulatory).
6) Security of pickup site (what possible or known threat is in the area).
7) Method of marking pickup site.
8) Patient nationality and status. (US military, Coalition military, EPW, etc.)
9) NBC contamination information, if applicable.
NOTE Current practice in the COE is to use an eight-line request, omitting item #8.
b. Record the gathered MEDEVAC information using authorized brevity codes.

c. Transmit the MEDEVAC request.
1) Contact the unit that controls the evacuation assets.

2) Transmit the MEDEVAC information in the proper sequence.
Slide #135
4 Learning step/activity 4. Evacuate casualties.

(minutes):
a. Establish a security perimeter around the landing zone.

b. Clear and mark the landing zone (downwind of the convoy formation).
c. Ensure all personnel are briefed concerning duties and safety.
d. Ensure all casualties are evacuated as quickly as possible.
e. Coordinate recovery and evacuation of KIAs IAW unit SOP/OPORD.
f. Consolidate and reorganize as needed to continue the mission.
Slide #136
5 Learning step/activity 5. Conduct Vehicle Recovery and Battle Damage
Assessment and Repair (BDAR).

45
(minutes):
a. Drivers:
1) Assess damage to disabled vehicles.

2) Assess damage to cargo.
3) Report damage through chain of command to recovery team.
4) Assist in vehicle recovery, cargo transload, security, medical
evacuation, and vehicle/cargo destruction as ordered.
NOTE Cargo transload will most often require MHE. This should be
coordinated during the convoy planning stage; not after the ambush has
taken place.
Slide #137 b. Recovery team:
1) Assess damage to disabled vehicles.

2) Report status to the convoy commander.
3) Conduct a hasty hook-up. (The driver will stay with the vehicle and
assist as needed. However, no driver and vehicle will be left alone
without gun truck support.)
4) Conduct a complete and correct hook-up once the vehicle in tow has
cleared the contact area.
5) Displace and link with the convoy at the rally point.
6) Conduct field expedient repairs as needed and as time and security
permit.
NOTE The recovery team always travels in the company of a gun truck when
displacing to recover a damaged vehicle.
Slide #138 c. Convoy commander:
1) Receive the assessment reports from the recovery team and key
personnel.
2) Contact higher headquarters for assistance if any vehicles require
outside support for recovery.
3) Order load redistribution, cargo destruction, and vehicle destruction
based on unit SOP and guidance from higher headquarters.
4) Reassign drivers and crew members as required.
Slide #139
6 Learning step/activity 6. Redistribute Ammunition.

(minutes):
a. Convoy personnel report their ammunition status to first-line leaders as line

one of the ACE report.
b. First-line leaders redistribute ammunition at their level and report the number
of full magazines to the next level.
c. Convoy NCOIC conducts final distribution between sections and provides ACE
report (ammunition report, i.e., number of full magazines and shortages) to the
46
convoy commander.
Slide #140
7 Learning step/activity 7. Inspect equipment.

(minutes):
a. Leaders conduct weapon, communication, and sensitive item inspections and

provide status to the convoy commander.
NOTE Stagger inspections of crew-served weapons to ensure that security is not

compromised.
b. Convoy commander ensures weapons/sensitive items accountability before

continuing the mission.
c. Convoy commander orders redistribution of crew-served weapons if
necessary.
Slide #141
8 Learning step/activity 8. Submit follow-up SITREP to higher headquarters.

(minutes):
a. Ammunition status.
b. Casualties.
1) Number of casualties.
2) Type of casualties.
c. Equipment: damage or losses sustained as a result of combat.
d. Actions taken.
e. Time action took place.
f. Projected effect on mission: estimated delays, amount of cargo lost.
g. Recommendations.
Slide #142
9 Learning step/activity 9. Continue the mission.

(minutes):
a. Reorganize the convoy based on the loss of vehicles and personnel during the
attack.
b. Deploy the forward security element.
c. Coordinate trail party actions.
d. Ensure that no personnel or equipment are left behind.
e. Continue the road march by alternate route if necessary.

Learning
47
Learning
Slide #143
ELO H ACTION: Conduct actions at the release point (RP).
CONDITION: Assigned as the convoy commander, upon arrival at RP; given
remaining convoy vehicles, equipment, cargo, personnel, and
OPORD/SOP guidance
STANDARD: All actions at the RP were conducted including off-loading of
cargo, cross-leveling cargo, reloading return cargo (as applicable),
after-operation PMCS, refueling, rearming, and submission of
convoy commanders closure report.
Slide #144
1 Learning step/activity 1. Complete Release Point (RP) activities.
(minutes):
a. Coordinate RP security.
b. Coordinate medical support for ambulatory patients.
c. Report arrival and status to higher headquarters.
d. Coordinate disposition of KIAs in accordance with unit SOP.
e. Direct off-loading of cargo.
f. Coordinate maintenance or disposal of damaged vehicles.
g. Coordinate issue of ammunition and supplies.
Slide #145 h. Coordinate mess and billeting (if required).
i. Submit convoy commanders report to higher headquarters.
j. Prepare order and briefing for the return convoy.
k. Direct upload of return trip cargo.
l. Debrief the S2 element. The convoy commander will provide the S2 with all
information gathered along the route regarding actual, possible, or potential
enemy activity.
2 Learning step/activity 2. Prepare convoy commanders report.

(minutes):
Prepare the convoy commanders report in accordance with FM 55-30, Appendix R.

GENERAL This is not a uniform report, and will vary greatly between different types of units.
The specific report format for a given unit should be found in the unit SOP.
48
NOTE While it is not the intent of this lesson to teach the student how to prepare a convoy
commanders report, it is important that the student understands that convoy
defense is only a secondary mission. The convoys primary mission is to transport
cargo, personnel, vehicles, or the unit itself to a specified geographic location. The
purpose of the convoy commanders report is to provide the headquarters staff with
vital information concerning the units mission. Therefore, it is of vital importance
not only to report contact with the enemy, but statistical information regarding the
convoy itself as well. A copy of the convoy commanders report as depicted in FM
55-30 is found in Annex E of this Training Support Package. The format depicted
therein is a guide only, and can be modified to fit the needs of the unit.

Learning
Slide #146
ELO I ACTION: Describe the purpose and function of a gun truck.
CONDITION: Given historical data and a Powerpoint presentation on gun truck
functions.
STANDARD: Correctly described the purpose and functions of a gun truck,
including ambush defense, convoy control, and evacuation of
wounded..
1 Learning step/activity 1. Historical review.

49
OVERVIEW The problem of convoy security is not a new one. U.S. Army Regulations
addressed convoy security as early as 1861, and as previously mentioned, the basic
Slide #147 principles of convoy defense have changed little since then. However, the most recent
th
conflict in which convoy security was a major issue was Vietnam. There the 8
Transportation Groups answer to convoy defense was the fabled gun truck. These
colorful, heavily-armed vehicles were dedicated weapons platforms with the primary
purpose of deterring and defending against ambush.
Slide #148 Although these trucks blasted their way into the history books over thirty years
ago, they are highly relevant to the Contemporary Operating Environment. The enemy
is still equipped with the AK-47 and the versatile RPG, and he still is possessed of a
penchant to place field expedient explosives, now known as IEDs, in the path of a
convoy. We still face the problems of excess wear and tear due to the added weight of
armor and ammunition. But most importantly, as was the case in 1968, there is
currently no Army doctrine concerning the employment of gun trucks. The information
contained in this class was learned through often painful lessons, both in Vietnam and
in the Contemporary Operating Environment.
Slide #149 For all their flamboyance, gun trucks were nothing more than field expedients.
The ultimate Vietnam gun truck design was the result not of a carefully laid plan, but
trial and error. Gun trucks were constructed using materials at hand, and armed with
whatever weapons the units could find. The added weight of gun truck armor and
ammunition placed excess wear and tear on the vehicles. This excess weight also
contributed to maintenance concerns. Truck units were not authorized many of the
weapons with which they armed themselves, and gun truck crews had no formal
training. Many gunners learned the principles of employing .50 caliber machine guns
in their first fire fight. As a result, gun truck fire was often not as disciplined or effective
as it should have been.
NOTE Review the slides with the class and discuss how these issues are still relevant in the
Contemporary Operating Environment.
Slide#150 a. Strict adherence to regulations sometimes impeded success. There was no gun
truck manual in Vietnam, and there is none now. Those unwilling to think outside
the box were not and will not be successful.
b. Engine noise caused delays in recognizing attacks.
c. Gun trucks tended to be excessively heavy due to the added weight of armor and
ammunition. This increased wear and tear on the vehicles.
d. Limited ammunition equals limited effectiveness. Basic load for a gun truck was
all you could carry. Most carried at least 17,000 rounds of .50 caliber ammunition.
e. Drivers are best defended by other drivers. CSS units, whose mission was to
move from origin to destination, often found themselves at odds with combat units
assigned to defend them. Combat unit commanders wanted to pursue the enemy
following an ambush, and often left the convoys to continue on without adequate
protection. Conflicts in the chain of command added to this problem. As a result,
most truck units preferred to defend themselves.
f. Gun trucks should be highly visible and highly intimidating. (Many Vietnam gun
trucks were painted with a gloss finish and colorful artwork in the spirit of World
War II aircraft nose art.) The mere presence of gun trucks served to deter attack.
g. In an ambush, the enemy would target the gun trucks first. The prime target
among the crew was not the gunners, but the driver.
h. Gun trucks did not have an adverse effect on a transportation units mission.
They served as a combat multiplier and actually increased a units capability to
carry out its mission.
50
Slide #151 i. Ideal gun truck armor was a double layer of quarter inch steel plate. There was
no standard for employing this armor, but the box of the Eve of Destruction, the
only surviving gun truck, maintains a 14 to 17 inch gap between the two plates.
The crews filled the gap with sandbags, old mattresses, personal gear, or wood.
Wood and sandbags were the preferred fillers.
j. Sandbags had to be maintained. They got very heavy in the rain; when the
weather was dry, they would eventually deteriorate and melt away.
k. Five-ton trucks loaded with the hulks of APCs did not make good gun trucks.
They were overweight, top heavy, dangerous on turns, and the excess weight
caused excessive wear and tear on the vehicle. If the driver did not carefully shift
gears, the front end would lift off the ground. Also, M-113 armor was found to be
inferior to a double layer of steel plate.
l. The box type gun truck was best. The bulk of gun trucks from this period were
equipped with a box on the cargo bed, consisting of a double layer of steel plate.
m. A gun truck crew generally consisted of four soldiers: a driver, NCOIC, and two
gunners. The NCOIC also served as a third gunner.
n. Ring mounts cannot effectively traverse 360 degrees. Virtually all units replaced
them with pedestal mounts, which were far superior.
o. The M-2 .50 cal. Machine gun was the preferred weapon for a gun truck.
Slide #152 p. Gun shields were heavy and restricted observation. Most gunners got rid of them.
q. Shotguns, M-79 grenade launchers, and M-60 machine guns were popular and
highly effective secondary weapons.
r. Intercom link between members of a gun truck crew was critical. They used CVC
helmets or commercial products.
s. The ideal ratio of gun trucks to task vehicles was 1:10.
t. Gun trucks were well-suited to serve as convoy control vehicles. The convoy
commander often rode in the gun truck to facilitate both convoy and fire control.
u. In an ambush, gun trucks were deployed into the kill zone for a quick and violent
response.
v. The area immediately surrounding the gun truck was dead space. The crew-
served weapons could not engage targets at extremely close range due to the
nature of the gun mounts. All crew members, including the driver, kept a case of
grenades close at hand to cover the dead space. This resulted in a lot of blown
out tires, but crews and trucks survived to fight again.
Slide #153
2 Learning step/activity 2. Gun truck functions.

GENERAL A gun truck is a mobile fighting platform. Its purpose is to protect the convoy and kill
the enemy. Gun trucks serve several functions:
a. Ambush deterrence (aggressive yet disciplined posture).

b. Ambush defense. Gun trucks aggressively suppress small arms fire and force
the enemy to break contact.
c. Control vehicles.
d. Forward security element (FSE).
e. Rear security.
f. Perimeter security during halts.
g. Evacuation of wounded from the kill zone.
h. Security for disabled vehicles.
51
Learning
Slide #154
ELO J ACTION: Identify gun truck crew duties
CONDITION: Given a fully-equipped gun truck with crew.
STANDARD: Identified training requirements and duties of personnel
assigned to gun trucks.
1 Learning step/activity 1. Training requirements (all crew members).

Slide #155 a. Qualification on all weapons systems to be employed.

b. Troop Leading Procedures (TLP), Standing Operating Procedures (SOP), and
reporting requirements.
c. All battle drills.
d. Target identification and engagement.
e. Latest enemy TTPs.
f. Convoy control and movement techniques.
g. Safety and risk assessment.
h. Rules of Engagement (ROE).
i. First aid (at least one crewman should be a CLS).
2 Learning step/activity 2. Gun truck section leader (convoy preparation).

Slide #156
GENERAL The gun truck section leader is an NCO placed in charge of all gun trucks in the
convoy. All gun truck commanders answer directly to the gun truck section leader.
The gun truck section leader ordinarily answers directly to the convoy commander,
although his place in the chain of command may vary from unit to unit.
a. Organizes crews and issues OPORD to the gun truck section.

b. Briefs route, order of march, speed, interval, actions at halt, actions at vehicle
breakdown, actions on contact, chain of command, communications and signal
information, vehicle load, and soldiers load.
c. Conducts pre-combat checks (PCC) and pre-combat inspections (PCI).
NOTE A sample PCC/PCI format is located in Annex B. PCC/PCI format and methods
may vary from unit to unit.
d. Conducts section rehearsals and participates in convoy rehearsals.
3 Learning step/activity 3. Gun truck commander/section leader (execution

phase).
52
Slide #157
a. Crosses start point (SP) on time.

b. Maintains position in convoy (normally rear, front, and center in that priority.)
c. Controls the gun trucks based on orders from the convoy commander.
d. Maintains discipline and adheres to all convoy SOPs.
e. Maintains convoy security throughout the movement.
f. Identifies threat and returns fire aggressively, engaging the most dangerous
threats first.
g. If under indirect fire, identify and fire on the enemy forward observer.
h. Quickly assesses the situation and reports to the convoy commander
requesting guidance.
i. If the convoy commander cannot be contacted, acts aggressively in
accordance with SOP and the situation.
4 Learning step/activity 4. Gun truck commander/section leader (at the halt).

Slide #158
a. As FSE, selects halt locations that ensure convoy security.

b. Positions gun trucks for maximum security at the halt.
c. Conducts consolidation and reorganization.
d. Submits SITREP/SALUTE report to the next level in the chain of command as
required.

Learning
Slide #159
ELO K ACTION: Harden Gun Trucks
CONDITION: Given a vehicle, crew-served weapons, tools, and materials for
hardening.
STANDARD: Vehicle was hardened using field expedients.
1 Learning step/activity 1. Harden gun trucks.

53
GENERAL Remember, a gun truck is a field expedient, so it can be any type of vehicle. It may
be a HMMWV with a single machine gun, or a 5-ton truck with two or more machine
guns. The nature of the vehicle and the armament is limited only by the imagination
of the designer and the availability of resources. The key factors in gun truck
planning include armor, or the capability of sustaining a hit; weight; speed;
maneuverability; and armament. The trade-off between armor and weight is critical.
Not enough armor can prove deadly. Too much armor is counterproductive, in that a
heavily-hardened vehicle is extremely heavy, and may be too heavy to keep up with
the convoy it is charged with defending. The excess weight also creates
maintenance problems, and increases down time. A hangar queen cannot be an
effective gun truck.
Due to the nature of the gun truck mission, the hardening methods listed here are
more permanent and detailed than those previously listed. Remember, the role of
the gun truck is to pull into the kill zone and engage the enemy. By its nature, the
gun truck draws fire.
Slide #160 a. For basic hardening, follow the procedures from the earlier lesson, Harden
Vehicles.
b. There are numerous commercial kits on the market for hardening vehicles. If
your unit has them, you may need to modify the kit to better fit mission
requirements.
c. The ideal armor for a gun truck (if such a thing exists) is a double layer of
quarter-inch steel plate.
d. The best gun truck configuration is the box type. This consists of hardening
the cargo bed or a part of it with a box consisting of steel plate, sand bags, or
a combination of both. There should be a space of approximately eighteen
inches between the plates, with wood or sandbags placed between them. If
steel plate is not available, a wood frame should be used to hold sandbags in
place. The size of the box depends on the number of crew-served weapons
employed. A temporary box can be secured to the bed using cargo straps.
(Vehicles equipped in this manner should carry extra cargo straps in case one
or more is damaged during a fire fight.)
e. Hardening the doors and the floorboard of a gun truck is especially important.
Sandbags are effective for the floorboard, but are heavy, take up a lot of room,
and create the hazard of blowing loose sand into the drivers face. A more
permanent method is to place a layer of quarter-inch steel plate on the
floorboard, covered with a two to three-inch layer of wet-packed sand, with a
second layer of steel plate on top. A rubber mat or Kevlar blanket on the top
layer of steel plate helps further insulate the driver from injury.
In the absence of a commercial hardening kit, doors are best hardened by

welding a steel plate to them. A second plate, welded to the front edge of the
first plate and flared out toward the rear of the door, serves to better protect
the driver. The added weight of armor on vehicle doors greatly increases wear
and tear on the hinges. It is wise to reinforce the door hinges during
hardening.
f. Harden the windshield and windows. At the least, secure chicken wire to the
windows to keep out rocks, grenades, etc. For best protection, replace the
windows with quarter-inch steel plate with a port hole cut into it. Steel plate
can be applied to the windshield in the same manner. However, visibility is an
important factor, and should not be significantly degraded.
g. The vehicle should be readily accessible. Access doors are preferable to
exposure to enemy fire. Ladders may be added to reduce the risk of injury
while dismounting. However, ladders should not be used to dismount during
54
combat. Avoid overhead cover that limits visibility, degrades the capability to
traverse weapons, or impedes rapid exit.
h. Remember, a gun truck is a field expedient. Although the unit SOP may
provide guidelines in hardening gun trucks, the unit commander is generally
on his own in developing the final configuration.
Slide #161
2 Learning step/activity 2. Arm gun trucks.

a. Determine what weapons assets are required.

b. Determine what assets are available. These may be organic assets, or may be
inorganic to the unit. (After over 30 years, the weapon of choice for gun truck
operations remains the M2 .50 caliber machine gun.)
NOTE Gun trucks are often equipped with inorganic weapons, obtained and fitted to
unit vehicles by highly creative soldiers. Before employing such weapons,
ensure that you have the capability to supply and maintain them. Also ensure
that the weapon is appropriate for the platform on which you plan to mount it.
Vietnam was the scene of many embarrassing failures due to the mounting of
heavy weapons systems on vehicles not designed to support them.
c. Coordinate with higher headquarters to obtain shortfalls.

d. Once additional weapons are obtained, determine how they will be mounted.
1) Ring mounts are not well-suited to gun truck operations as pedestal

mounts because the gunner cannot traverse 360 degrees.
2) Pedestal mounts are superior and can be locally fabricated, but should
be constructed to sustain the shock of constant movement and machine
gun fire.
e. Determine whether gun shields will be used. Consider added weight and
limited visibility against benefits in protection.
f. Determine where the weapons will be mounted. This decision is based on
experience, unit SOP, and availability of parts and equipment.
g. Supplement crew-served weapons with small arms as needed and available.
1) M-16 rifles or carbines for general defense.

2) Shotguns for short-range and urban defense.
3) M-203 grenade launchers for suitable targets and dead space.
4) Hand grenades for dead space.
h. Provide the crew with pyrotechnics for signaling.

i. Train the crew on its assigned weapons and on gun truck operations. Each
crewman should be capable of carrying out all duties on the truck.

Learning
c. Providing immediate feedback in context to the material presented and
correcting student misunderstandings.
55
Slide #162
ELO L ACTION: Employ gun trucks
CONDITION: Assigned as the convoy commander, and given a convoy in the
COE with fully-equipped gun trucks.
STANDARD: Correctly deployed gun trucks for control and firepower during
road march, ambush, IED attack, and various contingency
situations.
1 Learning step/activity 1. Basic employment.

Slide #163
The convoy commander is responsible for the employment of gun trucks.
a. Ensure that crews remain alert and display tough and aggressive, yet
controlled and disciplined posture.
b. Ensure that all gun trucks have functional communications systems.
Communication between gun truck commanders/section leaders/convoy
commander is critical. Intercom communication between gunners and the gun
truck driver is equally critical.
c. Employ a minimum of two gun trucks per convoy; at least three with convoys
greater than ten vehicles.
d. Employ as follows:
1) Gun Truck I: (Front) covers front and flanks 270 degrees; scouts for
IEDs; scans overpasses; anticipates ambush, and locates probable
ambush sites.
2) Gun Truck III: (Rear) covers rear and flanks 270 degrees; acts as quick
reaction force (QRF).
3) Gun Truck II: (Center) covers flanks. May act as roving security,
constantly changing position in the convoy.
The priority for employment of gun trucks is rear, front, then in the body of the
column (center). The rear is the softest spot in a CSS convoy, with most trucks
having a large blind spot. The enemy knows this and will take advantage of it if
given the chance.
2 Learning step/activity 2. Gun truck maneuver responsibilities.

Slide #164
a. Gun trucks display tough and aggressive, yet controlled and disciplined
posture. The first defense is to deter ambush through intimidation.
b. Gun trucks can be used to disperse crowds blocking the road.
c. Gun truck crews scan and identify enemy RPG gunners and search for the
tell-tale puff of bluish-gray smoke from RPG launch.
d. Gun Trucks I and II secure intersections and other critical points, blocking
civilian traffic as the convoy negotiates them.
e. Gun trucks provide security at rest halts, rally points, disabled vehicle, and
56
CASEVAC halts.
f. Upon IED attack, gunners scan for enemy forces and repel follow-on small
arms/RPG attacks.
g. Gun trucks maneuver to block and repel civilian vehicles attempting to infiltrate
the convoy.
3 Learning step/activity 3. Forward Security Element (FSE).

Slide #165
GENERAL The FSE consists of forward deployed gun trucks or convoy escort vehicles. It is
often referred to as a Rat Patrol. The role of the FSE is to range ahead of the
convoy. The FSE identifies and takes action against potential threats, and provides
additional security at critical points along the route. An FSE should be employed
only if there are at least two gun trucks in the convoy. If there is only one gun truck,
it should always stay with the convoy.
a. Deploy FSE gun trucks ahead of the convoy to clear the route, identify suspect
IEDs, check choke points and other danger areas, and provide a show of
force.
b. If there are two or three gun trucks in the convoy, keep the FSE in line of sight
of the convoy, not more than one to two kilometers in front.
c. If there are four or more gun trucks in the convoy, two gun trucks may scout
ahead of the convoy, no farther than three kilometers.
d. The elements of the FSE, Gun Trucks I and II, move forward together. Never
deploy one gun truck alone as an FSE.
e. FSE maintains communications with the convoy at all times.
f. Travel in overwatch formation. In choke points or other critical areas, Gun
truck I bounds forward while Gun Truck II maintains overwatch. After the
convoy passes, the FSE will either move back to the front of the convoy, or
assume pre-arranged positions at or near the rear while a new FSE emerges
from the front of the convoy.
Slide #166
4 Learning step/activity 4. Secure overpass.

GENERAL A primary FSE responsibility is to secure overpasses as the convoy passes under
them. Overpasses are particularly hazardous, in that the enemy has the multiple
advantage of cover, concealment, and observation over the convoy. He can drop
debris or IEDs on vehicles, or launch an ambush from this vantage point. However,
the enemy is highly vulnerable on an overpass, and the FSE is capable of exploiting
this weakness.
a. Gun Truck I, in the lead position, approaches the overpass and proceeds up
the exit ramp.
b. Gun Truck I clears the overpass from the top of the ramp through a show of
force, firing warning shots if necessary.
57
NOTE The use of warning shots is a two-edged sword. It can scare off a potential
adversary, but it can also incite violence. Use only as a last resort.
c. Gun Truck II provides overwatch for Gun Truck I from the road below while
Gun Truck I clears the overpass.
d. After Gun Truck I clears the overpass but before the arrival of the convoy, Gun
Truck II moves to the other side of the overpass and provides overwatch for
the convoy as it passes.
e. If a third gun truck is available, it will provide security below the overpass until
the convoy passes.
f. Once the convoy passes, gun trucks take their original positions in the convoy
or assume new positions in accordance with SOP.
g. If there are several overpasses in close proximity, securing them in this
manner may not be possible. In this case, gun truck crews should train their
weapons on the overpasses and secure them as well as possible from below.
Slide #167 h. If fired upon from the overpass, Gun Trucks I and II will flank the overpass
from the entrance/exit ramps and deliver aggressive fire to neutralize the
threat.
WARNING A flanking action on an overpass poses an extremely high risk of fratricide. This
attack must be coordinated in relatively close quarters, and both visibility and line of
fire are limited due to the elevation of the bridge and the ramps. Gun truck crews
must carefully rehearse this maneuver in order to carry out a well-coordinated attack
and prevent fratricide.
Slide #168
5 Learning step/activity 5. Negotiate traffic circle

GENERAL A critical point on any convoy route is a traffic circle. Traffic circles can be difficult to
negotiate in a benign civilian environment, let alone a tactical environment. The object in
negotiating a traffic circle is to make a quick and orderly passage while preventing civilian
traffic from infiltrating the convoy. If the enemy can infiltrate the convoy in this manner, it is
a relatively simple matter to fire on vehicles, drop an IED, or isolate a vehicle and attack it
before security elements have a chance to react. To negotiate a traffic circle:
a. Forward security element moves ahead of the convoy and blocks civilian traffic. If the
convoy does not have a forward security element, gun trucks or armed escort
vehicles move forward. Regardless of how this is accomplished, it is critical that you
do not leave the convoy unguarded, even for a few moments.
b. If the on/off ramp is in the vicinity of an overpass, care must be taken to secure the
overpass as well as blocking the on/off ramp. (See Secure Overpass under ELO L,
Employ Gun Trucks.)
c. Security elements block the circle as the convoy transits the traffic circle.
d. Security elements rejoin the convoy.
Slide #169
6 Learning step/activity 6. Negotiate on/off ramp

58
GENERAL Another opportunity for civilian vehicles to infiltrate or otherwise interfere with a convoy is
the on/off ramp. To negotiate an on/off ramp:
a. Forward security element or gun trucks/escorts move ahead of the convoy to block
the road in the same manner as negotiating a traffic circle.
b. Security elements block traffic while the convoy enters or exits the highway.
c. Security elements rejoin the convoy.
7 Learning step/activity 7. Ambush procedures.

Slide #170
a. In an ambush, gun trucks forward of the kill zone continue to move forward
unless the convoy is forced to stop. They maintain security for the forward
element unless called back by the convoy commander.
b. Gun trucks in the kill zone aggressively return fire in order to neutralize the
threat.
c. Gun trucks to the rear of the kill zone will move forward and engage the
enemy from a standoff distance, suppressing fire and neutralizing the threat.
(The last gun truck in the convoy will not move forward, but will maintain rear
security.)
Slide #171 d. The rear gun truck remains with the trail element unless called forward by the
convoy commander.
e. All gun trucks prepare to move, on order, to engage the enemy. If enemy fire
is overwhelming, the convoy commander may call additional gun trucks from
forward or to the rear of the convoy for support.
f. Gun trucks continue to engage the enemy until the threat is neutralized. If the
gun truck crew cannot force the enemy to break contact, the gun truck should
remain in place and continue to fire until the kill zone is cleared.
g. Gun trucks provide security and other support as needed during consolidation
and reorganization.

Learning
SECTION IV. SUMMARY
Method of Instruction: (For summary only)


Learning
59
Slide #172
Review/ This lesson covered the basic information a convoy commander needs to know in order
Summarize to successfully defend a convoy in a COE environment.
Lesson
Slide #173 We have discussed the characteristics of the threat. Remember that in
asymmetric warfare, the enemy will focus his actions on soft targets; especially
convoys.
We have discussed hardening vehicles. The most important factors in vehicle
hardening are weight versus protection. An overweight vehicle provides better
protection, but you sacrifice speed, and you can expect maintenance problems.
We discussed the convoy briefing. A convoy cannot be successful unless it is
carefully planned and fully briefed. Remember the five paragraph operations
order format. Also, remember that rehearsals of all contingencies are critical to
success under fire.
We discussed convoy execution. Maintaining situational awareness and
communications is a matter of life and death in a combat environment.
Remember your defensive measures.
We covered defense against various forms of attack. Your greatest risk is from
ambush and IED attack. Your objective is not to close with and destroy the
enemy. Your objective is to break contact as soon as possible and continue the
mission with your assets intact.
We discussed IEDs. Remember that IEDs can be disguised as virtually
Slide #174 anything, and they are very difficult to detect. You must make the assumption
that you will be hit, and you must be prepared for it.
We covered consolidation and reorganization. You will consolidate and
reorganize after every attack. This is your opportunity to evacuate your
wounded, conduct field expedient repairs, redistribute ammunition, and prepare
for subsequent attacks.
We discussed release point activities. It is imperative that you use whatever time
you have at the release point to repair your vehicles, maintain your weapons,
and take care of your troops.
We discussed gun trucks. We covered the history of gun trucks from Vietnam,
and we covered gun truck functions. Your best defense against ambush is
deterrence. Maintain an aggressive, yet disciplined posture.
We discussed the duties of the gun truck crew and gun truck section leader.
Every gun truck crew member should be capable of performing all gun truck
crew duties.
We discussed hardening and arming gun trucks. Remember, a gun truck is a
field expedient. Your armor and weapons systems are limited only by your
imagination and the materials available to you. Position your weapons for a
maximum field of fire, but beware once again of the problems of armor versus
weight, and weight versus speed.
We discussed gun truck employment. Place your gun trucks in the front, middle,
and rear of your convoy. Use their fire power to its maximum advantage in an
ambush. And do not deploy a lone gun truck as an FSE.
Transition to The next phase of instruction will be the Live Fire Exercise.
Next Lesson
SECTION V. STUDENT EVALUATION

N/A
60
Testing N/A
Requirements
Feedback a. Schedule and provide feedback in context to the material presented; correct student
Requirement misunderstandings.
b. Provide remedial training as needed.
61
FOR:
ANNEX A
CONVOY WARNING ORDER FORMAT
1. SITUATION: General overview of enemy and friendly situation in the area of operation (AO).
Friendly units are those that might provide direct support to the convoy along its route.
2. MISSION: The mission statement is a clear, concise statement of the mission to be achieved.
The mission statement will state WHO, WHAT (the task), WHEN (SP time), WHERE (usually a
designation with a route(s)), and WHY (the purpose). An example of a restated mission
st
statement is: 1 Platoon moves Class III & V 210800C Dec 03 from Navistar to Scania on MSR
st
Tampa in order to resupply 3BCT, 1 Armored Division.
3. TASK ORGANIZATION: This is a critical component of a good WARNO. It is the initial

convoy manifest (see Appendix B for considerations for convoy organization and order of
movement and manifest format).
4. Initial Time Schedule: Explanation and Format following the Convoy Warning Order Format.
5. Special Instructions: Guidance concerning PCCs, PCIs, rehearsals and / or additional tasks
to be accomplished.
6. Service & Support: Much of this information should be determined by a units standard
operating procedures (SOPs). This section can be used for changes or additional information.
Class I: (Rations & Water)
62
Class III: (POL)
Class V: (Ammunition / Pyrotechnics)
Weapon System Rounds Type
Pyrotechnic Device Number Location
Class VIII: (Medical / CLS / Supplies)
7. Uniform and equipment common to all:

FOR:
ANNEX B
PRE-COMBAT CHECKS AND INSPECTIONS
Individual Checklist: (per SOP, as designated by the unit commander)
____Weapon (cleaned, function tested, and appropriately lubed)
____Ammunition and magazines (magazines serviceable and ammunition loaded correctly)
____Kevlar (chin strap serviceable)
63
____Body armor (plates properly installed and worn)
____Notebook and writing device
____Issued goggles (clear lenses installed?)
____LBE w/2 canteens (topped off) or w/ hydration system
____2 First aid pouches w/dressing
____Flashlight w/extra batteries and bulb
____Military ID card
____I.D. tags
____Civilian/military driver license
____Combat lifesaver kit
____IV bags x type (expiration dates checked)
____NVGs with batteries
____OVM keys
____Attended convoy brief
____Attended rehearsals
____Sleeping bag
____1 set DCUs
____2 T-shirts
____2 pr underwear
____2 pr socks
____1 Towel
____1 Wash cloth
____Personal hygiene kit
____1 Sunscreen
____JLIST gear complete
____Wet weather gear
____MRES: ____each
____Work coveralls ____work gloves
____Goretex top/bottom (cold weather)
64
____Polypro top/bottom (cold weather)
____Gloves (cold weather)
____Weapon cleaning kit w/CLP or MILTECH
(NOTE: Units should add and delete items based on METT-T.)
Vehicle Checklist:
____Completed 5988E (before PMCS) Are there any issues yet to be resolved?
____Current vehicle dispatch
____Fuel/fluid levels topped off
____Additional package products
____VS-17 panel
____Extra fuel can topped off and secured
____Class I basic load (____MRE____water)
____Communications check of all available systems (What are ranges, frequencies?)
____Inventory of all required signal devices
____BII complete
____Execution matrix (Pages 1 and 2)
____Tow bar (if specified)
____Cargo secured IAW guidance/TM (Number of cargo, required devices serviceable/on hand?)
____Road guard belt
____Flashlight w/ extra batteries
____Map/strip map(s)
____Warning triangles
____Fire extinguisher
____Windows and mirrors cleaned
____Emergency call signs and frequencies posted near each radio
____MEDEVAC nine line format posted near each radio
____Turn signals and lights serviceable
____Issued pyrotechnics
65
____Litter(s) (if designated)
(NOTE: Units should add and delete items based on METT-T.)
Leader Checklist:
____Binoculars
____Radio check (internal, command, administrative, and logistics)
____MTS operational
____Convoy order and execution matrix
____SOI
____Map with current graphics
____Strip map with extra copies
____Sensitive items/personnel list
____Combat lifesaver w/aid bag (date?)

____Current situation brief (intelligence)
____Risk assessment signed by the commander
____GPS (programmed with appropriate mission information/extra batteries)
____Vehicle and personnel manifest
66
FOR:
ANNEX C
CONVOY TASK ORGANIZATION
1. General. Convoys are planned to organize and control road movements. This includes
tactical movement of combat forces, tactical movement of logistics units and the
movement of personnel, supplies and equipment to support forces in combat. For the
purpose of this discussion, a convoy is a group of vehicles (2 to 20 vehicles) organized
under a single commander / leader for one of the purposes stated above. There is no
intent here to cover administrative convoy procedures (loads, routes or activities at the
destination). The considerations provided here pertain to organizing for combat. Once
the organization of the convoy has been decided it becomes the convoy manifest (See
Appendix B).
2. Key Personnel/Teams and Functions/Locations. All of the personnel and team

functions described here pertain to any size convoy. Depending on the number of
vehicles involved, multiple duties may be performed by a single vehicle crew.
Convoy Commander (CC): The single leader charged with responsibility for the
planning, preparation and execution of a convoy. The CC will normally position
himself well forward in the main body, but is free to travel or move to any location that
will enhance his ability to command and control the convoy.
Assistant Convoy Commander (ACC): 2IC and charged with the responsibility for
logistical support of the convoy during preparation and execution. In coordination
with the CC, the ACC will insure that all classes of supply are planned for and issued,
that maintenance of vehicles, communications, weapons and other key equipment is
checked and that medical preparations to treat and evacuate casualties are
accomplished. During convoy execution, the ACC will be in charge of the rear
element monitoring rear security and overwatching the trail elements of the convoy.
He will assist the CC in controlling the rear gun truck if one is assigned. He will direct
casualty treatment and evacuation teams and will supervise recovery operations.
Lead Vehicle Commander (LVC): The LVC is responsible for navigation, speed
and interval of the convoy based on the guidance in the convoy brief and the
situation on the ground. He should be an experienced leader who is familiar with the
67
route. He will be in charge of the forward element monitoring forward security. He
will assist the CC in controlling the lead gun truck if one is assigned.
Combat Life Savers (CLS) / Medics: The Combat Life Savers / Medics are
responsible for rendering medical treatment and supervising evacuation of casualties.
If possible, multiple CLSs should be assigned dispersing assets throughout the
convoy and assigning them responsibility for designated vehicles in order to speed
medical attention. If limited, CLS assets should
always be positioned in the rear of the formation in order to better support the
contacts anywhere in the convoy.
Aid and Litter (A&L) Team: The Aid and Litter Teams of two to four soldiers each
are responsible for providing buddy aid, preparation of casualties for movement
and/or evacuation under supervision of the CLS. If possible, multiple teams should
be assigned, dispersing assets throughout the convoy and assigning them
responsibility for designated vehicles in order to speed medical assistance. If limited,
teams should always be positioned in the rear of the formation in order to better
support the CLS. CLS personnel should not be assigned to an aid and litter team.
They should focus on treatment.
The Landing Zone (LZ) Team: The LZ team is responsible for selecting, securing,
clearing, establishing and marking the LZ site. If possible, assign an alternate team.
Recovery Team: A vehicle(s) should be designated to assist with maintenance and
recovery along the route. Ideally it would be a wheeled maintenance and recovery
vehicle with maintenance trained personnel as driver/TC. If that is not possible, the
vehicle should be capable of towing any vehicle in the convoy and be equipped with
chains, tow cables and tools that may be required to provide minor repairs and
recovery. The personnel assigned to this vehicle should have practiced hasty
recovery prior to SP. This vehicle is normally the next to last vehicle in the convoy it
there is a rear gun truck. If it is the last vehicle, it must have a rear guard with an
automatic weapon to provide protection to the rear of the convoy.
3. Convoy Organization / Order of March: Convoys are generally organized in three

elements: the lead, main body and trail. The lead element consists of the lead gun truck
(if available) and the LVC. The main body consists of the majority of the vehicles in the
convoy with the CC traveling well forward in this element. Petroleum or ammunition
vehicles should be separated throughout this element. Heavier and slower vehicles
should be forward in the main body to assist in gauging/maintaining convoy speeds. For
large convoys, multiple CLS/Aid and Litter Teams and additional gun trucks should be
dispersed throughout this element. The trail element consists of CLS/Aid and Litter
Team, the recovery vehicle, the ACC and the rear gun truck. How key personnel and
teams might be organized in an order of march for 4, 8 and 20 vehicle convoys is
illustrated on the following page.
CONVOY TASK ORGANIZATION
4 VEHICLE 8 VEHICLE 20 VEHICLE
68
CONVOY CONVOY CONVOY
LVC LVC GUN TRUCK

(AUTO WPN / GUNTRUCK) (AUTO WPN / GUNTRUCK) LVC
CC / CLS CC
LZ Team
CLS
A&L / LZ Team CLS
A & L Team
CC
ACC / RECOVERY A & L / LZ Team
AUTO WPN / GUNTRUCK
RECOVERY
RECOVERY
LZ Team
GUN TRUCK
ACC
AUTO WPN / GUNTRUCK A & L Team
CLS
ACC
RECOVERY
GUN TRUCK
CC: Convoy Commander

ACC: Assistant Convoy Commander
LVC: Lead Vehicle Commander
A&L: Aid and Litter Team
CLS: Combat Lifesaver Team
LZ: Landing Zone Team
REC: Recovery Team
69
FOR:
ANNEX D
CONVOY MANIFEST
CONVOY MANIFEST
BT 316
(CONVOY NUMBER IF ASSIGNED)
nd th
UNIT: 2 PLT / 312 PA Co DATE: 04 JAN 2004
CONVOY CDR: SFC JONNY MUMFORD PAGE 1 of
1
ORDER
OF
MARCH
/
INTERN BUMPE
AL R CONVOY PERSONNEL KEY COMMUNICA
CALLSI NUMB RANK / (Last Name, First ASSIGNED WEAP TION
GN ER Name) TASKS ONS SYSTEMS
TRUCK - Lead Gun
H4 SPC Hogdon, Don M16 SINCGAR
1 Truck
PVT Lawrence, Gary M249 Hand Held
SPC Elswick, Gary M16
TRUCK - Lead SINCGAR /
HQ 35 SGT Anthony, Steve M16
2 Vehicle CDR MTS
SPC Beard, Kim M16 HANDHELD
TRUCK -
HQ 14 SPC Acton, Curtis M16 Hand Held
3
PVT Cook, Bridget M249
Sample Convoy Manifest
70
CONVOY MANIFEST
_______________
(CONVOY NUMBER IF ASSIGNED)
UNIT: ____________________________ DATE:

_____________________
CONVOY CDR: ____________________________ PAGE ____ of ____
ORDER
OF
MARCH / KEY
INTERNAL BUMPER CONVOY PERSONNEL ASSIGNED WEAPO COMMUNICATI
CALLSIGN NUMBER RANK / (Last Name, First Name) TASKS NS ON SYSTEMS
71
FOR:
ANNEX E
CONVOY COMMANDERS REPORT
______________________ ______________
(Appropriate headquarters) (Unit designation)
______________________ _____
(Convoy clearance number) (Date)
____________________________
(Number and type of task vehicles)
______________
(Control vehicles)
I. FORWARD MOVEMENT
R-1. CONVOY OPERATING TIME.
Arrive start point ________________

Arrive load point ________________
Depart load point ________________
Loading time ________________
Arrive HRP(s) ________________
Depart (clear) HRP(s) ________________
Arrive unload point ________________
Depart unload point ________________
Time at unload point ________________
R-2. CARGO/PERSONNEL.
Cargo (STONs) ________________

Class/type ________________
Number of personnel ________________
R-3. DISTANCES (SPEEDOMETER READING, LEAD VEHICLES).
Start point ________________

Loading point ________________
Forward mileage (no load) ________________
Unload point ________________

Forward mileage (loaded)
(load point to unload point) ________________
72
R-4. REMARKS. Include date such as location of start point, route conditions, delays
encountered and reasons thereof, and other operational information deemed
necessary/appropriate.
II. RETURN MOVEMENT
R-1. CONVOY OPERATING TIME.
Arrive/return load point ________________

Depart/return load point ________________
Return load time ________________
Arrive HRP(s) ________________
Depart (clear) HRP(s) ________________
Arrive unload point ________________
Depart unload point ________________
Time at unload point ________________
Arrive unit area ________________
R-2. CARGO/PERSONNEL
Cargo (STONs) ________________

Class/type ________________
Number of personnel ________________
R-3. DISTANCE IN MILES
Unit to forward load area ________________

Forward load area to destination ________________
Destination to return load area ________________
Return load area to destination ________________
Return unload area to unit ________________
Deadhead total ________________
Operational total ________________
R-4. REMARKS. Include operational remarks as deemed appropriate to include passengers

and/or ton miles; average rate of march, and so forth.

FOR:
ANNEX F
REPORTS
Report information organized into one of the following formats to assist PL/CC/SC submitting
SITREPSs to higher headquarters. Leaders organize information into SPOT report and SALUTE
report format to send SITREP to higher.
73
ACE Report: ACE reports are used within the convoy to complete CIR for the PL/CC/SC to
submit SITREPS to higher, usually after contact.
Ammunition: Basic load remaining per individual/crew-served weapon system

after contact.
Casualties: Number and type sustained after contact.
Equipment: Damage or losses sustained as result of contact.
SPOT Report: The SPOT report is used to send a quick report on an event either during the
occurrence or after the convoy is out of danger.
Size: Number of personnel/equipment.
Position: Observers position, call sigh, and location.
Observers Actions: Actions observed/taken.
Time: Time action/observation took place.
Observers Actions: Outlines activities, actions, or recommendations.
(NOTE: The observer updates the SPOT report as the situation changes.)
SALUTE Report: The SALUTE report is used in the same manner as a SPOT reportit simply
contains more details.
Size: Number of personnel/equipment.
Activity: What the enemy is doing.
Location: Grid coordinates or orientation to local buildings.
Unit: Uniforms/patches/clothing.
Time: When the activity was observed.
Equipment: Description or identification of all equipment.
MEDEVAC Request:
Line 1: Location of P/U site (6-digit UTM grid).
Line 2: Frequency, call sign, and suffix of requesting personnel.
Line 3: Number of patients by precedence: Urgent loss of life or limb within 2 hours; Priority
loss of life or limb within 4 hours; Routine evacuation within 24 hours.
Line 4: Special equipment required. As applicable, express either none, hoist, or stokes litter
(basket).
Line 5: Number of patients by type (litter or ambulatory).
Line 6: Security of pickup site (what possible/known threat is in the area).
74
Line 7: Method of marking pick-up site (near/far recognition devices).
Line 8: Patient nationality and status (Coalition Military, US Contractor, Non-US Contractor, EPW)
Line 9: NBC contamination.
UXO Report:
Line 1: Date time group discovered: (Command policy will dictate Local or Zulu time).
Line 2: Reporting activity (UIC/unit designation). Location: mandatory 8-digit grid: (include:
landmarks, reference points, or street address).
Line 3: Contact method: Radio frequency/call sign or telephone number. (If using phone number,
provide name.)
Line 4: Type of munition: (Dropped, projected, placed, or thrown).
Line 5: NBC contamination: Yes or no, nknown or suspected NBC contamination. If yes, report
type of agent if known/identified.
Line 6: Resources threatened: (What resource is threatened is it a critical asset?).
Line 7: Impact on mission: (How the UXO is affecting the mission).
Line 8: Protective measures taken: (Unit emplaced protective measures).
Line 9: Recommended priority: (Immediate, indirect, minor, or no threat).

FOR:
ANNEX G
CONVOY LIVE FIRE EXERCISE
NOTE: This exercise is designed to be carried out at the institutional training level. If this exercise
is conducted at unit level, Observer/Controllers (O/C) will play a diminished role, and unit
personnel will assume a much more realistic leadership role. This exercise is designed to be
carried out using five 5-ton trucks; three to be used as gun trucks and two as task vehicles.
However, any available vehicles are appropriate, providing they serve the purpose of acting as
gun trucks and troop transport vehicles. Weapons for the exercise consist of M16s and M249s.
All convoy personnel, including drivers, will participate in the firing phases. If additional weapons
are available (such as the M2 .50 cal. machine gun), the institution or unit may incorporate them
into the scenario.
O/C Link-up
The O/Cs will conduct link-up with the convoy commander at 0700 on the day of the exercise.
The O/C Team, led by the O/C NCOIC, will conduct an in-ranks inspection of all members of the
convoy to ensure all weapons are on safe, blank adapters are on weapons, and the platoon has
sufficient blank ammunition to conduct the blank-fire rehearsal. Once the inspection is complete
and all corrections are made, the Senior O/C will conduct the Live Fire Safety Briefing. Following
75
the safety briefing, the O/C Team will take their appropriate places within the convoy and the
convoy commander will conduct a tactical convoy movement to the Live Fire Assembly Area
(AA).
Actions in the AA
At the AA, the O/Cs will conduct a functional skills test with each student from 0800 to 0830.
O/Cs will report all NO-GOs or safety violations to the Senior O/C. Once the functional skills test
is complete, the O/C Team will conduct an informal risk assessment. They will also determine if
additional training and/or retesting is required. Students who fail to pass a retest of the functional
skills test or commit any unsafe acts will not be permitted to fire blank or live ammunition during
the live-fire. From 0830 to 0900, the student convoy commander will conduct a convoy brief to the
convoy using a sand table provided by the Live Fire Team. The convoy commander will issue the
following time schedule for the operation as part of his brief::
0900-1100 Crew Served Weapons Drills (M-249), special team rehearsals (aid & litter,
vehicle recovery team), and convoy full-force rehearsal
1100-1300 O/C guided blank fire rehearsals
1400 Test Fire
1410 SP/LFX
Walk-thru
From 0900-1100, the convoy will conduct walk-through rehearsals, guided by the O/Cs. This
walk-thru will be conducted in the AA and will consist of crew served weapons drills, special team
rehearsals, and a convoy full-force rehearsal. During the convoy full force rehearsal, the students
will rehearse each live fire scenario: react to ambush (blocked), react to ambush (unblocked), and
react to Improvised Exploding Device (IED). Key areas to be emphasized by the O/Cs will be fire
control and distribution; maintaining sustained suppressive fires; actions of special teams; visual
signals; communication; and reporting. At 1100, the O/C Team will conduct an informal AAR with
the students to identify areas of weakness. Once the students have mastered all tasks, they can
progress to the Blank Fire Rehearsal.
Blank Fire Rehearsal
From 1100 to 1300, the convoy will conduct a blank fire rehearsal. The blank fire will be
conducted in exactly same manner as the live-fire (See Scenarios 1, 2, and 3). The students will
not progress to the live-fire unless they have completed the blank-fire iteration to standard. At
1300, the O/C Team will conduct an informal AAR with the students to identify areas of weakness
at the LFX AAR site. Upon completion of the AAR, the convoy will consolidate all blank CLASS V.
The O/C team will take control of the blank ammunition. The Final O/C risk assessment will be
completed NLT 1330. Once complete, O/Cs will conduct an in-ranks brass and ammo check of all
students and vehicles, remove and store all blank adapters, and rod weapons. The convoy will
move to the LFX ASP and draw live ammunition.
Scenario #1: Blocked ambush
The convoy departs the Assembly Area and conducts convoy movement along the MSR at 25
MPH with 25 meters between vehicles. Weapons will be oriented in accordance with the convoy
commanders direct fire control plan rehearsed during the O/C guided blank fire rehearsals. The
O/C in vehicle 5 will report crossing of LD to the Senior O/C located in vehicle 3. Upon arriving at
CP 1, the platoon will conduct a test fire of M249s. During the test fire, O/Cs will ensure weapons
are firing within the designated firing zone. Upon completion of the test fire, O/Cs will ensure
weapons are on safe. On order from the convoy commander, the convoy will resume movement
along the MSR. The convoy will encounter an obstacle blocking the route. The convoy
76
commander will direct the convoy to halt. The O/C in vehicle 5 will notify the O/C NCOIC and
target operator when the entire convoy is in the kill zone. The O/C NCOIC will raise long range
targets 1 and 2 with sound effects activated upon raising of the targets. Dismounted O/C 1 will
detonate Hoffman devices on the ambush side of the kill zone to replicate near-misses from
enemy RPG teams. The convoy commander will report the ambush to higher. Vehicles will not
move off the road. The convoy will engage targets 1 and 2 with direct fire using M249s. O/C 1, 2,
and 5 will observe the beaten zones of the M249 to ensure they are firing within the designated
firing zone. M249 gunners should fire short bursts in order to spot the rounds. Drivers and
assistant drivers will exit vehicles on the opposite side of the ambush. Drivers will take cover at
the front of the vehicle while the assistant driver will take cover at the rear of the vehicle. Both will
engage targets within range. Soldiers can engage targets in the three approved firing positions:
standing, kneeling or prone firing positions. Overhead fires are prohibited. All mounted and
dismounted movements in the kill zone will be done to the rear of the firing line and only upon the
direction of the platoon chain of command or O/C. O/Cs will ensure that the 15 degree rule is not
violated. Riflemen traveling in the beds of cargo trucks will dismount the vehicles and assume a
firing position to the rear of their respective vehicles beside the assistant drivers. The O/C NCOIC
will raise short range targets 3, 4, and 5. M16s will engage short range targets. The O/C NCOIC
will eliminate all targets when the convoy gains fire superiority and eliminates all targets. M16s
will be set on semi-automatic to conserve ammunition. The convoy commander will move to
better assess the situation while using the gun trucks to suppress enemy fire. The convoy
commander will organize a security element to remove the obstacle or locate a bypass. Once the
convoy has defeated the enemy, the convoy commander will direct the platoon to cease fire,
place weapons on safe, send an ACE report, change magazines, and re-mount vehicles. Gun
trucks will continue overwatch of the engagement area. The convoy commander will send a
SITREP to higher. Each O/C will inspect all weapons to ensure they are placed on safe and will
report to the O/C NCOIC. On order from the convoy commander, the convoy will bypass the
obstacle and continue to move south along the MSR.
Scenario #2: Unblocked ambush with civilians on the route.
On order from the convoy commander, the convoy will resume movement along the MSR.
Weapons will be oriented in accordance with the convoy commanders direct fire control plan
rehearsed during the O/C lead blank fire rehearsals. The convoy will encounter civilians on the
route and it will appear as if the civilians want to stop the convoy. The O/C NCOIC will ensure the
civilians are placed on the route at the very end of the maneuver box so each vehicle is in the kill
zone. The convoy commander will direct the convoy to slow and as the convoy approaches the
O/C NCOIC will raise long range targets 1, 2, and 3. Gun trucks 1, 4, and 5 will engage the long
range targets with their M249 weapon systems. The O/C NCOIC will raise close range targets 4,
5, and 6. The remaining vehicles in the convoy will engage the close range targets 4, 5, and 6
with M16s. Soldiers engaging targets from the window of the right side of the vehicle should use
the crook of the elbow to support the weapon. Weapons will be on semi-automatic to conserve
ammunition. The O/C NCOIC will clear the route of civilians and the convoy commander should
then direct the convoy to speed through the kill zone. As the convoy is moving through the kill
zone, vehicles will engage the targets until they clear the limits of the maneuvering box. O/Cs in
each vehicle will ensure weapons do not exceed the 15 degree rule of fire. Vehicles should
continue to fire until targets have been eliminated or the vehicles have moved out of the kill zone.
Once vehicles are out of the kill zone the convoy commander will direct the platoon to cease fire
and place weapons on safe. Each O/C will inspect all weapons to ensure they are placed on safe
and will report to the O/C NCOIC. He will then designate a rally point and direct the convoy to
move to that location where the convoy commander will reorganize and consolidate the convoy.
The convoy commander will receive a SALUTE report and ACE report from his key leaders. Gun
trucks will provide security at the rally point. The convoy commander will send a SALUTE report
and a SITREP to higher. Upon completion the convoy commander will direct the convoy to
continue to move along the MSR. O/Cs will ensure weapons are placed on safe before vehicles
move.
77
Scenario #3: Improvised Exploding Device
The convoy commander directs the convoy to move along the MSR. Weapons will be oriented in
accordance with the platoon leaders direct fire control plan rehearsed during the O/C lead blank
fire rehearsals. As the convoy moves through the kill zone, the O/C in gun truck 4 will inform the
O/C NCOIC when gun truck 4 approaches the IED placed just off of the road. As soon as gun
truck 4 passes the IED, the O/C NCOIC will detonate a grenade simulator (representing the IED),
disabling gun truck 4. The IED will inflict a leg wound to the assistant driver and kill the driver. The
SAW gunner is slightly wounded. As the IED is detonated, the target operator will raise enemy
targets 1 and 2 and civilian targets 3 and 4 simultaneously. Both gun truck 4 and gun truck 5 will
engage enemy targets as the vehicles ahead of the disabled gun truck move out of the kill zone.
The convoy commander will direct vehicles 1, 2, and 3 to stop. As the vehicles stop, gun truck 1
will support by fire. Enemy targets will remain raised until the targets are hit or until 15 seconds
expire. This simulates the enemy running from the kill zone. If the targets have not been hit within
15 seconds, the target operator will lower the enemy targets only and leave the civilian targets
standing. Once the targets have been hit or lowered, the convoy commander will assess the
situation. The convoy commander will reorganize the convoy to recover the remaining vehicles
and soldiers. Gun trucks will provide security as the convoy commander directs the special teams
to recover the disabled vehicle and all casualties. The convoy commander will direct his element
leaders to send an ACE report. On order from the senior O.C, the target operator will raise enemy
targets 1 and 2. The convoy will engage targets 1 and 2 with direct fire using M249s and M16s. If
the targets have not been hit within 15 seconds the target operator will lower the targets. Upon
completion of CASEVAC and vehicle recovery, the convoy will move to a rally point designated
by the senior O/C. The convoy commander will send a SALUTE report and a Nine Line
MEDEVAC request to higher headquarters. The senior O/C will end the mission. The convoy will
consolidate all CLASS V, and the O/C team will take control of the ammunition. O/Cs will then
conduct an in-ranks brass and ammo check of all students and vehicles, and rod weapons. The
convoy will then move to the LFX AAR site and conduct an AAR.
78
FOR:
ANNEX H
GUNNERY TABLES
Tables 1-3
Crew gunnery tables for High-Mobility Multipurpose wheeled vehicle or 2 ton/5-ton vehicle gun
trucks.
TABLE 1 Engage a Stationary Target

TASK CONDITIONS STANDARDS
1A Engage a Stationary Target 1: Sniper with RPG at High-mobility, multipurpose-
Target Team 200-400 meters. wheeled vehicle or gun truck
crew will detect all stationary
Ammunition Target 2: Gunner in Bunker at targets within 5 seconds.
400 to 600 meters.
Caliber .50: 100 rounds. Gunner will engage and hit
Target 3: One Truck at 600 to the targets within the
M240/M60/M249: 100 800 meters following:
rounds.
Hit target # 1 with 1 round
MK19: 15 rounds. within 10 seconds.
Exposure Time: Hit target # 2 with 5 rounds

within 10 seconds.
Target 1: 30 Sec
Target 2: 30 Sec Hit target # 3 with 3 rounds
Target 3: 30 Sec within 10 seconds
79
TABLE 2 Engage a Stationary Target from a Moving Vehicle Ambush Road Unblock
1A Engage a stationary Target 1: Two riflemen in High-mobility, multipurpose-
point target from a moving civilian clothes at 75 meters wheeled vehicle or gun truck
vehicle crew and scan the area and
Target 2: Sniper with RPG detect all stationary targets.
Ammunition team in window at 100 meters
Gunner places suppressive fire
Caliber .50: 100 rounds Target 3: Crew-served weapon on the enemy within 5 seconds.
team in bunker at 150 meters.
M240/M60/M249: 100
rounds
MK 19: 15 rounds.
EXPOSURE TIME
Target 1: 15 Sec
Target 2: 15Sec
Target 3: 15 Sec
80
TABLE 3 React to an IED and Point Target.
1A React to an IED Target 1: Two civilians and two High-mobility, multipurpose-
and point target. uniformed soldiers detonating an wheeled vehicle or gun truck crew
IED and firing an RPG 200 to 300 will detect all stationary targets
Ammunition meters. within 5 seconds.
Caliber .50: 100 Target 2: Crew-served weapon Hit target # 1 with 1 round within
rounds team in bunker at 400 to 500 10 seconds.
meters.
M240/M60/M249: 100 Hit target # 2 with 5 rounds within
rounds Target 3: One Truck at 600 to 800 10 seconds.
meters
MK19: 15 rounds. Hit target # 3 with 3 rounds within
10 seconds.
EXPOSURE TIME
Target 1: 30 Sec
Target 2: 30 Sec
Target 3: 30 Sec
Note: The gunner fires a 5- to 7-round burst (M249) or 7- to 9-round burst (M60/M240B) at the
target when ready.
M2 gunner- fires in bursts of five to seven rounds, at 5- to 10-second intervals.
MK 19 is the preferred weapon for CSS, but range may not be adequate to support this weapon
system.
81
Tables 4 through 6
Platoon Exercise.
TABLE 4 Engage a Stationary Ambush, Road Blocked

1A Engage a Target 1: RPG Team at 50 Detect all stationary targets within
Stationary Target meters. assigned zone of fire within 5
sections.
Target 2: Two riflemen in civilian
EXPOSURE TIME clothes at 150 to 200 meters. Determine the range to the target
Target 1: 15 Sec using a reference point.
Target 2: 15 Sec Target 3: Crew-served weapon
Target 3: 15 Sec team in bunker at 250 to 300 Convoy personnel engage the
meters. closest threat first.
2A Engage a Target 1: One Truck at 300 High-mobility, multipurpose-

Stationary Target from meters wheeled vehicle or gun truck
a Vehicle. gunner detects all stationary targets
Target 2: One truck at 350 within assigned zone of fire.
meters.
EXPOSURE TIME Determine range to the target using
Target 1: 20 Sec reference points or commands from
Target 2: 20 Sec NCOIC.
Gunners engage closest threat first.
82
Tables 4-6 Platoon Exercise with unit organic weapons.
Platoon Exercise
TABLE 2 Engage a Stationary Target from a Moving Vehicle Ambush Road Unblock
1A Engage a Target 1: Sniper, with RPG team, Driver or assistant driver will fire,
stationary point target in window at 50 meters. depending on vehicle orientation to
from a moving vehicle target.
Target 2: Two riflemen in civilian
clothes at 75 meters Driver places suppressive fire on
EXPOSURE TIME the enemy while maintaining
Target 1: 15 Sec Target 3: Crew-served weapon control of his vehicle and continues
Target 2: 15 Sec team in bunker at 100 meters. to drive through the engagement
Target 3: 15 Sec area.
Driver maintains one point of

contact on steering wheel at all
times.
Assistant driver will fire weapon

with his left hand and place
suppressive fire on the enemy.
Convoy personnel engage closest

threat first.
2A Engage a Target 1: One Truck at 100 High-mobility, multipurpose-

stationary point target meters. wheeled vehicle or gun truck
from a moving gunner places suppressive fire on
vehicle. Target 2: One truck at 150 meters the enemy.
EXPOSURE TIME Gunners engage closest threat

Target 1: 15 Sec first.
Target 2: 15 Sec
83
TABLE 6 React to an IED and Point Target.
1A React to an IED Target 1: Two Soldiers detect all stationary targets within
and point target. civilians and two assigned zones of fire within 5 seconds.
uniformed soldiers
detonating an IED and Determine the range to the target using
EXPOSURE TIME firing a RPG at 50 to reference points.
Target 1: 15 Sec 100 meters.
Target 2: 15 Sec Convoy personnel place suppressive fire on
Target 3: 15 Sec Target 2: Two enemy position to repel or kill the enemy.
riflemen in civilian
clothes at 75 meters
Target 3: Crew-
served weapon team
in bunker at 100
meters.
2A Engage a Target 1: One Truck High-mobility, multipurpose-wheeled vehicle or

stationary point target at 75 to 100 meters gun truck gunner maneuver to a standoff
from a vehicle. position and detect all stationary targets.
Target 2: One truck at
150 meters. Place suppressive fire on enemy positions.
EXPOSURE TIME
Target 1: 15 Sec Gunners engage closest threat first.
Target 2: 15 Sec
84
STRAC Collective training and ammunition authorizations for CSS units to conduct a convoy live
fire and perimeter defense exercise.
COLLECTIVE TRAINING SQ/PLT/CO/LFX

WEAPONS Type Rounds
M16A1/M4
SQ/PLT/CO STX/FTX A080 40
SQ/PLT LFX A059/A063 130/20
M60/M240B/M249LMG
SQ/PLT/CO STX/FTX A111/A075 200
SQ/PLT LFX A131/A064 300
M249AR
SQ/PLT LFX A064 300
MK-19
SQ/PLT LFX B584 30
M2. 50 Caliber MG
SQ/PLT LFX A557 100
Note: This table reflects the annual authorized ammunition for units to
conduct a convoy live fire and perimeter defense exercise.
* The unit commander determines allocation for distribution of
ammunition.

FOR:
ANNEX I
85
GLOSSARY
A&L Team: Aid & Litter Team

AA: Assembly area
AAR: After action report
ACC: Assistant convoy commander
ACE: Status report format, meaning Ammunition, Casualties, and Equipment
APC: Armored personnel carrier
ASP: Ammunition supply point
BDAR: Battle Damage Assessment and Repair
CAS: Close air support
CASEVAC: Casualty Evacuation
CC: Convoy commander
CLS: Combat life saver
COE: Contemporary Operating Environment
COMSEC: Communications security
CSS: Combat Service Support
CVC: Combat vehicle crewman
DOTMLPF: Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership, Personnel, and Facilities
EOD: Explosive Ordinance Disposal
FBCB2: Force XXI Battle Command Brigade-and-Below
FMTV: Family of Military Tactical Vehicles
FO: Forward observer
FRAGO: Fragmentary order
FSE: Forward security element
HAZMAT: Hazardous material
HMMWV: High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle
HRP: Highway regulating point
IAW: In accordance with
IED: Improvised explosive device
KIA: Killed in action
LD: Line of departure
LFX: Live fire exercise
LVC: Lead vehicle commander
LZ: Landing zone
MEDEVAC: Medical evacuation
METT-TC: Mission, Enemy, Terrain, Troops, Time, Civilians
MRE: Meal, ready to eat
MSE: Major subordinate element
MSR: Main supply route
MTS: Movement tracking system
NBC: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical
NCO: Non-commissioned officer
NCOIC: Non-commissioned officer in charge
NGO: Non-government organization
NMC: Not mission capable
O/C: Observer/controller
OIC: Officer in charge
OPCON: Operational control
OPORD: Operations order
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PAX: Passengers
PCC: Pre-combat checks
PCI: Pre-combat inspection
PMCS: Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services
86
QRF: Quick reaction force
ROE: Rules of engagement
RON: Remain overnight
RP: Rally point, defined as a fixed or geographic location where a convoy stops to
consolidate and reorganize following an attack.
RP: Release point, defined as the geographic location where a convoy ends.
RPG: Rocket-propelled grenade
SALUTE: Intelligence report format, meaning Size, Activity, Location, Unit, Time, and
Equipment
SAW: Squad automatic weapon
SINCGARS: Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System
SITREP: Situation report
SOP: Standing Operating Procedure
SP: Start point, defined as the geographic location where a convoy begins.
STONS: Short tons
TLP: Troop leading procedures
TRADOC: Training and Doctrine Command
TSP: Training support package
TTP: Tactics, techniques, and procedures
UAV: Unmanned aerial vehicle
UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator
UXO: Unexploded ordinance
VB/IED: Vehicle borne improvised explosive device
VIP: Very important person
WARNO: Warning order

FOR:
ANNEX J
BATTLE DRILLS
1. Convoy Reacts to Direct Sniper Fire .............................................................................97
2. Convoy Reacts to Visual Contact With Enemy Forces.............................................. 103
3. Convoy Reacts to Direct Fire Ambush (Road Not Blocked)...................................... 108
87
4. Convoy Reacts to Direct Fire Ambush (Road Blocked)............................................. 115
5. Convoy Reacts to Enemy Indirect Fire ........................................................................ 123
6. Convoy Reacts to Aerial Attack.................................................................................... 128
7. Convoy Reacts to Chemical Attack ............................................................................. 137
8. Convoy Breaks Contact With Enemy Forces.............................................................. 143
9. Dismount and Mount a Wheeled Vehicle While Under Direct Fire ........................... 149
The battle drills contained in this annex are designed to provide hands-on training in
convoy defense techniques, tactics, and procedures (TTP). Battle drills are normally
trained at the unit level, and subsequently are not included in the allotted training time for
this training support package. Future versions of this TSP will contain an expanded list of
battle drills.
Report Date: 3 Aug 2004
Synopsis Report for Battle Drill Task

55-3-D0012
Convoy Reacts to Direct Sniper Fire
Status: Proposed
Last Changed 3 Aug 2004
Condition: The unit is conducting a tactical road march to resupply combat forces. While
convoying along the MSR, a sniper fires on the convoy with small arms fire.
Standard: Convoy continues to move through the area without stopping while returning fire on
the sniper (if location known). Treats and evacuates casualties, reorganizes convoy, and
continues with mission in accordance with OPORD and unit TSOPs.
88
TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES:
1. Initiates active and passive countermeasures against sniper fire.
a. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leaders will:
(1) Report initial enemy contact to higher HQ.
(2) Direct drivers to use turn signal to indicate direction of contact (if known).
(3) Direct drivers to drive along the side of the street and not down the center (urban area
only).
(4) Direct drivers to increase convoy speed and interval and move out of the engagement
area without bunching up or stopping.
(5) Direct all non-driving soldiers to engage the sniper with individual weapons (if sniper
location can be determined).
(6) Direct non-driving soldiers to use smoke grenades to obstruct the enemy snipers view.
(7) Request close air support, if available.
(8) Request indirect fire on a predetermined location.
(9) Provide higher HQ with an updated report.
b. Drivers will:
(1) Indicate direction of contact by using vehicle turn signal.
(2) Drive on the side of the road and avoid driving in the center of street (urban area only).
(3) Increase convoy speed and interval and move out of the engagement area without
bunching up or stopping.
(4) Steer disabled vehicle as far off the road as possible away from sniper fire and dismount
disabled vehicle on safe side away from enemy fire.
(5) Seek cover and place fire in the direction of sniper fire or on sniper's position (if known).
(6) Throw smoke grenades in the direction of fire to obstruct the snipers view and mount
passing vehicle.
(7) Push disabled vehicles off the road and continue to move out of the engagement area.
(8) Drive to designated rally point, if vehicle or vehicles get separated from convoy.
(9) Maintain communications with convoy commander or other convoy elements.
c. All nondriving personnel will:
(1) Announce immediately "contact" to convoy elements using available communications or
other tactical means.
(2) Place fire in the direction of sniper location, if known (taking extreme caution to ensure any
return fire does not harm civilians in the area).
(3) Dismount disabled vehicle on safe side away from sniper fire.
(4) Seek cover and place fire in the direction of sniper fire or on sniper's position (if known).
(5) If caught dismounted in the open, throw smoke grenades in the direction of fire to obstruct
the snipers view and mount passing vehicle.
d. Gun truck NCOICs and crews will:
(1) Announce immediately "contact" to convoy elements using available communications or
other tactical means
(2) Indicate direction of contact by using vehicle turn signal.
(3) Place suppressive fire in the direction of sniper fire or on sniper location and proceed
through contact zone.
bunching up or stopping.
(5) Maneuver and place suppressive fire in direction of or on sniper location until soldiers
mount passing vehicles.
(6) Maintain front and rear security of convoy as convoy continues moving through contact
area.
(7) Maintain communications with convoy commander and serial/march unit leaders.
2. Convoy elements clear engagement area and arrive at the rally point. Convoy personnel will:
a. Dismount vehicles and establishe security.
89
b. Secure the area and position gun trucks in a good overwatch position.
c. Conduct ammunition status and redistribution.
3. Conduct casualty treatment and evaluation. Convoy personnel will:
a. Scan vehicles in search of casualties.
b. Conduct buddy-aid until relieved by combat lifesaver or soldier is stabilized.
c. Request for MEDEVAC.
d. Report casualties to higher HQ.
4. Reconsolidate and reorganize convoy. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader will:
a. Establish new chain of command (if needed).
b. Conduct weapons, communications, and sensitive item inspections.
c. Direct convoy personnel to inspect and report status of vehicles and cargo.
d. Direct priority of cross loading of cargo and load within the unit's capabilities.
e. Direct recovery operations.
f. Request recovery support or permission to destroy supplies and equipment if unable to conduct
recovery.
g. Provide higher HQ with an ammunition, causaity, and equipment (ACE) report.
h. Wait for further instructions from higher HQ.
i. Conduct convoy briefing and continue with mission unless directed to do otherwise by higher
HQ.
Performance: 1. Initiates active and passive countermeasures against sniper fire.
2. Convoy elements clear engagement area and arrive at the rally point.
3. Convoy personnel conduct casualty treatment and evaluation.
4. Consolidatec and reorganizes convoy.
Setup: SETUP INSTRUCTIONS:
a. Resources:
(1) Table (s) of organization and equipment (TOE) and assigned personnel.
(2) Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader and vehicles.
(3) Maps.
(4) Opposing Forces (OPFOR).
(5) Blanks and blank adaptors.
(6) Smoke grenades.
b. Training Site.
(1) Wooded, jungle, desert, or urban area large enough to accommodate a six to
eight vehicle convoy.
(2) A route with or without cover or concealment.
90
c. Unit Instructions: The unit is conducting a tactical convoy to provide CSS. While
convoying the platoon leader/sergeant allows the convoy to move 200 meters before issuing
orders to react to direct sniper fire. Convoy personnel have been given a convoy briefing
and instructions on rules of engagement.
Talk: a. Orientation: The objective is to defend the convoy element. To perform this drill in a
tactical situation, the unit must continue to move through the area without stopping, attempt
to locate target, and place suppressive fire in the direction of or on sniper location (if known).
Make convoy personnel aware that the enemy attempt is to slow down a convoy before an
ambush. Remember all details so the incident can be reported to higher HQ.
b. Safely. The unit must observe the safety measures outlined in applicable safely
directives, technical manuals (TMs), and field manuals (FMs).
c. Demonstration (optional). If a nearby unit has successfully performed this drill, have
that unit provide a demonstration. During the demonstration, explain what is being done and
why, using the performance measures as a guide. After the demonstration, summarize what
the demonstrating unit performed.
d. Explanation.
(1) Explain the objective in your own words.
(2) Explain the duties of the convoy commander, serial/march unit leader, unit leaders
(officers/NCOs), drivers, assistant drivers, and gunners.
(3) Sketch a diagram showing the actions to be taken by each serial.
(4) Ask if there are any questions, and ensure that all questions are answered before
beginning the drill.
(5) Have each soldier explain his part in the drill.
(6) Make corrections as necessary.
Walk: Have the unit perform a walk-through exercise before performing the drill with vehicles.
Form a convoy on foot with the platoon leader, platoon sergeant, and squad leaders as
convoy commander, serial/march unit leaders, drivers and assistant drivers representing
their vehicles. Switch convoy personnel positions. Walk through the battle drill reacting to
sniper direct fire. If possible, switch terrain or approach the same piece of ground from a
different direction, and have the squad or platoon execute the drill to standard.
Run: The soldiers should practice this drill until they can perform it according to standard without
the drill book. The initial run-through exercise should be conducted slowly. The soldiers
should change positions in order to learn the different steps and standards.
Coaching Points: Ensure that audio and hand/arm signals are understood and used correctly.
Re-enforce target discrimination to ensure that any returned fire does not harm friendly
91
soldiers or civilians in the area. Ensure drivers avoid driving in the center of street (urban
operations). Ensure drivers increase convoy speed and move out of the area as quickly as
possible without bunching up or stopping.
Individual Tasks
Task Id Step Status Task Title Practice
Id Code
071-010-0006 ----- Active Engage Targets with an M249 Machine Gun
071-025-0007 ----- Active Engage Targets with an M240B Machine
Gun
071-030-0004 ----- Active Engage Targets with an MK19 Machine
Gun
071-311-2007 ----- Active Engage Targets with an M16A1 or M16A2
Rifle
071-311-2029 ----- Active Correct Malfunctions of an M16A1 or
M16A2 Rifle
071-312-3031 ----- Active Engage Targets with an M60 Machine Gun
071-313-3454 ----- Active Engage Targets With a Caliber .50 M2
Machine Gun
071-325-4407 ----- Active Employ Hand Grenades
071-331-0820 ----- Active Analyze Terrain
081-831-1000 ----- Active Evaluate a Casualty
081-831-1005 ----- Active Perform First Aid to Prevent or Control
Shock
081-831-1025 ----- Active Perform First Aid for an Open Abdominal
Wound
081-831-1026 ----- Active Perform First Aid for an Open Chest Wound
081-831-1033 ----- Active Perform First Aid for an Open Head Wound
081-831-1046 ----- Active Transport a Casualty
Collective Tasks
Task Id Step Id Status Task
08-2-0003.63-0001 ----- Active Treat Casualties
63-2-4003 ----- Active Conduct Tactical Road March
63-2-4006 ----- Active Defend Convoy Elements
63-2-4316 ----- Active Transport Casualties
Supporting Products
Product Id Step Id Type Product Name Pri Req Product/Source
FM 21-75 ----- FM Combat Skills of the Y Y
Soldier
FM 22-100 ----- FM Army Leadership N Y
FM 3-06.11 ----- FM Combined Arms N Y
Operations in Urban
Terrain
92
FM 55-30 ----- FM Army Motor Transport N Y
Units and Operations
FM 7-10 ----- FM The Infantry Rifle N Y
Company
FM 7-21.13 ----- FM The Soldier's Guide N Y
FM 7-22.7 ----- FM The Army N Y
Noncommissioned
Officer Guide
FM 7-8 ----- FM Infantry Rifle Platoon N Y
and Squad
Environmental: Enivronmental protection is the responsibility of all unit leaders to decrease, and
if possible, eliminate, damage to the environment when conducting training. Environmental
risk management parallels safety risk management, and is based on the same philosophy
as safety risk management. Environmental risk management consists of the following steps:
a. Identify Hazards. Identify potential sources for environmental degradation during

analysis of METT-TC factors. This requires identification of environmental hazards. An
environmental hazard is a condition with the potential for polluting air, soil, or water and/or
destroying cultural and historical artifacts.
b. Assess the Hazard. Analyze potential severity of environmental degradation using the
Environmental Risk Assessment. Severity of environmental degradation is considered when
determining the potential effect an operation will have on the environment. The risk impact
value is defined as an indicator of the severity of environmental degradation. Quantify the
risk to the environment resulting from the operation as extremely high, medium, or low,
using the environmental risk assessment matrixes.
c. Make Environmental Risk Decisions. Make decisions and develop measures to

reduce high environmental risks.
d. Brief Chain of Command. Brief chain of command (to include installation

environmental office, if applicable), on proposed plans and pertinent high-risk environmental
matrixes. Risk decisions are made at a level of command that corresponds to the degree of
risk.
Safety: a. Leaders must verify the structural soundness of all training and evaluation plans from
a safety viewpoint. Leaders must conduct training at levels consistent with the abilities of
the soldiers being trained. They must instill an awareness of individual safety in all
subordinate leaders and soldiers. Soldiers must constantly be alert for and avoid situations
that may result in injury or death.
b. At the training site, leaders must establish training safety overwatch procedures. Safety
procedures should emphasize the adherence to standards, consideration of environmental
factors (for example, wet bulb), risk assessment, and factors contributing to and aiding in the
prevention of accidents. Responsible individuals must know how to balance the risks against
the training requirements and monitor conditions for safety and health hazards (to eliminate
or control them). Leaders must ensure the welfare of their soldiers in all situations.
c. Leaders must establish a buddy system for safety. Soldiers should maintain a safety
93
watch on each other, with emphasis on individual safety training and first aid responsibilities.
All unsafe conditions and unsafe acts must be recognized. Soldiers must be alert to human
error and know the capabilities and limitations of the equipment and vehicles they use.
Following the proper safety procedures preserves troop strength by preventing personnel
losses through accidents.

55-3-D0013
Convoy Reacts to Visual Contact with Enemy Forces
Status: Proposed
Condition: While convoying, several soldiers observed armed civilians and what appeared to be
armed soldiers. The convoy commander has determined that they are enemy forces. The
convoy commander has communications with higher and subordinate elements. The
soldiers have been provided guidance on rules of engagement (ROE) and/or rules of
interaction (ROI). Coalition forces and noncombatants may be present in operational
environment. Some iterations of this task may be conducted during limited visibility
conditions.
Standard: The convoy moves out of enemy range or where the enemy cannot observe or place
direct fire on the convoy.
94
1. React to visual contact.
a. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader evaluates the situation.
(1) Requests and receives an updated intelligence report from higher HQ.
(2) Determines enemy size, composition, activity, orientation, and location of weapon
systems.
(3) Provides higher HQ with a spot report (SALUTE).
(4) Disseminates reports and other pertinent information to all serial/march unit commanders
to keep them abreast of the situation.
b. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader selects an appropriate COA based on the
commander's intent, factors of METT-TC, and analysis of the situation.
(1) Directs convoy elements to execute the original COA (as previously addressed in the
OPORD) if it is consistent with the commander's intent/concept and is within the convoy's
capability.
(2) Issues oral FRAGO using available communications to refine the plan based on the
situation, ensuring it supports the commander's intent.
(3) Directs convoy elements to maintain attention to surrounding area by increasing
situational awareness for ambushes and enemy obstacles (IED) along convoy route.
(4) Directs convoy elements to increase convoy speed, interval, and take caution not to bunch
up.
(5) Directs vehicle operators to follow in tracks of vehicle to their immediate front.
(6) Repositions gun trucks to better support the convoy.
(7) Directs gun trucks NCOICs and crews to be prepared to react to attack by engaging the
enemy with crew-served weapons when the enemy forces (whether military or civilian) are
declared hostile.
(8) Directs subordinates to be prepared to react to attack by engaging the enemy with
individual weapons when the enemy forces (whether military or civilian) are declared
hostile.
(9) Chooses alternative supply route if available or COA based on evaluation and
development of the situation.
(10) Sends recommendation to the higher HQ commander using available communications.
(11) Receives orders from higher HQ to execute alternate COA through available
communications, if needed.
(12) Directs the convoy serials to execute the COA.
(13) Updates higher HQ.
2. Convoy elements are not in immediate danger.
a. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader will:
(1) Select an appropriate COA.
(2) Direct the convoy to execute the original COA as previously addressed in the OPORD.
(3) Provide convoy element with instructions for engagement.
(4) Maintain visual contact.
(5) Use protective measures to prevent enemy from seeing or firing on the convoy.
(6) Communicate with all convoy elements using available communications or other tactical
means.
b. Convoy personnel will:
(1) Increase convoy speed and move out of the area as quickly as possible.
(2) Position vehicles behind bushes, trees, or some other means of concealment if available.
(3) Maintain visual contact.
(4) Prepare weapons for engagement.
(5) Maintain light and noise discipline.
3. Convoy elements are in immediate danger.
95
(1) Select an appropriate COA based on the commander's intent, factors of METT-TC, and
analysis of the situation.
(2) Direct the convoy elements to execute the original COA as previously addressed in the
OPORD or as directed by higher HQ.
(3) Direct convoy elements to increase convoy speed and interval moves out of the area as
(4) Reposition gun trucks immediately to better protect the convoy.
(5) Direct gun truck NCOICs to be prepared to react to attack and engage with crew-served
weapons when the enemy forces (whether military or civilian) are declared hostile.
(6) Direct all nondriving soldiers to be prepared to react to attack and engage the enemy with
individual weapons when the enemy forces (whether military or civilian) are declared
hostile.
(7) Maintain communications with higher HQ and all convoy elements using available
communications or other tactical means.
(8) Request close air support, if needed.
(9) Request immediate support from closest task force (TF), if needed.
(10) Conduct further actions as directed by higher HQ.
(11) Update higher HQ.
(1) Increase convoy speed and move out of the area as quickly as possible.
(2) Prepare individual and crew-served weapons for engagement.
(3) Maintain visual contact with enemy forces.
c. Gun truck NCOICs and crews will:
(1) Reposition gun trucks to better protect the convoy or as appropriate to achieve standoff.
(2) Recon and clear overpasses and other dangerous areas and provide early IED detection.
(3) Maintain overwatch security (forward gun truck) of a danger area until the convoy clears
the area.
(4) Assume forward security (middle gun truck).
(5) Prepare to aggressively respond to threat when enemy forces (whether military or civilian)
are declared hostile.
(6) Maintain communications with convoy commander and serial/march unit leader.
Performance: Evaluate the soldiers when they can perform the drill to standard.
a. Resources:
(1) Table(s) of organization and equipment (TOE) and assigned personnel.
(2) Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader, and vehicles.
(3) Maps.
(6) Smoke grenades and simulators.
b. Training Site.
96
(1) Wooded, jungle, desert, or urban area large enough to accommodate a six to eight
vehicle convoy.
(2) A select a route with or without cover or concealment.
orders to react to visual contact with enemy forces.
Talk: a. The objective is to protect the convoy element. To perform this drill in a tactical
situation, the convoy must rapidly move out of enemy range or where the enemy cannot
observe or place direct fire on the convoy.
b. Safety. The unit must observe the safety measures outlined in applicable Safety
d. Explanation.
(3) Sketch a diagram showing the actions to be taken by each team.
visual contact with enemy forces. If possible, switch terrain or approach the same piece of
ground from a different direction, and have the squad or platoon execute the drill to
standard.
97
Ensure convoy elements understand ROE.
Individual Tasks: None.
Collective Tasks
Supporting Products
FM 55-30 ----- FM Army Motor Transport Y Y
Company
Noncommissioned
Officer Guide
and Squad


98
risk.
Safety: a. Leaders must verify the structural soundness of all training and evaluation plans from a
safety viewpoint. Leaders must conduct training at levels consistent with the abilities of the
soldiers being trained. They must instill an awareness of individual safety in all subordinate
leaders and soldiers. Soldiers must constantly be alert for and avoid situations that may
result in injury or death.
99

55-3-D0014
Convoy Reacts to Direct Fire Ambush (Road Not Blocked)
Status: Proposed
Condition: A part of the convoy (head, tail, or sections of the main body) receives intensive fire,
as part of a threat ambush and the road is not blocked. The convoy commander has
communications with higher HQ and subordinate elements. Convoy personnel have been
provided guidance on rules of engagement (ROE) and/or rules of interaction (ROI).
Standard: Convoy personnel place suppressive fire in direction of enemy and continue to move
out of the engagement area. Casualties are treated and evacuated, and convoy is
consolidated, reorganized, and continues with mission in accordance with OPORD and
convoy commander guidance.

1. Initiates defensive procedures against enemy ambush.
(2) Inform higher HQ that the convoy is under attack (SALUTE format).
(3) Direct vehicle drivers to activate vehicle turn signals to indicate direction of contact and
continue to move.
(4) Direct gun truck NCOICs to place suppressive fire on enemy.
(5) Direct a gun trucks to maneuver and support-by-fire disabled vehicles or vehicles caught
in the kill zone.
(6) Direct nondriving soldiers to place suppressive fire in direction of enemy contact.
(7) Direct soldiers to use smoke grenades to prevent the enemy from targeting vehicles with
RPGs.
(8) Direct convoy elements not in immediate danger to stop, dismount, and take a defense
position and wait for instructions.
(9) Direct lead convoy element to reposition gun trucks with QRF to provide security as
convoy leaves contact zone.
(10) Direct lead convoy element to proceed to a rally point "forward" and establish security.
(11) Call for immediate close air support.
(12) Call for and adjust indirect fire on predetermined location.
b. Drivers will:
(1) Activate vehicle turn signal to indicate direction of contact.
(2) Drive in tracks of vehicle in front.
stopping or bunching up.
(4) Dismount disabled vehicle on safe side away from direction of enemy fire.
(5) Assume a good firing position and return maximum fire in direction of enemy contact.
(6) If caught dismounted in the kill zone, throw smoke grenades to obstruct position and
mount passing vehicle.
100
(7) Push disabled vehicles off the road if the road is blocked and continue to proceed out of
the engagement area as quickly as possible.
(8) Stop vehicles that have not entered the kill zone, dismount, take up a good defensive
position, and await instructions.
c. Assistant driver will:
(1) Use available communications or other tactical means to announce "contact" with enemy
forces.
(2) Place suppressive fire from vehicle window in direction of enemy.
(3) Throw smoke grenades to interfere with the enemy's ability to target convoy vehicles.
(4) Dismount disabled vehicle on safe side away from enemy fire.
(5) Assume a good prone position and return maximum fire in direction of enemy contact.
(6) If caught dismounted in the kill zone, throw smoke grenades to obstruct position and
mount passing vehicle.
(7) Continue to place suppressive fire on enemy position.
(8) Cease fire as directed or once out of contact zone.
d. Gun truck NCOIC and crew react as follows:
(1) Maintains front and rear security as convoy continues movement through contact zone.
(2) Activates vehicle turn signal to indicate direction of contact.
(3) Places suppressive fire on enemy positions using engagement techniques.
(4) Shifts fires to engage additional targets.
(5) Alternates reloading procedures and uses supporting weapons to prevent a lull in
suppressive fires.
(6) Throws smoke grenades to interfere with the enemy's ability to target convoy vehicles with
RPG.
(7) Maneuvers to support-by-fire soldiers caught in the kill zone.
(8) Continues to engage the enemy until the last vehicle in the convoy has passed and then
provide rear security or reposition as needed.
(9) Provides convoy commander, serial/march unit leader with SITREP.
2. Convoy displaces and arrives at the rally point.
a. Convoy personnel will:
(1) Dismount vehicles and establish security.
(2) Secure the area and position gun trucks in a good overwatch position.
(3) Scan vehicles in search of casualties.
(4) Conduct casualty treatment and evaluation.
b. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader will:
(1) Conduct ammunition status and redistribute.
(2) Call for MEDEVAC.
(3) Consolidate and reorganize convoy.
(4) Provide higher HQ with ammunition, causality, and equipment (ACE) report.
(5) Wait for further instructions from higher HQ, if possible.
(6) Conduct convoy briefing and continue with mission unless directed to do otherwise by
higher HQ.
a. Resources:
101
(2) Convoy commander, serial/march unit leaders, and vehicles.
(3) Maps.
b. Training Site.
vehicle convoy.
orders to reacts to direct fire ambush (Road Not Blocked).
Talk: a. Orientation: The objective is defending the convoy element. To perform this drill in a
tactical situation, the convoy must be prepared to react to enemy ambush. Initially this drill
should be conducted slowly. Ensure that all personnel are aware that the terrain can
conceal or protect OPFOR.
d. Explanation.
102
their vehicles. Switch convoy personnel positions. Walk through the battle drill react to
direct fire ambush (Road Not Blocked). If possible, switch terrain or approach the same
piece of ground from a different direction, and have the squad or platoon execute the drill to
standard.
Ensure convoy elements return fire and continue to move out of the engage area without
stopping or bunching up. Ensure soldiers understand rules of engagement (ROE)
Individual Tasks
Id Code
061-283-1002 1. Active Locate a Target by Grid Coordinates
061-283-1002 1. c. Active Locate a Target by Grid Coordinates
061-283-1002 1. d. Active Locate a Target by Grid Coordinates
061-283-6003 1. Active Adjust Indirect Fire
061-283-6003 1. a. Active Adjust Indirect Fire
071-004-0006 1. a. Active Engage Targets with an M9 Pistol
071-008-0007 1. b. Active Engage Targets with an M16-Series Rifle
Using an AN/PAS-13 Series Thermal
Weapon Sight
071-008-0007 1. c. Active Engage Targets with an M16-Series Rifle
Weapon Sight
071-008-0007 1. d. Active Engage Targets with an M16-Series Rifle
Weapon Sight
071-010-0006 1. c. Active Engage Targets with an M249 Machine Gun
071-025-0007 1. c. Active Engage Targets with an M240B Machine
Gun
071-030-0001 1. c. Active Maintain an MK19 Machine Gun
071-030-0004 1. c. Active Engage Targets with an MK19 Machine
Gun
071-030-0007 1. c. Active Perform a Function Check on an MK 19
Machine Gun
071-311-2007 1. c. Active Engage Targets with an M16A1 or M16A2
Rifle
071-311-2026 1. b. Active Perform a Function Check on an M16A1 or
M16A2 Rifle
103
071-311-2026 1. c. Active Perform a Function Check on an M16A1 or
M16A2 Rifle
071-311-2026 1. d. Active Perform a Function Check on an M16A1 or
M16A2 Rifle
071-311-2029 1. c. Active Correct Malfunctions of an M16A1 or
M16A2 Rifle
071-311-2029 1. d. Active Correct Malfunctions of an M16A1 or
M16A2 Rifle
071-311-2129 1. c. Active Correct Malfunctions of an M203 Grenade
Launcher
071-311-2130 1. c. Active Engage Targets With an M203 Grenade
Launcher
071-312-3026 1. c. Active Perform a Function Check on an M60
Machine Gun
071-312-3029 1. c. Active Correct Malfunctions of an M60 Machine
Gun
071-312-3031 1. c. Active Engage Targets with an M60 Machine Gun
071-313-3454 1. d. Active Engage Targets With a Caliber .50 M2
Machine Gun
071-325-4407 1. b. Active Employ Hand Grenades
071-325-4407 1. c. Active Employ Hand Grenades
071-325-4407 1. d. Active Employ Hand Grenades
071-326-0513 1. b. Active Select Temporary Fighting Positions
071-326-0513 1. c. Active Select Temporary Fighting Positions
071-326-0513 2. Active Select Temporary Fighting Positions
071-326-0608 1. Active Use Visual Signaling Techniques
071-326-0608 1. a. Active Use Visual Signaling Techniques
071-326-0608 1. b. Active Use Visual Signaling Techniques
071-326-0608 1. c. Active Use Visual Signaling Techniques
071-326-0608 1. d. Active Use Visual Signaling Techniques
071-326-3013 2. b. Active Conduct a Tactical Road March
071-326-5503 2. b. Active Issue a Warning Order
071-331-0820 1. Active Analyze Terrain
071-331-0820 1. a. Active Analyze Terrain
071-410-0002 1. b. Active React to Direct Fire While Mounted
071-410-0002 1. c. Active React to Direct Fire While Mounted
071-410-0002 1. d. Active React to Direct Fire While Mounted
071-430-0028 2. b. Active Consolidate a Unit
071-430-0029 2. b. Active Reorganize a Unit
081-831-0101 2. b. Active Request Medical Evacuation
081-831-1000 2. Active Evaluate a Casualty
081-831-1003 2. Active Perform First Aid to Clear an Object Stuck
in the Throat of a Conscious Casualty
081-831-1005 2. Active Perform First Aid to Prevent or Control
Shock
081-831-1025 2. Active Perform First Aid for an Open Abdominal
Wound
104
081-831-1026 2. Active Perform First Aid for an Open Chest Wound
081-831-1032 2. Active Perform First Aid for Bleeding of an
Extremity
081-831-1033 2. Active Perform First Aid for an Open Head Wound
081-831-1042 2. Active Perform Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation
081-831-1046 2. Active Transport a Casualty
081-831-1054 2. Active Evacuate Casualties
113-571-1022 1. Active Perform Voice Communications
113-571-1022 1. d. Active Perform Voice Communications
113-571-1022 2. b. Active Perform Voice Communications
301-371-1000 1. Active Report Intelligence Information
301-371-1000 1. d. Active Report Intelligence Information
551-721-4326 2. b. Active Perform Duties as Convoy Commander
551-88M-0005 1. b. Active Operate a Vehicle in a Convoy
551-88M-0005 1. d. Active Operate a Vehicle in a Convoy
805C-PAD-2060 2. Active Report Casualties
805C-PAD-2060 2. b. Active Report Casualties
Collective Tasks
Supporting Products
Operations in Urban
Terrain
FM 55-30 ----- FM Army Motor Transport Y Y
Company
Noncommissioned
Officer Guide
and Squad
105



risk.
Safety: Ta. Leaders must verify the structural soundness of all training and evaluation plans from
a safety viewpoint. Leaders must conduct training at levels consistent with the abilities of
the soldiers being trained. They must instill an awareness of individual safety in all
subordinate leaders and soldiers. Soldiers must constantly be alert for and avoid situations
that may result in injury or death.
106

55-3-D0015
Convoy Reacts to Direct Fire Ambush (Road Blocked)
Status: Proposed
Condition: The enemy has employed a roadblock and the convoy is forced to stop. The convoy
receives intensive fires as part of a threat ambush. The convoy commander has
communications with higher HQ and subordinate elements. Some iterations of this task may
be conducted during limited visibility conditions.
Standard: Soldiers dismount vehicles and move to a cover position and return fire on enemy
position. Soldiers in vehicle caught in the kill zone dismount, exit vehicle away from
direction of enemy fire, and take cover and establish a base of fire. Gun trucks successfully
disengage convoy elements caught in the kill zone or reduce the ambush. Threat attacks
are repelled, casualties are treated and evacuated, and convoy is resumed.

1. Initiates defense procedures against enemy ambush.
(1) Use available communications to notify higher HQ that the convoy is under attack and the
road is blocked (SALUTE format).
(3) Direct gun truck NCOIC nearest to threat to maneuver and support by fire soldiers caught
in the kill zone.
(4) Direct trail convoy elements not in immediate danger to execute alternative COA based on
the situation or as directed by higher HQ.
(5) Direct lead convoy element to proceed to a rally point "forward" and establish security.
(6) Call for immediate close air support (CAS).
(7) Call for and adjust indirect fire.
(8) Call for and request immediate support from closest TF.
(9) Conduct further actions as directed by higher HQ.
(10) Maintain communications with higher HQ and subordinate elements.
b. Convoy element will:
(1) Alert the convoy using available communications or other tactical means to announce
"contact" with enemy forces.
(2) Activate turn signal to indicate direction of contact.
c. Gun truck NCOICs will:
(1) Alert crew.
(2) Give description of target (if known).
(3) Announce target location and direction (if known).
(4) Use binoculars to estimate the range of target.
(5) Direct driver to reposition vehicle to support drivers caught in the kill zone.
(6) Maintain front and rear security (if there are more than two gun trucks).
2. Convoy elements react to enemy ambush.
a. Convoy elements that have passed through the ambush area.
107
(1) Places vehicle in park and leaves vehicles running, shouts to assistant driver for his
weapon.
(2) Secures weapon (driver and AD) and dismounts vehicle away from the direction of enemy
fire.
(3) Assumes a good prone position to the front and rear of the vehicle.
(4) Uses proper engagement techniques and places suppressive fire on the ambush position.
b. Convoy elements halted in the kill zone (contact on assistant driver side).
(1) Assistant drivers place suppressive fire on enemy position.
(2) Drivers leave the vehicle running, secure the weapon, and dismount vehicle to the front or
rear of the vehicle.
Note: IED, mines, and booby traps are frequently placed on the sides of the road.
(3) Drivers assume a good prone position and use proper engagement techniques to engage
the enemy position.
(4) Shout to the assistant driver that he is in position.
(5) Throw smoke grenades to obstruct the enemy view while assistant driver dismounts
vehicle (if available).
(6) Assistant drivers dismount vehicle from the driver side and assume a good prone position
to the front or rear of the vehicle and return a maximum volume of fire on enemy position.
(7) Maintain visual contact with soldiers on their left and right.
(8) Use hand grenades to hit and kill targets.
(9) Use visual signaling techniques.
Note: If danger is on the opposite side of vehicle, procedures are same with exception of order. Fire and
control should be used to maximize the effective use of ammunition.
c. Convoy elements that have not entered the kill zone.
(1) Places vehicle in park and leaves vehicle running.
(2) Shouts to assistant driver for his weapon.
(3) Secures weapon (driver and AD) and dismounts vehicle away from the direction of enemy
fire.
(4) Assumes a good prone position to the front and rear of the vehicle.
(5) Uses proper engagement techniques and places suppressive fire on the ambush.
(1) Place suppressive fire on enemy positions using proper engagement techniques.
(2) Shift fires to engage additional targets.
(3) Alternate reloading procedures and use supporting weapons to prevent a lull in
suppressive fires.
(4) Throw smoke grenades to interfere with the enemys ability to target convoy vehicles with
RPG.
(5) Provide convoy commander or serial/march unit leader with SITREP.
e. Quick reaction force will:
(1) Determine the correct movement techniques dictated by terrain features.
( a) Uses low crawl method to cross places where cover and concealment are very low
and enemy fire or observation prevents you from getting up.
( b) Uses high crawl method when there is good concealment but enemy fire prevents
you from getting up.
( c) Uses rush method to quickly move from one position to another.
(2) Select the next position before moving.
(3) Communicate movement plan using hand signals to direct movement element and fire
element.
(4) Use hand signals or standard fire commands to direct fire element to place suppressive
fire on the enemy to cover the movement element (the movement element then becomes
the next fire element and fire element becomes the next movement element).
(5) Throw concussion or smoke grenades and use fire and movement techniques to move to
next position.
(6) Use hand grenades to hit and kill targets.
(7) Establish fire superiority to kill or capture the enemy.
108
(8) Search, silence, and segregate prisoners.
(9) Clear and secure the engagement area.
Note: This step should be conducted by platoons/squads for units without a quick reaction force.
3. Enemy has been dislodged and the road must be cleared and convoy movement resumed as soon
as possible.
(1) Establish security.
(2) Secure the area and position gun trucks in a good overwatch position.
(3) Determine ammunition status and conduct redistribution.
(4) Request engineer support to remove roadblock.
(1) Scan vehicles and surrounding area in search of casualties.
(2) Conduct buddy-aid until relieved by combat lifesaver or soldier is stabilized.
(3) Call for MEDEVAC.
c. Maintenance/recovery team/driver/assistant drivers will:
(1) Access disabled vehicles.
(2) Determine if vehicles can be safety recovered.
(3) Perform self-recovery using chains, cables, and tow-bars.
(4) Perform recovery-using wrecker.
(5) Request recovery support (if available).
Note: Disabled vehicles are abandoned if they cannot be quickly and safely recovered. They may also be
destroyed, as directed by higher headquarters.
d. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader will:
(1) Consolidate and reorganize convoy.
(2) Request recovery support, guidance, or permission to destroy equipment and supplies if
unable to conduct vehicle recovery.
(3) Request MP support and hand over prisoners.
(4) Update higher HQ with ACE report.
(5) Wait for further instructions from higher HQ if possible.
higher HQ.
Performance: Evaluate the soldiers when they can perform the drill to standard
a. Resources:
(3) Maps.
109
b. Training Site.
vehicle convoy.
orders to reacts to direct fire ambush (Road Blocked). Convoy personnel have been given a
convoy briefing and instructions on rules of engagement.
Talk: a. Orientation: The objective is to defend the convoy element. To perform this drill in a
tactical situation, the convoy personnel must be prepared to react to enemy ambush.
Initially this drill should be conducted slowly. Ensure that all personnel are aware that the
terrain can conceal or protect OPFOR.
d. Explanation.
their vehicles. Switch convoy personnel positions. Walk through the battle drill react to
direct fire ambush (Road Blocked). If possible, switch terrain or approach the same piece of
ground from a different direction, and have the squad or platoon execute the drill to
standard.
110
Coaching Points: There is no way to break contact. Each soldier must act according to the
situation. Smoke can help conceal vehicles in the kill zone.
Individual Tasks
Id Code
071-004-0006 2. Active Engage Targets with an M9 Pistol
071-010-0006 2. Active Engage Targets with an M249 Machine Gun
071-025-0007 2. Active Engage Targets with an M240B Machine
Gun
071-030-0004 2. Active Engage Targets with an MK19 Machine
Gun
071-030-0007 2. Active Perform a Function Check on an MK 19
Machine Gun
071-100-0003 2. Active Engage Targets with an M4 or M4A1
Carbine
071-311-2007 2. Active Engage Targets with an M16A1 or M16A2
Rifle
071-311-2026 2. Active Perform a Function Check on an M16A1 or
M16A2 Rifle
071-311-2029 2. Active Correct Malfunctions of an M16A1 or
M16A2 Rifle
071-311-2129 2. Active Correct Malfunctions of an M203 Grenade
Launcher
071-311-2130 2. Active Engage Targets With an M203 Grenade
Launcher
071-312-3026 2. Active Perform a Function Check on an M60
Machine Gun
071-312-3029 2. Active Correct Malfunctions of an M60 Machine
Gun
071-313-3454 2. Active Engage Targets With a Caliber .50 M2
Machine Gun
071-325-4407 2. Active Employ Hand Grenades
071-326-0502 2. Active Move Under Direct Fire
071-326-0503 2. Active Move Over, Through, or Around Obstacles
(Except Minefields)
111
071-326-0608 1. b. Active Use Visual Signaling Techniques
071-326-0608 1. c. Active Use Visual Signaling Techniques
071-430-0028 3. Active Consolidate a Unit
071-430-0029 3. Active Reorganize a Unit
081-831-0101 3. Active Request Medical Evacuation
Shock
Extremity
081-831-1040 3. Active Transport a Casualty Using a One-man
Carry
081-831-1041 3. Active Transport a Casualty Using a Two-man
Carry or an Improvised Litter
113-571-1022 1. b. Active Perform Voice Communications
113-571-1022 1. c. Active Perform Voice Communications
121-030-3534 3. Active REPORT CASUALTIES
551-88M-0005 1. b. Active Operate a Vehicle in a Convoy
551-88M-0005 1. c. Active Operate a Vehicle in a Convoy
Collective Tasks
Supporting Products
FM 21-75 ----- FM Combat Skills of the N Y
Soldier
112
Operations in Urban
Terrain
Company
Noncommissioned
Officer Guide
FM 7-8 ----- FM Infantry Rifle Platoon Y Y
and Squad



risk.
113
114

55-3-D0016
Convoy Reacts to Enemy Indirect Fire
Status: Proposed
Condition: Convoy personnel observe artillery/mortar rounds impacting along the side of the
road. CAS sorties and indirect fire support have been allocated, but with low priority. Rally
points have been designated along the MSR. Convoy personnel have been briefed on
contact actions. The convoy commander has established communications with higher HQ,
supporting elements, and subordinate elements. Some iterations of this task may be
conducted during limited visibility conditions.
Standard: Convoy personnel immediately move out of the impact area, treat and evacuate
casualties, reorganize the convoy, and continue with mission in accordance with the
OPORD and unit TSOP.

1. Convoy reacts to indirect enemy fire.
a. March elements that are in immediate danger will:
(1) Direct convoy elements to increase convoy speed and interval (adjust vehicle speed to
road conditions) and immediately move out of the impact area as quickly as possible
without bunching up or stopping.
(2) Use available communication to notify trailing convoy elements.
(3) Dismount disabled vehicle and mount passing vehicle if possible or run out of the impact
area as quickly as possible and link up with vehicles once clear of the impact area.
(4) Scan the area for enemy forward observer.
(5) Direct small arms fire or artillery fires against the enemy forward observer if he can be
located.
(6) Direct counter battery fire if the direction and approximate distance to enemy artillery can
be estimated.
(7) Call for CAS.
(8) Report contact to higher HQ.
(9) Move to rally point.
b. March elements that are not in immediate danger will:
(1) Take an alternate route, if no alternate route exists, stops convoy, dismounts vehicles,
establishes security (360 degrees), and waits for further instructions.
(2) Increase situation awareness for ambushes and IED.
(3) Maintain communication.
(4) Move to the designated rally point.
2. Convoy clears impact area and arrives at the rally point.
(1) Direct convoy personnel to dismount vehicles and establish perimeter security using safe
side of vehicles for cover (360 degrees).
(2) Position command and control vehicle inside safe area.
(3) Position gun trucks in an overwatch position.
(4) Account for personnel and equipment and report status to higher HQ
115
b. Convoy elements will:
(1) Position vehicles under cover and concealment (if available) or stagger vehicles.
(2) Dismount and take up a good defense position.
c. Gun truck NCOICs will:
(1) Position vehicles in a good overwatch position.
(2) Maintain communications with convoy commander and serial/march unit leader.
3. Conduct casualty treatment and evaluation.
(1) Request ground/air MEDEVAC for casualties.
(1) Scan vehicles in search of casualties.
(2) Conduct buddy-aid until relieved by combat lifesaver or soldier is stabilized.
4. Consolidate and reorganize convoy.
(1) Establish new chain of command (if needed).
(2) Analyze the situation.
(3) Link up with convoy elements.
(4) Account for soldiers and equipment.
(5) Conduct weapons, communications, and sensitive item checks.
(6) Direct drivers to inspect vehicles and cargo and report status.
(7) Direct priority of cross leveling of cargo/loads (if needed).
(8) Direct recovery operations.
(9) Request recovery support or guidance if unable to conduct unit recovery.
(10) Update higher HQ with casualty and equipment report.
(11) Wait for further instructions.
higher HQ.
(1) Inspect vehicles and cargo and report status.
(2) Cross load and secure cargo (if necessary).
(3) Conduct recovery operations.
a. Resources:
(3) Maps.
(6) Artillery simulators.
116
(7) Smoke grenades.
b. Training Site.
vehicle convoy.
orders to react to indirect fire. Convoy personnel have been given a convoy briefing and
instructions on rules of engagement.
Talk: a. Orientation: The objective is to protect the convoy element. To perform this drill in a
tactical situation, the convoy must immediately move out of the impact area.
d. Explanation.
their vehicles. Switch convoy personnel positions. Walk through the battle drill react indirect
fire. If possible, switch terrain or approach the same piece of ground from a different
direction, and have the squad or platoon execute the drill to standard.
117
Rules for selecting the aim points.
Individual Tasks
Id Code
071-326-3002 1. Active React to Indirect Fire While Mounted
Shock
551-721-1359 1. Active Operate Vehicle in a Convoy
551-721-1359 2. Active Operate Vehicle in a Convoy
Collective Tasks
Supporting Products: None.
118



risk.al.
119

55-3-D0017
Convoy Reacts to Aerial Attack
Status: Proposed
Condition: The convoy is moving or halted when the convoy commander receives an early
warning from higher HQ of enemy aircraft inbound from the east, heading toward the
convoy. The convoy commander initiates signals for an imminent air attack. Convoy
commander has communications with subordinate elements. Some iterations of this task
may be conducted during limited visibility conditions.
Standard: Convoy successfully identifies threat A/C. Convoy destroys or wards off all attacking
A/C. Casualties are treated and evacuated, convoy is consolidated and reorganized, and
mission is continued in accordance with OPORD and convoy commander's guidance.

1. React to air attack while at the halt.
(1) Alert convoy using available communications or other tactical means.
(2) Direct gunners and assistant gunners with crew-served weapons mounted on vehicles to
take up firing positions.
(3) Direct all soldiers to prepare their weapons for fire by placing their weapons in the fully
automatic mode and wait for command to fire.
(4) Define the search sector size, based on warning from higher HQ, by narrowing the search
sector to about 30 degrees and center the search on the A/C approach azimuth (while still
maintaining 360 degrees).
(5) Establish upper and lower limits.
(6) Determine the right moment to give the command to fire on attacking A/C.
(7) Maintain communications with higher HQ.
b. Drivers and assistant drivers will:
(1) Take up a firing position.
(2) Prepare weapons for fire by placing their weapons in the fully automatic mode and wait for
command to fire.
(3) Search and scan the air for approaching A/C.
(4) Identify threat A/C.
(5) Alert convoy personnel by announcing attacking A/C while pointing to A/C or disseminate
emergency warning in accordance with unit TSOP.
(6) Fire on attacking A/C on command or spontaneously.
Note: Each soldier fires at the aiming point until all ammunition is expended or until ordered to "cease
fire" (volume fire).
(7) Throw smoke grenades to cause the threat A/C to lose its weapons lock or disrupt target
acquisition.
(8) Reload and prepare to engage follow-on attackers.
c. Gun truck NCOICs and crews will:
(1) Take up firing positions with crew-served-weapons.
(2) Prepare weapons for fire and wait for command to fire.
120
(6) Fire on attacking A/C on command or spontaneously.
Note: Each soldier fires at the aiming point until all ammunition is expended, or until ordered to "cease
fire" (volume fire).
acquisition.
2. Reacts to air attack while convoying along open roads where there is little or no overhead cover.
(1) Alert the convoy using available communications or other tactical means.
(2) Direct drivers to increase convoy speed and interval (100 meters between vehicles)
(reduce speed to reduce dust on unpaved roads).
(3) Direct all nondriving soldiers to search and scan the sky for hostile A/C and disseminate
emergency warning in accordance with unit TSOP once enemy A/Cs are spotted.
(4) Direct convoy personnel to be prepared to engage nonattacking A/C on command when
identified as hostile.
(5) Direct convoy personnel to engage enemy A/C using all weapons.
b. Drivers will:
(1) Increase speed and interval (100 meters between vehicles) (reduce speed to reduce dust
on unpaved roads).
(2) Use vehicle horn to alert the convoy of approaching A/C (long blast of vehicle horn).
(3) Increase convoy speed when A/C attacks.
(4) Increase interval between vehicles to 100 meters and seek cover and concealment if
available.
Note: If convoy is forced to stop, stagger vehicles in a herringbone formation, dismount, take up a firing
position, and return fire on attacking A/C.
c. Assistant drivers will:
(1) Prepare weapons to fire by placing their weapons in the fully automatic mode.
(2) Take up a firing position with individual weapon.
(3) Scan the air for approaching A/C.
(5) Direct the driver to alert convoy personnel by using the vehicle horn (long blast of vehicle
horn).
(7) Fire on attacking A/C on command or spontaneously until all ammunition is expended or
until ordered to "cease fire".
acquisition.
(1) Prepare weapons to fire by placing the weapons in the fully automatic mode.
(2) Take up firing positions with crew-served weapons.
(5) Direct the driver to alert convoy personnel by using the vehicle horn (long blast of vehicle
horn).
121
acquisition.
3. Reacts to an air attack while convoying in a wooded, jungle, or urban environment.
(1) Alert convoy using available communications or other tactical means.
(2) Direct drivers to disperse and seek cover.
(3) Direct gunners and assistant gunners with crew-served weapons mounted on vehicles to
take up firing positions.
(4) Direct all soldiers to dismount and prepare weapons for fire by placing their weapons in
the fully automatic mode and wait for command to fire.
(5) Define the search sector size based on warning from higher HQ by narrowing the search
sector to about 30 degrees and center the search on the A/C approach azimuth (still
maintain 360 degrees).
(6) Establish upper and lower limits.
(7) Determine the right moment to give the command to fire on attacking A/C.
b. Drivers will:
(1) Seek cover and concealment by positioning vehicles against natural or manmade
obstacles to reduce the probability of detection.
(2) Stagger vehicles to opposite sides of road to seek cover.
(3) Dismount and take up a firing position.
(4) Prepare weapons for fire by placing them in the fully automatic mode and wait for
command to fire.
(5) Scan the skies for approaching A/C.
(8) Fire on attacking A/C on command or spontaneously until all ammunition is expended, or
until ordered to "cease fire" (volume fire).
acquisition.
c. Assistant drivers will:
(1) Dismount vehicles and take up a firing position.
(2) Take up firing positions with vehicle-mounted crew-served weapons.
(3) Prepare weapons for fire by placing them in the fully automatic mode and wait for
command to fire.
(4) Scan the air for approaching A/C.
acquisition.
(1) Seek cover and concealment by positioning vehicles against natural or manmade
obstacles to reduce the probability of detection.
(2) Take up firing positions
(3) Prepare weaponsfor fire and wait for command to fire.
(4) Search and scan the skies for approaching A/C.
122
(7) Fire only on attacking A/C on command or spontaneously until all ammunition is
expended, or until ordered to "cease fire" (volume fire).
4. Convoy personnel destroy or ward off attacking A/C and cosolidate and reorganize convoy.
(1) Establish security.
(2) Position gun trucks in a good overwatch position.
b. Convoy personnel conduct casualty treatment and evaluation.
(1) Searches vehicles and ground for casualties
(2) Conducts buddy-aid until relieved by combat lifesaver or soldier is stabilized.
(3) Requests ground/air MEDEVAC for casualties.
c. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leaders will:
(1) Account for soldiers and equipment.
(2) Analyze the situation.
(3) Establish new chain of command (if needed).
(4) Conduct weapons, communications, and sensitive item checks.
(5) Direct priority of cross leveling of cargo/loads (if needed).
(6) Request recovery support or guidance if unable to conduct unit recovery.
(7) Update higher HQ with ammunition, casualty, and equipment (ACE) report.
(8) Wait for further instructions from higher HQ.
higher HQ.
a. Resources:
(3) Maps.
(4) Opposing forces (OPFOR).
(6) Smoke grenades.
(7) Artillery simulators.
b. Training Site.
vehicle convoy.
123
orders to reacts to aerial attack. Convoy personnel have been given a convoy briefing and
instructions on rules of engagement.
Talk: a. Orientation: The objective is to defending the convoy. To perform this drill in a tactical
situation, the convoy must defend against a hostile air attack during convoy.
d. Explanation.
enemy aerial attack. If possible, switch terrain or approach the same piece of ground from a
Rules for selecting the aim points.
Individual Tasks
Id Code
124
071-022-0003 1. Active Load a Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun
Gun
Gun
Gun
Gun
Gun
Gun
071-030-0005 1. Active Load an MK19 Machine Gun
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
Carbine
Carbine
Carbine
Rifle
Rifle
Rifle
M16A2 Rifle
M16A2 Rifle
M16A2 Rifle
071-311-2027 1. Active Load an M16-Series Rifle
125
M16A2 Rifle
M16A2 Rifle
M16A2 Rifle
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
071-312-3027 1. Active Load an M60 Machine Gun
Gun
Gun
Gun
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
071-326-3013 3. Active Conduct a Tactical Road March
071-410-0019 1. Active Control Organic Fires
Shock
126
Wound
Extremity
081-831-1040 4. Active Transport a Casualty Using a One-man
Carry
081-831-1041 4. Active Transport a Casualty Using a Two-man
Carry or an Improvised Litter
551-88M-0005 2. Active Operate a Vehicle in a Convoy
551-88M-0005 3. Active Operate a Vehicle in a Convoy
805C-PAD-2060 4. Active Report Casualties
Collective Tasks
Supporting Products: None.

127


risk.
128

55-3-D0018
Convoy Reacts to Chemical Attack
Status: Proposed
Condition: The convoy is near a contaminated area when the presence of hazardous agents is
detected and the chemical alarm sounds. Some iterations of this task should be conducted
during limited visibility conditions.
Standard: Convoy personnel protect themselves from chemical contamination using assigned
protective masks. Perform decontamination techniques, without command, once aware of
contamination on bare skin. Start skin decontamination within one minute of contamination.

1. Hazardous agents have been detected and the chemical alarm sounds.
a. Soldiers who recognize the chemical alarm immediately react to hazard.
(1) Stops breathing.
(2) Properly dons, seats, clears, and checks protective mask within nine seconds.
(3) Alerts the convoy by giving the appropriate signal in accordance with unit TSOP.
(4) Assumes MOPP level 4.
(5) Attaches M9 detector paper on clothing and equipment.
(6) Performs immediate decontamination of his person, clothing, and individual weapon once
cleared out of the contaminated area.
b. Drivers will:
(1) Halt the vehicle.
(2) Stop breathing.
(3) Properly don, seat, clear, and check protective mask within nine seconds.
(4) Use the vehicle horn in accordance with unit TSOP to alert convoy personnel.
(5) Close vehicle windows and vents to prevent further exposure to contamination.
(6) Assume MOPP level 4.
(7) Attach M9 detector paper to clothing and equipment.
(8) Increase convoy interval and move through the area as quickly as possible.
(9) Perform immediate decontamination of person, clothing, individual weapon, and vehicle
after crossing contaminated area.
c. All nondriving personnel will:
(1) Stop breathing.
(2) Properly don, seat, clear, and check protective mask within nine seconds.
(3) Close passenger window and close vents.
(4) Assume MOPP level 4.
(5) Attach M9 detector paper on clothing and equipment.
(6) Perform immediate decontamination of person, clothing, and individual weapon.
d. Convoy personnel conduct additional protective measures.
(1) Administers self-aid.
(2) Monitors their buddies for signs of chemical poisoning.
(3) Administers buddy aid.
129
2. Operate and monitor the automatic chemical agent detector alarm and/or chemical detector paper
and M256 detector kit for detecting hazard and report finding.
a. NBC officer, specialist, or designated soldier will:
(1) Determine the type(s) of chemical(s) employed.
(2) Determine the extent of contamination.
(3) Provide data for compilation of NBC report.
(4) Report finding to convoy commander and serial/march unit leader.
(5) Monitor personnel, food, and drinking water for NBC contamination and effectiveness of
decontamination measures.
b. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader will:
(1) Submit NBC 1 report.
(2) Mark the area before leaving if contamination is present.
(3) Move convoy clear of the contaminated area.
(4) Determine, if necessary, if operational decontamination is required and request for
support.
3. Initiate unmasking procedures.
a. With the automatic chemical agent detector alarm/or chemical detector paper and chemical
agent detector kit. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader will:
(1) Choose two or three individuals to begin unmasking procedures in a shady area.
(2) Ensure test personnel remain unmasked for 5 minutes, then remask and clear their
masks.
(3) Observe test personnel for symptoms of illness for 10 minutes. If no symptoms of illness
are detected, report "ALL CLEAR" using available communication or other tactical means.
(4) Direct personnel to unmask (continues to watch for delayed symptoms).
(5) Ensure casualties are provided medical care.
(6) Report casualties to higher HQ.
(7) Request medical evacuation if needed.
b. Without automatic chemical agent detector alarm/or chemical detector paper and agent
detector kit. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader will:
(1) Choose two or three individuals to begin unmasking procedures in a shady area.
(2) Ensure test personnel remain unmasked for 5 minutes, then remask and clear their
masks.
(3) Observe test personnel for symptoms of illness for 10 minutes. If no symptoms of illness
are detected, report "ALL CLEAR" using available communications or other tactical
means.
(4) Direct personnel to unmask (continues to watch for delayed symptoms).
(5) Ensure casualties are provided medical care.
(6) Report casualties.
4. Reconsolidate and reorganize convoy. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader will:
a. Establish, if needed, new chain of command.
b. Analyze the situation.
c. Account for soldiers and equipment.
d. Conduct weapon, communications, and sensitive item checks.
e. Inspect vehicles and cargo.
f. Receive further instructions from higher HQ.
g. Conduct convoy briefing and continue mission unless otherwise directed by higher HQ.
130
a. Resources:
(3) Maps.
b. Training Site.
vehicle convoy.
convoying the platoon leader/sergeant allows the convoy to move 200 meters
before issuing orders to reacts to chemical attack.
Talk: a. Orientation: The objective is to react to a chemical attack. To perform this drill in a
tactical situation, convoy personnel must protect themselves from chemical contamination
using mission oriented protective posture (MOPP).
d. Explanation.
(2) Explain the duties and responsibilities of the convoy commander, serial/march unit
leader, unit leaders (officers/NCOs), and any soldier who recognizes the unit is under a
chemical attack.
131
visual contact. If possible, switch terrain or approach the same piece of ground from a
Individual Tasks
Id Code
031-503-1019 1. Active React to Chemical or Biological
Hazard/Attack
031-503-1020 1. Active Detect Chemical Agents Using M9 Detector
Paper
031-503-1025 1. Active Protect Yourself from Chemical and
Biological Injury/Contamination Using Your
M40-Series Protective Mask with Hood
031-503-1026 1. Active Maintain Your M40-Series Protective Mask
with Hood
031-503-1033 1. Active Decontaminate Your Skin Using the M291
Skin Decontaminating Kit (SDK)
031-503-1035 1. Active Protect Yourself From Chemical/Biological
Contamination Using Your Assigned
Protective Mask
031-503-1036 1. Active Maintain Your Assigned Protective Mask
031-503-1037 2. Active Detect Chemical Agents Using M8 or M9
Detector Paper
031-503-2001 2. Active Identify Chemical Agents Using M256-
Series Chemical-Agent Detector Kit
031-503-3002 3. Active Conduct Unmasking Procedures
031-503-3004 1. Active Supervise the Crossing of a Contaminated
Area
031-503-3004 2. Active Supervise the Crossing of a Contaminated
Area
031-503-3005 2. Active Submit an NBC 1 Report
031-503-3010 2. Active Supervise the Employment of Nuclear,
Biological, and Chemical (NBC) Markers
132
551-721-2410 1. Active Operate Vehicle in a Contaminated Area
Collective Tasks
63-2-4334 ----- Active Respond to a Chemical Attack
Supporting Products
FM 21-75 ----- FM Combat Skills of the N Y
Soldier
FM 3-05.70 ----- FM Survival N Y
FM 3-21.75 ----- FM Combat Skills of the N Y
Soldier
FM 3-3 ----- FM Chemical and Biological Y Y
Contamination
Avoidance (FMFM 11-
17)
FM 3-5 ----- FM NBC Decontamination N Y
(MCWP 3-37.3)
Noncommissioned
Officer Guide

133

risk.
134

55-3-D0019
Convoy Breaks Contact With Enemy Forces
Status: Proposed
Condition: While at the halt the convoy receives intensive fire as part of a threat ambush. The
convoy commander and serial/march unit leader evaluates the situation and determines the
convoy cannot gain fire superiority. A decision has been made to break contact. The
convoy commander and serial/march unit leader have communications with subordinate
elements. Some iterations of this task may be conducted during limited visibility conditions.
Standard: Convoy commander and serial/march unit leader inform all convoy personnel to break
contact. Gun trucks nearest the threat maneuver to a standoff range and support-by-fire
until the last vehicle in the convoy has departed and will then maintain rear security. Convoy
displaces to designated rally points, casualties are treated and evacuated, and the convoy is
consolidated, reorganized, and continues with mission in accordance with OPORD and
convoy commanders guidance.

1. Initiate procedures to break contact. Convoy commander, serial/march unit leader will:
a. Notify convoy elements to break contact.
b. Direct convoy element to displace to rally points either backwards or forward, depending on the
vehicle's location relative to the attack point.
c. Direct gun trucks nearest to the threat to maneuver and support-by-fire those soldiers closest to
contact zone.
d. Direct forward gun trucks to provide security as convoy leaves contact zone.
e. Direct lead convoy element to proceed to designated rally point "forward" and secure the area.
2. Convoy personnel break contact.
a. Gun truck NCOICs and crews will:
(1) Maneuver to a standoff distance and support-by-fire soldiers in the contact
(2) Shift fire to engage additional targets.
(3) Alternate reloading procedures.
(4) Throw smoke grenades to interfere with the enemy's ability to target convoy vehicles.
(5) Displace once the last vehicle in the convoy clears the contact zone and maintain rear
security.
(6) Provide convoy commander or serial/march unit leader with SITREP.
b. Drivers and assistant drivers will:
(1) Maintain position and provide suppressive fire until all casualties are evacuated.
(2) Abandon disabled vehicles if they cannot be quickly and safety recovered or destroyed as
determined by leaders.
(3) Engage enemy from prone position while assistant driver uses the appropriate maneuver
techniques to reach and enter the vehicle on safe side away from enemy fire.
(4) Use the appropriate maneuver techniques to reach and enter the vehicle on safe side
away from enemy fire.
(5) Displace under the control of the serial/march unit leader while AD places suppressive fire
on enemy.
135
(6) Push disabled vehicle off the road (if blocking) and move out of the engagement area
without stopping or bunching up.
d. Assistant drivers will:
(1) Maintain position and provide suppressive fire until all casualties are evacuated.
(2) Abandon disabled vehicles if they cannot be quickly and safety recovered or destroyed, as
determined by leaders.
(3) Use the appropriate maneuver techniques to reach and enter the vehicle on safe side
away from enemy fire.
(4) Assume good firing position and place suppressive fire on the enemy while shouting to
driver that he is in position.
(5) Maintain communication with convoy commander and serial/march unit leader.
3. Convoy displaces and arrives at rally point. Convoy personnel will:
a. Dismount vehicles and establish security.
b. Secure the area and position gun trucks in a good overwatch position.
c. Determine ammunition status and redistribute.
4. Conducts casualty treatment and evaluation. Convoy personnel will:
a. Scan vehicles in search of casualties.
b. Treat casualties.
c. Call for MEDEVAC.
5. Convoy is consolidated and reorganized. Convoy comander, serial/march unit leader will:
a. Provide higher HQ with ammunition, casualty, and equipment (ACE) report.
b. Receive further instructions from higher HQ.
c. Conduct convoy briefing and continue mission unless directed to do otherwise by higher HQ.
a. Resources:
(3) Maps.
(6) Smoke grenades.
b. Training Site.
vehicle convoy.
orders to break contact with enemy forces. Convoy personnel have been given a convoy
136
briefing and instructions on rules of engagement.
Talk: a. Orientation: The objective is to break contact with enemy forces. To perform this drill
in a tactical situation, the convoy must support by fire and displace to a designated rally
point.
d. Explanation.
visual contact. If possible, switch terrain or approach the same piece of ground from a
137
Individual Tasks
Id Code
071-004-0003 2. Active Load an M9 Pistol
071-008-0007 2. Active Engage Targets with an M16-Series Rifle
Weapon Sight
071-025-0003 2. Active Load an M240B Machine Gun
Gun
Gun
Machine Gun
Carbine
071-311-2127 2. Active Load an M203 Grenade Launcher
Launcher
Launcher
Machine Gun
071-326-5503 5. Active Issue a Warning Order
071-329-1019 5. Active Use a Map Overlay
Shock
138
Wound
Extremity
551-721-1360 3. Active Operate Cargo Vehicle on Secondary
Roads/Trails/Cross-Country
551-721-1361 3. Active Operate Vehicle Under Adverse Conditions
Collective Tasks
Supporting Products
Operations in Urban
Terrain
Company
Noncommissioned
Officer Guide
and Squad
139


risk.
140

55-3-D0020
Dismount and Mount a Wheeled Vehicle While Under Direct Fire
Status: Proposed
Condition: Convoy is receiving intense fire as part of a threat ambush (head, tail, or a section of
the main body) and forced to stop. Convoy personnel must dismount and mount while
under direct fire. Convoy commander has communications with higher HQ and subordinate
elements. Some iterations of this task may be conducted during limited visibility conditions.
Standard: Dismount and mount wheeled vehicle on side away from enemy threat. When
receiving fire from both sides, the driver and assistant driver will immediately exit the vehicle,
drop to the ground, and roll into a prone position.

1. Dismount vehicle while under enemy attack (assistant driver side).
a. Assistant driver will:
(1) Place suppressive fire on enemy position while driver dismounts vehicle.
(2) Exit vehicle from the driver side and assume a good prone position to the front or rear of
the vehicle.
(3) Use proper engagement techniques to engage enemy.
(4) Maintain communications with driver.
b. Driver will:
(1) Stop the vehicle and leave the vehicle running.
(2) Secure his weapon.
(3) Unfasten seat belt.
(4) Exit vehicle and assume a good prone position to the front or rear of vehicle.
(5) Use proper engagement techniques to engage enemy.
(6) Communicate to assistant driver that he is in position.
Note: If danger is on the opposite side of vehicle, procedures are same with exception of order.
2. Dismount vehicle while under enemy attack (both sides).
a. Drivers will:
(1) Stop the vehicle and leave vehicle running.
(2) Unfasten seat belt.
(3) Secure his weapon.
(4) Exit vehicle and immediately drop and roll on the ground assume a prone firing position.
(5) Use proper engagement techniques to engage and return fire on the enemy.
(6) Maintain communication with assistant driver.
b. Assistant drivers will:
(1) Exit the vehicle immediately.
(2) Drop and roll on the ground and assume a prone firing position.
(3) Use proper engagement techniques to engage and return fire on the enemy.
(4) Maintain communication with driver.
3. Mount vehicle and displace while under attack.
a. Assistant drivers will:
(1) Place suppressive fire on enemy position until all casualties are evacuated.
141
(2) Place suppressive fire on enemy while driver mounts vehicle.
(3) Maintain communications with driver.
(4) Use the appropriate maneuver techniques to reach and enter the vehicle and continue to
engage the enemy.
b. Drivers will:
(1) Place suppressive fire on enemy position until all casualties are evacuated.
(2) Announce to assistant driver that he is moving out.
(3) Use the appropriate maneuver techniques to reach and enter the vehicle.
(4) Announce to assistant driver that he is in place.
(5) Engage enemy position while assistant driver mounts vehicle.
(6) Displace under the control of the serial/march unit leader while assistant driver continues
to suppress the enemy.
a. Resources:
(2) Convoy personnel and vehicles.
b. Training Site.
vehicle convoy.
convoying the convoy commander, serial/march unit leader allows the convoy to move 200
meters before issuing orders to dismount and mount vehicle under enemy fire. Convoy
personnel have been given a convoy briefing and instructions on rules of engagement.
Talk: a. Orientation: The objective is to safety dismount and mount wheel vehicle under direct
fire. To perform this drill in a tactical situation, convoy personnel must place suppressive fire
in direction of enemy and dismount and mount vehicle on side away from enemy fire.
142
d. Explanation.
their vehicles. Switch convoy personnel positions. Walk through the battle drill to dismount
and mount vehicle under enemy fire. If possible, switch terrain or approach the same piece
of ground from a different direction, and have the squad or platoon execute the drill to
standard.
Ensure convoy elements return fire and dismount and mount vehicle on opposite side of
enemy fire.
Individual Tasks
Id Code
071-025-0001 1. Active Maintain an M240B Machine Gun
143
Gun
Gun
Gun
Gun
Gun
Gun
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
Carbine
Carbine
Carbine
Rifle
Rifle
Rifle
M16A2 Rifle
M16A2 Rifle
M16A2 Rifle
M16A2 Rifle
M16A2 Rifle
M16A2 Rifle
144
Launcher
Launcher
Launcher
Launcher
Launcher
Launcher
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
Gun
Gun
Gun
Collective Tasks
145
Supporting Products
Operations in Urban
Terrain
Company
Noncommissioned
Officer Guide
and Squad
risk management parallels safety risk management and is based on the same philosophy as
safety risk management. Environmental risk management consists of the following steps:



risk.
146
147

Convoy Surv TSP

Uploaded by

Convoy Surv TSP

Uploaded by

63H34G01

TRAINING SUPPORT PACKAGE

SECTION I, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA..................................................................................3

SECTION I. ADMINISTRATIVE DATA

All Courses COURSE NUMBER (S) COURSE TITLE (S)

Task(s) Taught TASK NUMBER TASK TITLE

--- Transport Casualties

--- Conduct a Convoy

171-121-3009 Control Techniques of Movement

Task(s) TASK NUMBER TASK TITLE

Academic PEACETIME MOB

Note 1: Time reflects summation of lesson academic time by MOI

Test Lesson N/A

Prerequisite LESSON NUMBER LESSON TITLE

Security For Official Use Only (FOUO)

References Number Title Date Additional

Student Study None

Equipment Item LIN/NSN Qty Eq/St

Classroom, Facility Code

Branch Safety Rank Position Date

Rank Position Date

This training support package was developed in answer to a constantly evolving

Method of Instruction: Conference

Slide #8 During this course of instruction you will learn to:

Identify the threat

Describe the purpose and functions of the gun truck

SECTION III. PRESENTATION

Note: Inform the students of the Enabling Learning Objective requirements.

1. Learning step/activity 1. Identify the threat.

Slide #13 In a COE, the enemy threat looks like this:

a. Unconventional, irregular forces.

Method of Instruction: Conference/Demonstration

Slide #16 a. Stop your movement.

Check on Determine if students have learned the material presented by --

Maintenance. Maintenance and weight are inseparable factors in vehicle hardening.

1. Learning step/activity 1. Harden vehicle cab

g. The engine compartment is generally not hardened.

Method of Instruction: Conference

Slide #25 Lateral view from rear. Note the dimensions.

Emphasize to the students the volume and weight involved.

Method of Instruction: Conference

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NOTE A sample Convoy Warning Order format is located in Annex A.

Conduct reconnaissance: Either map, air, ground, or a combination thereof. Insure

Supervise the execution: A well-planned convoy is difficult to control. An un-

1 Learning step/activity 1. Assemble key convoy personnel.

Method of Instruction: Conference

Slide #30 d. Convoy key personnel are as follows:

1) Serial/March unit commanders.

Method of Instruction: Conference/Demonstration

1) Fire support - (target reference points, support elements, range fans).

Method of Instruction: Conference

1. Situation: General overview of enemy and friendly situation in the AO.

Tasks to subordinate units (includes OPCON elements)

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1 Learning step/activity 1. Organize the convoy.

Method of Instruction: Conference

a. Select the formation.

Method of Instruction: Conference

In a Contemporary Operating Environment, convoy personnel should exercise a

Method of Instruction: Conference

a. Ensure vehicle interval is established and maintained during movement. Report

Method of Instruction: Conference

a. Establish and maintain vehicle interval during movement.

Method of Instruction: Conference

Method of Instruction: Conference

7 Learning step/activity 7. Implement active/passive defense measures.

Method of Instruction: Conference

1) Cover shiny surfaces.

Slide #50 b. Support the deception story.

1) Camouflage or disguise high-priority cargo to resemble something else.

NOTE Do not alter cargo labels or markings without command approval.

Method of Instruction: Conference

Slide #52 a. Identify the obstacle as far away as possible.

Method of Instruction: Conference

Dismounting in the presence of a potentially hostile crowd is extremely