Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003

written by Ulrich Stiehl, 15-Dec-2003

Revised and enlarged 1-Feb-2004, 25-Feb-2004, and 27-Sep-2005

http://www.sanskritweb.net

See also Addendum of 11-Sep-2004, downloadable as

http://www.sanskritweb.net/itrans/addendum.pdf

This documentation refers to Itranslator 2003, available as of 15-Dec-2003.

Itranslator 2003 has been developed by Omkarananda Ashram Himalayas.

Any suggestions, complaints, etc. may kindly be addressed to:

Swami Satchidananda
Omkarananda Ashram Himalayas
Swami Omkarananda Road
Muni-ki-reti (Rishikesh)
Distt. Tehri Garhwal
P.O. Shivanandanagar - 249 192
Uttaranchal, INDIA
or by email to:
itranslator@omkarananda-ashram.org
Please visit our website at:
http://www.omkarananda-ashram.org

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 1

Contents
Revision Notes

0.

Itranslator 99 versus Itranslator 2003

1.

Structure and Character Set of ITX File

1.1.

Character Set of ITX Encoding

1.2.

Character Set of English etc. Insertions

2.

Fundamentals of ITX Encoding Scheme

2.1.

Simplified ITX Encoding Scheme for Classical Sanskrit

2.2.

Complete Description of the ITX Codes with Examples

10

2.3.

Text Sample: ITX Devanagari Transliteration

15

3.

Charts of the Devanagari Font "Sanskrit 2003"

20

3.1.

Unicode Range Devanagari (0900-097F) of "Sanskrit 2003"

20

3.2.

Unicode Characters Not Supported by Itranslator 2003

24

3.3.

Special Latin Codes and Private Use Area Codes of "Sanskrit 2003"

25

3.4.

Half-Forms (Left Halves) of Consonants of "Sanskrit 2003"

26

3.5.

Ligatures of "Sanskrit 2003"

28

3.6.

"Sanskrit 2003" versus Other Fonts

44

3.7.

Orthographic Syllables of "Sanskrit 2003"

76

4.

Charts of Transliteration Font "URW Palladio ITU"

104

4.1.

Mixed 8/16-bit Range 128-191 of "URW Palladio ITU"

105

5.

Keyboard Entry and the INSCRIPT Keyboard Driver

107

Appendices:
I.

Attested Hindi Ligatures by Ernst Tremel

110

II.

Typesetting of Yajurveda Texts with "Sanskrit 2003" and "Chandas"

131

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 2

Revisions of February 2004

The preliminary version of this Itranslator manual was published on 15th December 2003.
The revision of 1st February 2004 added a very large 21-page chapter by Ernst Tremel on
"Attested Hindi Ligatures" reproduced in this manual with his kind permission. It should
be noted that some Hindi nasal ligatures, e.g. , could not be attested so far. Chapter 3.6
("Sanskrit 2003" versus Other Fonts) now includes Mr. Tremel's version 2.0 of "shiDeva".
The revision of 25th February 2004 added the chapter on Keyboard entry and INSCRIPT.

Heidelberg, 25th February, 2004

Ulrich Stiehl

Revisions of September 2005

This revision adds the new font "Chandas" by Mihail Bayaryn to the charts on pages 44-75
and explains the update of the font "Sanskrit 2003" (new version 1.1 of September 2005).
Both fonts, "Sanskrit 2003" and "Chandas" (updated version 1.2 of 27th September 2005),
are completely interchangeable and suited for typesetting of Yajurveda texts. For more
details see below pages 131-133 on Typesetting of Yajurveda Texts with "Sanskrit 2003"
and "Chandas". It should be noted that "Sanskrit 2003" and "Chandas" are worldwide the
only two Devanagari fonts including all attested ligatures of Vedic and Classical Sanskrit.
It was a pleasure for me to fund the Chandas font project by Mihail Bayaryn of Belarus
(visit his website at http://chandas.cakram.org), and I trust that users of Itranslator 2003
will be pleased to now have a choice among two full-fledged fonts "Sanskrit 2003" and
"Chandas" with complete ligature sets suitable for high-quality professional typesetting.
Furthermore, the following additional large documents are available from my web subsite
http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs:
1.

"Svara Statistics of the Taittiriya Brahmana" (tbsvaras.pdf, 207 pages, 1.2 MB)

2.

"Conjunct Consonants in Sanskrit" (conjuncts.pdf, 101 pages, 5.5 MB)

Heidelberg, 27th September, 2005

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 3

Ulrich Stiehl

0. Itranslator 99 versus Itranslator 2003

1. Program Purpose
The Windows programs Itranslator 99 and Itranslator 2003 serve this identical purpose:
Conversion of ITX (= ITRANS) encoded files into Devanagari and/or Transliteration files
(TXT, HTM, or RTF files). Therefore for the user both converter programs are exactly
identical in appearance (while the internal converting routines are completely different).

Itranslator 99 appeared in October 2002

Itranslator 2003 appeared in December 2003

2. Program Compatibility
Itranslator 99 (successor to Itranslator 98)
was developed with the greatest possible
compatibility in mind. Itranslator 99 works
with almost any version of Windows (e.g.
Win. 95/98, Win. ME, Win. 2000, Win. XP)
and with almost any word processor, old or
new (e.g. Word 6.0, Word 97, Word XP etc.,
Word Perfect, OpenOffice 1.0 Writer etc.).

Itranslator 2003 requires Windows XP or at

least Windows 2000 with Uniscribe Library
for International Language Support, and it
requires Uniscribe-savvy word processors
(e.g. Word XP and OpenOffice 1.1. Writer).
Older versions of Windows (e.g. Win. 98)
and older word programs (e.g. Word 97)
cannot use files created by Itranslator 2003.

Itranslator 99 does not require the latest Itranslator 2003 cannot be used, unless you
computer equipment.
buy the most recent computer equipment.

3. Font Compatibility
The Itranslator 99 fonts "Sanskrit 99" and
"URW Palladio IT" (both fonts available as
classical TrueType and PS Type 1 fonts)
were designed with greatest compatibility
in mind. While Itranslator 99 is a Windows
programs, the fonts can also be installed on
other and on older operating systems.

The Itranslator 2003 fonts "Sanskrit 2003"

and "URW Palladio ITU" are available only
as OpenType and Unicode TrueType fonts.
"Sanskrit 2003" needs an operating system
supporting the OpenType font technology
(e.g. Win. XP, Win. 2000, Win. Server 2003,
but also the recent 2003 version of Linux).

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 4

4. Ligatures
The Itranslator 99 font "Sanskrit 99" builds
most ligatures by combining half-forms or
even by resorting to virama-ligatures, as
"Sanskrit 99" includes only a few dozen
complete ligatures (whereas "Sanskrit 2003"
includes nearly 1000 complete ligatures),
since "Sanskrit 99" as a font that can be used
even with 10-year-old versions of Windows
is technically restricted to only 224 glyphs.

The Itranslator 2003 font "Sanskrit 2003" is

the first Devanagari font in the history of
typography including complete ligatures of
all attested conjunct consonants (so it is not
necessary to build ligatures by half-forms
or to resort to ugly virama-ligatures). Even
the very rarest, yet attested ligatures are
included in "Sanskrit 2003" as complete and
pre-combined glyphs.

Compare these ligatures of "Sanskrit 99" ...

... with these ligatures of "Sanskrit 2003".

'] 'v 'Oy 'Gy '

'" ' 'n 'm

5. Encoding
The Itranslator 99 font "Sanskrit 99" comes
with its own proprietary encoding, i.e. with
its own codepage so that it is impossible to
mark up a text typeset in "Sanskrit 99" with
another Devanagari font using its own and
necessarily different proprietary encoding.
(If you want to re-typeset a Sanskrit text in
"Sanskrit 2003" instead of "Sanskrit 99", you
have to re-convert the respective ITX file
with Itranslator 2003.)

The Itranslator 2003 font "Sanskrit 2003"

uses the Unicode 4.0 standard encoding, so
that it is possible to mark up a text typeset
in "Sanskrit 2003" with another OpenType
font, e.g. "Mangal". Yet, nobody will do this
presently, as other fonts are of poor quality.
Look at these ugly ligatures set in "Mangal":

6. Keyboard
The non-OpenType font "Sanskrit 99" can
hardly be used for typing a Sanskrit text
directly on the keyboard, because each of
the many half-forms and each complete
ligature has its own keyboard code, which
is difficult to memorize and to enter.

The OpenType font "Sanskrit 2003" can be

used for typing a Sanskrit text directly on
the keyboard as keys (not as codes), e.g.
with INSCRIPT (a keyboard driver), since
the codes of the hundreds of ligatures need
not (and should not) be entered directly.

E.g. for you would have to enter the code E.g. for you would type the keys (not the
0187 as a decimal or a hexadecimal number. codes) ++ (for more details see below).

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 5

7. Mixing of Sanskrit and English with one font

Itranslator 99 does not permit of mixing
Sanskrit and English with the one font
"Sanskrit 99", because it does not contain
Latin characters so that you cannot give a
mixed TXT file to another person using a
different operating system, e.g. Unix.

Itranslator 2003 permits of mixing Sanskrit

and English with the one font "Sanskrit
2003" so that it is possible to give mixed
Unicode TXT files to other persons (or to
printing plants) using different operating
systems, e.g. Macintosh OS, Unix, etc.

8. File size
Itranslator 99 generates 8-bit TXT files:
"Sanskrit 99" is a "1 character = 1 byte" font.
E.g. is stored in memory as 1 byte only
(hex BB). Example: The entire Mahabharata,
if converted by Itranslator 99 to a 8-bit TXT
file encoded in "Sanskrit 99" has a file size
of 6,8 megabytes only.

Itranslator 2003 generates 16-bit TXT files:

"Sanskrit 2003" is a "1 character = n bytes"
font. E.g. (= ++) is stored as 6 bytes
(hex 19 09 4D 09 15 09, i.e. low byte first).
Example: The entire MBh, if converted by
Itranslator 2003 to a 16-bit TXT file encoded
in "Sanskrit 2003", has a file size of 15,4 MB.

Note: The file size is crucial for "Word XP". While "Word 97" can import megabyte files,
"Word XP" cannot import large TXT files (nor large ITX or RTF or HTML files), so that e.g.
the Mahabharata, if converted by Itranslator 2003, cannot be imported by "Word XP".

9. Unicode Standard Drawbacks

The proprietary encoding of "Sanskrit 99"
ignores the Unicode Standard. Therefore
users can typeset all that they need to type.
E.g. in Marathi the ardhacandra is placed
on A in words of English origin (example:
AlkEzn! = allocation). With "Sanskrit 99", it
is possible to type A, (i.e. A followed by ).

The Standard for Indic scripts was authored

by Michael Everson, who does not speak
any Indian languages. This explains why a
Unicode font strictly adhering to what was
authored by non-Indologist Everson does
not always allow the user to type what he
needs to type (e.g. Marathi A or Vedic ).

Note: Since "Sanskrit 2003", as its name implies, is designed for typesetting "Sanskrit"
(both Classical and Vedic Sanskrit) it was decided to add a few non-Unicode PUA codes
to "Sanskrit 2003" so that also Vedic texts can be typeset with "Sanskrit 2003", since the
Unicode Standard as authored by Michael Everson does not allow to typeset Vedic texts.
It is hoped that future versions of the Unicode Standard pertaining to Indic scripts are
authored by professional Indologists or at least by those who can speak Indian languages.

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 6

1. Structure and Character Set of ITX File

The ITX file is a special ANSI text file consisting of portions treated as ITX encoding,
which will be converted to Devanagari or to Transliteration, and portions treated as
English etc. insertions (comments, translations, etc.), which will remain as is. Example:
candraH
ITX

##moon##
English

> Itranslator conversion >

moon
English

cN>
Sanskrit

1.1. Character Set of ITX Encoding

1.1.1. Control Characters (0-31)
All characters in the range 031 are forbidden with the exception of CR + LF (= 13 + 10),
treated as the end of a paragraph, whereby a paragraph can be of any length and hence is
not restricted to a line of text as seen on the screen when word-wrapping is turned on.
CR + LF (Carriage Return + Linefeed) should always be used as a pair in this sequence.
Therefore CR alone without LF or LF + CR (wrong sequence) will not work.
Usage of any other control characters (except CR + LF) provokes unpredictable results.

1.1.2. ASCII Characters (32127)

Of the characters in the range 32127, only those marked pink and green on the following
chart will be evaluated for the conversion to Devanagari or Transliteration:

0
032

10

11

12

13

14

15

"

&

'

048

<

>

064

080

096

112

DEL

Pink = letters and figures, Green = delimiters and modifiers, Yellow = unused, forbidden
The usage of the 31 yellow characters !"#$%&()*,/:;<=>?@BEFPQVWXY[]`DEL is forbidden
and has unpredictable results. In addition, all characters in the 8-bit ANSI range 128-255
are strictly forbidden in ITX encoded portions, which are clean 7-bit ASCII texts.

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 7

1.2. Character Set of English etc. Insertions

There are two types of insertions, and hence there are two different character sets.

1.2.1. Insertion of Single Punctuation Marks

In this case, the escape character "\" is prefixed, and one each of these marks may follow:
\! \" \$ \& \( \) \* \+ \, \- \. \/ \: \; \< \= \> \? \@ \[ \] \^ \` \| \~
which will be converted to the respective punctuation marks with "\" being stripped off:
!

"

&

* +

<

>

The following escape character sequences are forbidden: \' \'' \_ \# \% \\ \{ \}.
Note: \' (1 apostrophe), \'' (2 apostrophes) But: \" (quotation mark). See section 2.2.6.

1.2.2. Insertion of English etc. Passages

In this case, the English etc. passage has to be encapsulated by a pair of ## ... ##, whereby
## serves as a simple toggle switch, so you should take care to use ## ... ## always in pairs,
because the insertion mode is not terminated by CR + LF and thus may be of any length.
The character set of an insertion may comprise besides the two control codes CR + LF
all characters in the range 32-255 except these six: # % \ DEL-Code 127 {
} .

1.2.3. 16-bit vs. 8-bit Text Files

Although Itranslator 2003 generates 16-bit Devangari text files (besides RTF and HTLM
Devanagari files), the ITX (or ITRANS) text files you open with Itranslator must always be
8-bit ANSI files. If you enter ITX encoded Sanskrit texts with e.g. "Word XP", you have to
"SAVE AS" these files as 8-bit "Windows" (=ANSI) text files, before you can open them in
Itranslator. This note is important to those non-English users who do not mix ITX encoded
Sanskrit texts with English translations, but instead for instance with Polish translations.
This requires that the diacritics of the non-English translation be contained in the 128-255
character range. Otherwise it cannot be mixed with the ITX encoded Sanskrit text.

Note:
More technical details on the structure of ITX text files and on so-called ITRANS text files
(see also Avinash Chopde's website http://www.aczoom.com/itrans), on converting 8-bit
encoded transliteration text files into ITX encoded text files by converter programs and on
related topics are contained in the parallel file "Technical Manual of Itranslator 99",
downloadable as http://www.sanskritweb.net/itrans/itmanual99.pdf
This "Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003" duplicates only those passages on ITX matters
from the "Technical Manual of Itranslator 99" that are indispensable for encoding ITX files.
U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 8

2. Fundamentals of ITX Encoding Scheme

When you start Itranslator by clicking on the program icon, it will open up with the
ITRANS Editor window (labeled "NewFile1"). You are encouraged to enter some words
into this window to acquaint yourself with the encoding scheme. For instance, if you enter
devanAgarI into the Editor and hit on the function key F2 or click on the Convert button,
devnagrI is shown in the output window. If you hit on function key F6 (= Transliteration)
and then on F2, the output window will show devangar in its diacritical transliteration.

2.1. Simplified ITX Encoding Scheme for Classical Sanskrit

Itranslator uses the 7-bit ASCII encoding scheme ITX (acronym for Indian Text Exchange).
The following chart designed for Classical Sanskrit shows Devanagari, Transliteration and
in the the green columns ITX encoding.

Aa

R^i

R^I

@e

ai

ai

Aae

AaE

au

au

o!

kh

kh

g!

"!

gh

c!

ch

D!

ch

Ch

j!

H!

q!

Q!

Th

f!

t!!

w!

th

th

p!

ph

ph

b!

y!

z!

sh

;!

Sh

h!

>

<

L^i

gh

'!

~N

jh

jh

|!

~n

F!

Dh

[!

x!

dh

dh

n!

bh

bh

m!

l!

v!

s!

.N

ITX is "case-sensitive", e.g.

T and t are different codes.

The green boxes show those ITX codes which are compatible with ITRANS 5.1 since 1997.
To avoid confusion for beginners, only one ITX code is shown for each single character.
For those who want to encode Classical Sanskrit only, no further codes need to be learnt.
Itranslator supports several alternative codes, e.g. aa instead of A for encoding Aa. And it
can be used not only for Classical Sanskrit, but for encoding accented Vedic Sanskrit too.
With some restrictions, Itranslator can also be used for encoding those modern Indian
languages which are based on the Devanagari alphabet (e.g. Hindi, Marathi, Nepali).

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 9

2.2. Complete Description of the ITX Codes with Examples

(For pronunciation of Sanskrit alphabet see http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/ipa_sans.pdf)

2.2.1. Sanskrit Punctuation Marks (for English Punctuation Marks see 1.2.1.)
ITX

D.

T.

ITX Devanagari Transliteration English Translation

kuru-kShetram k-]em! kuru-ketram Kuru-country

| or .

pR^icChAmi | ko .aham || p&CDaim, kae =hm!.

|| or ..

||1)

pcchmi | ko 'ham || I ask: Who am I?

.a

'

Avagraha (apostrophe, i.e. elision of a), as above in kae =hm!

2.2.2. Sanskrit Vowels

ITX

D.

T.

ITX Devanagari Transliteration English Translation

arthaH AwR> artha money

A, aa

Aa

AnandaH or aanandaH AanNd> nanda bliss

iti #it iti thus

I, ii

IkShate or iikShate $]te kate he/she watches (present tense)

uDupaH %fup> uupa boat

U, uu

UcuH or uucuH ^cu> cu they said (perfect tense)

R^i, RRi

R^itvik or RRitvik \iTvk tvik priest

R^I, RRI

1)

svasR^INAm or svasRRINAm Svs[am! svasm of sisters

L^i, LLi

L^I, LLI

3)

Not used in Sanskrit words

ekadA @kda ekad once upon a time

ai

@e

ai

aikShata @e]t aikata he/she watched (imperfect tense)

Aae

odanaH Aaedn> odana boiled rice

au

AaE

au

auShadham AaE;xm! auadham herbal medicine

OM, AUM

om

This special ligature ` is used instead of om Aaem! or aum AaEm!

2)

kL^iptam or kLLiptam m! kptam prepared

1)

never occurs at the beginning of a word. Therefore the full vowel is never used.

2)

only occurs in some forms of the root kp and hence the full vowel is never used.

3)

(long version of ) has been invented by ancient Sanskrit grammarians for reasons of
symmetry, since the other simple vowels exist as pairs of short and long vowels.

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 10

2.2.3. Sanskrit Consonants

The Devanagari consonants in column "D." are depicted without the Virama ( ! ), as the
Itranslator conversion routine evaluates by itself, where to add the Virama and where not.
ITX

D.

T.

ITX Devanagari Transliteration English Translation

kusumam ksumm! kusumam flower

kh

kh

khalu olu khalu indeed

gadyam g*m! gadyam prose

gh

"

gh

ghoShaH "ae;> ghoa noise

~N, N^

'

a~NgulI or aN^gulI AlI agul finger

c, ch

c 1)

cAraH or chAraH car> cra spy

Ch, chh

ch 1)

ChAttraH or chhAttraH DaT> chttra pupil

jihvA ija jihv tongue

jh

jh 2)

jhaTiti Hiqit jhaiti suddenly

~n, JN

ra~njayati or raJNjayati ryit rajayati he/she dyes in red

kaTaH kq> kaa straw mat

Th

kaNThaH k{Q> kaha neck

daNDaH d{f> daa stick

Dh

leDhum leFum! lehum to lick (infinitive)

varNaH v[R> vara color

talam tlm! talam floor

th

th

sthAnam Swanm! sthnam place

sarvadA svRda sarvad always

dh

dh

dhanam xnm! dhanam wealth

nArI narI nr woman

pashyati pZyit payati he/she sees

ph

ph

phalam )lm! phalam fruit

bAlaH bal> bla boy

bh

bh

bhadraM te < te bhadra te good luck!

mitram imm! mitram friend

1)

To achieve compatibility with ITRANS, encode ch for c and Ch (or chh) for D.

2)

jh, regularly used in Marathi, occurs in Sanskrit only in a few onomatopoetic words.

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 11

Sanskrit Consonants Continued

ITX

D.

T.

ITX Devanagari Transliteration English Translation

yogaH yaeg> yoga Yoga

r 1)

a) rakra (r not before/after consonant): rAjA raja rj king

b) repha (r before consonant): sarvam svRm! sarvam all
c) vattu (r after consonant): prati it prati before

likhati iloit likhati he/she writes

v, w

vanam or wanam vnm! vanam forest

sh

shukaH zuk> uka parrot

S, Sh, shh, Z ;

2)

SaT or ShaT or shhaT or ZaT ;q a six

svapnaH Sv> svapna sleep

hantA hNta hant killer

1)

Note: Repha ( R ) does not exist for Unicode as a character with a Unicode code point.

2)

To achieve compatibility with ITRANS, encode Sh (or shh) for ;.

2.2.4. Additional Characters for Classical and Vedic Sanskrit

ITX

D.

T.

ITX Devanagari Transliteration English Translation

>

1)

ashvaH A> ava horse

M, .n, .m

<

2)

saMshayaH or sa.nsh... or sa.msh... s<zy> saaya doubt

.N

l 3)

tA.NllokAn ta~aekan! tllokn these people (accusative pl.)

{\m+}

4)

ida{\m+} or ida.N #d or #d~ ida (for ida) this (Vedic)

5)

agnimILe AimIe agnime I praise (e) the fire god (agnim)

kS, kSh, x

k 6)

akSi or akShi or axi Ai] aki eye. Do not encode "ksh" !!!

j~n, GY, dny }

j 6)

Aj~nA or AGYA or AdnyA Aa}a j order

1)

Visarga: Replacement for s or r at the end of a word or syllable as per sandhi rules.

2)

Anusvara: Shortcut character for m and other nasals at the end of a word or syllable.

3)

Sanskrit Anunasika: l. In Sanskrit texts, it is only used as sandhi, if "l" follows "n".

4)

Vedic Anunasika: : o
~ r . In Vedic texts often used before sibilants, semi-vowels and h.
Note: is preferred, if ~ cannot be fitted on top for lack of space. Compare with svR.

5)

Vedic Sanskrit: If is preceded and followed by a vowel, may be used instead of .

6)

These are the only two ligatures that for historial reasons have additional ITX codes
(x in addition to usual encoding kS or kSh, GY or dny in addition to usual encoding j~n).
U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 12

2.2.5. Additional Characters for Modern Indian Languages

ITX

D.

T.

ITX Devanagari Transliteration English Translation

q 1)

qImata kImt qmata price

1)

KatarA otra atar danger

1)

Galata glt alata wrong

z, J

z 1)

zamIna or JamIna jmIn zamna earth

f 1)

sirfa is)R sirfa only

.D

2)

ba.DA bfa ba big (Same diacritic as for vowel = \ !!!)

.Dh

h 2)

ba.DhAnA bFana bahn to increase

.c

3)

jA.cb jab jba job; kA.cleja kalej kleja college

4)

kALa ka ka time, Death (fig.) Do not encode "ld" !!!

5)

taRhA tha tah variety

1)

Nukta (underdot): Used in Hindi for words of Persian and Arabic origin as well as for
other foreign words to modify the original pronunciation of Devanagari characters.

2)

Nukta is here used in Hindi to build diacritical Devanagari characters for retroflex flap
(transliteration ) and for aspirated retroflex flap (transliteration h).

3)

Ardhacandra: Anglizising of pronunciation of vowels of English words used in Hindi.

4)

Retroflex l (transliteration ) in Marathi. Compare the letter () in Vedic Sanskrit. Note:

If you encode "ld", you will get Ld, used e.g. in the word "galda" (see Rig-Veda 8-1-20).

5)

This so-called "eye-lash" -character is used in Marathi in combination with y and h.

Note: Marathi " " does not exist for Unicode as a character with a Unicode code point.

2.2.6. Vedic Accents

Vedic accents are encoded by \' \'' \_ single/double Udatta and Anudatta. Example:
ITX

puru\'Sha e\_vedaM sarvaM\_ yadbhU\_taM yacca\_ bhavya\'m

D.

T.

purua eveda sarva yadbhta yacca bhavyam

E.

The primordial being is verily all this that has been and that will be (Rig-Veda, 10-90-2)

Note: \' = \ + apostrophe (ASCII 39), \'' = \ + two apostrophes, \_ = \ + underscore

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 13

2.2.7. Figures
The Arabic figures 0123456789 are converted to the respective Indian figures 0123456789 .
Decimal figures are encoded with "\," and "\.", e.g. 1\,500\.99 results in 1,500.99 (1,500.99).

2.2.8. Halant = Virama Enforcer ".h"

Itranslator automatically generates Virama ( ! ), if a consonant as final character of a word
is followed by one of these delimiter codes:
Delimiter

Examples

CR + LF

oadit )lm!

consonant terminates a line of text T: "He eats the fruit."

Danda

oadit )lm!,

consonant is followed by single/double danda

Space

Aoadt! )lm!

consonant is followed by space T: "He ate the fruit."

ik< oadit )lm!?

consonant is followed by "\" + punctuation mark, e.g. \?

\g!-ved> g-veda hyphen in compound as a help for Sanskrit learners

Occasionally it may be necessary to enforce the virama by inserting the code ".h", but
Itranslator itself does not require the Halant code ".h", whereas in mixed Hindi-Sanskrit
programs, e.g. ITRANS by Avinash Chopde, it is usually necessary to enforce virama.
Note: In Hindi, "virm" denotes the period or full-stop, while "halant" denotes the sign " ! ".
In Sanskrit, "virma" means sign " ! ", while "halanta" is a consonant at the end of word.

2.2.9. The ITX Code "{}" as Diphthong-inhibitor and Ligature-inhibitor

a) The ITX codes "ai" and "au" always denote the two respective Sanskrit diphthongs, and
Itranslator automatically converts "au" to AaE., e.g. devau = devaE (dual). However, if you need
two consecutive simple vowels for writing one of those very rare Sanskrit words such as
"titu" (sieve, = a-dieresis, a-trema), i.e. "tita"+ "u", you may either encode "tita{u}" or
"tita{}u", both of which result in itt%, transliterated by Itranslator as "titau" (without "").
b) Itranslator builds ligatures automatically. If you want to prevent this to make internal
half-forms visible or to build artificial ligatures, you may use {}.
Example 1: If you encode "kka", you get the real ligature , but if you encode "k{}ka", you
get the half-form pseudo-ligature . Note on Unicode: If you want to enter half-forms of
ligatures directly without Itranslator, you have to insert virama and zero-width-joiner, e.g.
(0915) + (094D) + ZWJ (200D) + (0915) = .
Example 2: If you encode "k{}sha" (instead of "ksha"), you get , irrespective of whether
the toggle switch "Allow use of 'ksha' for " in the Itranslator options menue is on or off.

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 14

2.3. Text Sample: ITX Devanagari Transliteration

bR^ihadashva uvAcha |
AsIdrAjA nalo nAma vIrasenasuto balI |
upapanno guNairiShTai rUpavAnashvakovidaH ||1||

bhadava uvca |
sdrj nalo nma vrasenasuto bal |
upapanno guairiai rpavnavakovida ||1||
atiShThanmanujendrANAM mUrdhni devapatiryathA |
uparyupari sarveShAmAditya iva tejasA ||2||

atihanmanujendr mrdhni devapatiryath |

uparyupari sarvemditya iva tejas ||2||
brahmaNyo vedavichChUro niShadheShu mahIpatiH |
akShapriyaH satyavAdI mahAnakShauhiNIpatiH ||3||

brahmayo vedavicchro niadheu mahpati |

akapriya satyavd mahnakauhipati ||3||
Ipsito varanArINAmudAraH saMyatendriyaH |
rakShitA dhanvinAM shreShThaH sAkShAdiva manuH svayam ||4||

psito varanrmudra sayatendriya |

rakit dhanvin reha skdiva manu svayam ||4||
tathaivAsIdvidarbheShu bhImo bhImaparAkramaH |
shUraH sarvaguNairyuktaH prajAkAmaH sa chAprajaH ||5||

tathaivsdvidarbheu bhmo bhmaparkrama |

ra sarvaguairyukta prajkma sa cpraja ||5||
sa prajArthe paraM yatnamakarotsusamAhitaH |
tamabhyagachChadbrahmarShirdamano nAma bhArata ||6||

sa prajrthe para yatnamakarotsusamhita |

tamabhyagacchadbrahmarirdamano nma bhrata ||6||

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 15

taM sa bhImaH prajAkAmastoShayAmAsa dharmavit |

mahiShyA saha rAjendra satkAreNa suvarchasam ||7||

ta sa bhma prajkmastoaymsa dharmavit |

mahiy saha rjendra satkrea suvarcasam ||7||
tasmai prasanno damanaH sabhAryAya varaM dadau |
kanyAratnaM kumArAMshcha trInudArAnmahAyashAH ||8||

tasmai prasanno damana sabhryya vara dadau |

kanyratna kumrca trnudrnmahya ||8||
damayantIM damaM dAntaM damanaM cha suvarchasam |
upapannAnguNaiH sarvairbhImAnbhImaparAkramAn ||9||

damayant dama dnta damana ca suvarcasam |

upapannnguai sarvairbhmnbhmaparkramn ||9||
damayantI tu rUpeNa tejasA yashasA shriyA |
saubhAgyena cha lokeShu yashaH prApa sumadhyamA ||10||

damayant tu rpea tejas yaas riy |

saubhgyena ca lokeu yaa prpa sumadhyam ||10||
atha tAM vayasi prApte dAsInAM samalaMkR^itam |
shataM sakhInAM cha tathA paryupAste shachImiva ||11||

atha t vayasi prpte dsn samalaktam |

ata sakhn ca tath paryupste acmiva ||11||
tatra sma bhrAjate bhaimI sarvAbharaNabhUShitA |
sakhImadhye .anavadyA~NgI vidyutsaudAminI yathA |
atIva rUpasaMpannA shrIrivAyatalochanA ||12||

tatra sma bhrjate bhaim sarvbharaabhit |

sakhmadhye 'navadyg vidyutsaudmin yath |
atva rpasampann rrivyatalocan ||12||

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 16

na deveShu na yakSheShu tAdR^igrUpavatI kvachit |

mAnuSheShvapi chAnyeShu dR^iShTapUrvA na cha shrutA |
chittapramAthinI bAlA devAnAmapi sundarI ||13||

na deveu na yakeu tdgrpavat kvacit |

mnuevapi cnyeu daprv na ca rut |
cittapramthin bl devnmapi sundar ||13||
nalashcha narashArdUlo rUpeNApratimo bhuvi |
kandarpa iva rUpeNa mUrtimAnabhavatsvayam ||14||

nalaca narardlo rpepratimo bhuvi |

kandarpa iva rpea mrtimnabhavatsvayam ||14||
tasyAH samIpe tu nalaM prashashaMsuH kutUhalAt |
naiShadhasya samIpe tu damayantIM punaH punaH ||15||

tasy sampe tu nala praaasu kuthalt |

naiadhasya sampe tu damayant puna puna ||15||
tayoradR^iShTakAmo .abhUchChR^iNvatoH satataM guNAn |
anyonyaM prati kaunteya sa vyavardhata hR^ichChayaH ||16||

tayoradakmo 'bhcchvato satata gun |

anyonya prati kaunteya sa vyavardhata hcchaya ||16||
ashaknuvannalaH kAmaM tadA dhArayituM hR^idA |
antaHpurasamIpasthe vana Aste rahogataH ||17||

aaknuvannala kma tad dhrayitu hd |

antapurasampasthe vana ste rahogata ||17||
sa dadarsha tadA haMsA~njAtarUpaparichChadAn |
vane vicharatAM teShAmekaM jagrAha pakShiNam ||18||

sa dadara tad hasjtarpaparicchadn |

vane vicarat temeka jagrha pakiam ||18||

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 17

tato .antarikShago vAchaM vyAjahAra tadA nalam |

na hantavyo .asmi te rAjankariShyAmi hi te priyam ||19||

tato 'ntarikago vca vyjahra tad nalam |
na hantavyo 'smi te rjankariymi hi te priyam ||19||
damayantIsakAshe tvAM kathayiShyAmi naiShadha |
yathA tvadanyaM puruShaM na sA maMsyati karhichit ||20||

damayantsake tv kathayiymi naiadha |

yath tvadanya purua na s masyati karhicit ||20||
evamuktastato haMsamutsasarja mahIpatiH |
te tu haMsAH samutpatya vidarbhAnagamaMstataH ||21||

evamuktastato hasamutsasarja mahpati |

te tu has samutpatya vidarbhnagamastata ||21||
vidarbhanagarIM gatvA damayantyAstadAntike |
nipetuste garutmantaH sA dadarshAtha tAnkhagAn ||22||

vidarbhanagar gatv damayantystadntike |

nipetuste garutmanta s dadartha tnkhagn ||22||
sA tAnadbhutarUpAnvai dR^iShTvA sakhigaNAvR^itA |
hR^iShTA grahItuM khagamAMstvaramANopachakrame ||23||

s tnadbhutarpnvai dv sakhigavt |
h grahtu khagamstvaramopacakrame ||23||
atha haMsA visasR^ipuH sarvataH pramadAvane |
ekaikashastataH kanyAstAnhaMsAnsamupAdravan ||24||

atha has visaspu sarvata pramadvane |

ekaikaastata kanystnhasnsamupdravan ||24||
damayantI tu yaM haMsaM samupAdhAvadantike |
sa mAnuShIM giraM kR^itvA damayantImathAbravIt ||25||

damayant tu ya hasa samupdhvadantike |

sa mnu gira ktv damayantmathbravt ||25||

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 18

damayanti nalo nAma niShadheShu mahIpatiH |

ashvinoH sadR^isho rUpe na samAstasya mAnuShAH ||26||

damayanti nalo nma niadheu mahpati |

avino sado rpe na samstasya mnu ||26||
tasya vai yadi bhAryA tvaM bhavethA varavarNini |
saphalaM te bhavejjanma rUpaM chedaM sumadhyame ||27||

tasya vai yadi bhry tva bhaveth varavarini |

saphala te bhavejjanma rpa ceda sumadhyame ||27||
vayaM hi devagandharvamanuShyoragarAkShasAn |
dR^iShTavanto na chAsmAbhirdR^iShTapUrvastathAvidhaH ||28||

vaya hi devagandharvamanuyoragarkasn |
davanto na csmbhirdaprvastathvidha ||28||
tvaM chApi ratnaM nArINAM nareShu cha nalo varaH |
vishiShTAyA vishiShTena saMgamo guNavAnbhavet ||29||

tva cpi ratna nr nareu ca nalo vara |

viiy viiena sagamo guavnbhavet ||29||
evamuktA tu haMsena damayantI vishAM pate |
abravIttatra taM haMsaM tamapyevaM nalaM vada ||30||

evamukt tu hasena damayant vi pate |

abravttatra ta hasa tamapyeva nala vada ||30||
tathetyuktvANDajaH kanyAM vaidarbhasya vishAM pate |
punarAgamya niShadhAnnale sarvaM nyavedayat ||31||

tathetyuktvaja kany vaidarbhasya vi pate |

punargamya niadhnnale sarva nyavedayat ||31||

Note: The above text was drawn from the Mahabharata, 3-50-1 seq. ("Story of Nala and Damayanti")

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 19

3. Charts of the Devanagari Font "Sanskrit 2003"

The following charts systematically describe all characters of "Sanskrit 2003".

3.1. Unicode Range Devanagari (0900-097F) of "Sanskrit 2003"

(For comparison see also http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf)
Hex.
<res> 0900

Dec.

Translit. ITX (=ITRANS)

Name (DEV. = DEVANAGARI)

02304 <res>

<reserved>

<reserved>

0901

02305

.N

DEV. SIGN CANDRABINDU

0902

02306

M, .n, .m

DEV. SIGN ANUSVARA

0903

02307

DEV. SIGN VISARGA

0904

02308

<not available>

DEV. LETTER SHORT A

0905

02309 a

DEV. LETTER A

0906

02310

A, aa

DEV. LETTER AA

0907

02311 i

DEV. LETTER I

0908

02312

I, ii

DEV. LETTER II

0909

02313 u

DEV. LETTER U

090A 02314

U, uu

DEV. LETTER UU

090B

02315

R^i, RRi

DEV. LETTER VOCALIC R

090C 02316

L^i, LLi

DEV. LETTER VOCALIC L

090D 02317

<not available>

DEV. LETTER CANDRA E

090E

02318

<not available>

DEV. LETTER SHORT E

090F

02319 e

DEV. LETTER E

0910

02320 ai

ai

DEV. LETTER AI

0911

02321

A.c, aa.c

DEV. LETTER CANDRA O

0912

02322

<not available>

DEV. LETTER SHORT O

0913

02323 o

DEV. LETTER O

0914

02324 au

au

DEV. LETTER AU

0915

02325 ka

ka

DEV. LETTER KA

0916

02326 kha

kha

DEV. LETTER KHA

0917

02327 ga

ga

DEV. LETTER GA

0918

02328 gha

gha

DEV. LETTER GHA

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 20

0919

02329 a

~Na, N^a

DEV. LETTER NGA

091A 02330 ca

ca, cha

DEV. LETTER CA

091B

Cha, chha

DEV. LETTER CHA

091C 02332 ja

ja

DEV. LETTER JA

091D 02333 jha

jha

DEV. LETTER JHA

091E

02334 a

~na, JNa

DEV. LETTER NYA

091F

02335 a

Ta

DEV. LETTER TTA

0920

02336 ha

Tha

DEV. LETTER TTHA

0921

02337 a

Da

DEV. LETTER DDA

0922

02338 h

Dha

DEV. LETTER DDHA

0923

02339 a

Na

DEV. LETTER NNA

0924

02340 ta

ta

DEV. LETTER TA

0925

02341 tha

tha

DEV. LETTER THA

0926

02342 da

da

DEV. LETTER DA

0927

02343 dha

dha

DEV. LETTER DHA

0928

02344 na

na

DEV. LETTER NA

0929

02345 a

<not available>

DEV. LETTER NNNA

092A 02346 pa

pa

DEV. LETTER PA

092B

pha

DEV. LETTER PHA

092C 02348 ba

ba

DEV. LETTER BA

092D 02349 bha

bha

DEV. LETTER BHA

092E

02350 ma

ma

DEV. LETTER MA

092F

02351 ya

ya

DEV. LETTER YA

0930

02352 ra

ra

DEV. LETTER RA

0931

02353

<not available>

DEV. LETTER RRA

0932

02354 la

la

DEV. LETTER LA

0933

02355 a

La

DEV. LETTER LLA

0934

02356 (or )

<not available>

DEV. LETTER LLLA

0935

02357 va

va, wa

DEV. LETTER VA

0936

02358 a

sha

DEV. LETTER SHA

0937

02359 a

Sa, Sha, shha, Za DEV. LETTER SSA

02331 cha

02347 pha

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 21

0938

02360 sa

sa

DEV. LETTER SA

0939

02361 ha

ha

DEV. LETTER HA

<res> 093A 02362 <res>

<reserved>

<reserved>

<res> 093B

<reserved>

<reserved>

093C 02364 <n.a.>

<not available>

DEV. SIGN NUKTA

093D 02365 '

.a

DEV. SIGN AVAGRAHA

093E

02366

A, aa

DEV. VOWEL SIGN AA

093F

02367 i

DEV. VOWEL SIGN I

0940

02368

I, ii

DEV. VOWEL SIGN II

0941

02369 u

DEV. VOWEL SIGN U

0942

02370

U, uu

DEV. VOWEL SIGN UU

0943

02371

R^i, RRi

DEV. VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R

0944

02372

R^I, RRI

DEV. VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR

0945

02373

.c

DEV. VOWEL SIGN CANDRA E

0946

02374

<not available>

DEV. VOWEL SIGN SHORT E

0947

02375 e

DEV. VOWEL SIGN E

0948

02376 ai

ai

DEV. VOWEL SIGN AI

0949

02377

A.c, aa.c

DEV. VOWEL SIGN CANDRA O

094A 02378

<not available>

DEV. VOWEL SIGN SHORT O

094B

DEV. VOWEL SIGN O

094C 02380 au

au

DEV. VOWEL SIGN AU

094D 02381 <n.a.>

.h <not needed>

DEV. SIGN VIRAMA

02363 <res>

02379 o

<res> 094E

02382 <res>

<reserved>

<reserved>

<res> 094F

02383 <res>

<reserved>

<reserved>

0950

02384 om

OM, AUM

DEV. OM

0951

02385

\'

DEV. STRESS SIGN UDATTA

0952

02386

\_

DEV. STRESS SIGN ANUDATTA

0953

02387 <n.a.>

<not available>

DEV. GRAVE ACCENT

0954

02388 <n.a.>

<not available>

DEV. ACUTE ACCENT

<res> 0955

02389 <res>

<reserved>

<reserved>

<res> 0956

02390 <res>

<reserved>

<reserved>

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 22

<res> 0957

02391 <res>

<reserved>

<reserved>

0958

02392 qa

qa

DEV. LETTER QA

0959

02393 a

Ka

DEV. LETTER KHHA

095A 02394 a

Ga

DEV. LETTER GHHA

095B

za, Ja

DEV. LETTER ZA

095C 02396 a

.Da

DEV. LETTER DDDHA

095D 02397 ha

.Dha

DEV. LETTER RHA

095E

02398 fa

fa

DEV. LETTER FA

095F

02399

<not available>

DEV. LETTER YYA

0960

02400

R^I, RRI

DEV. LETTER VOCALIC RR

0961

02401 a

L^I, LLI

DEV. LETTER VOCALIC LL

0962

02402 a

L^i, LLi

DEV. VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L

0963

02403 a

L^I, LLI

DEV. VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL

0964

02404 |

|, .

DEV. DANDA

0965

02405 ||

||, ..

DEV. DOUBLE DANDA

0966

02406 0

DEV. DIGIT ZERO

0967

02407 1

DEV. DIGIT ONE

0968

02408 2

DEV. DIGIT TWO

0969

02409 3

DEV. DIGIT THREE

096A 02410 4

DEV. DIGIT FOUR

096B

02411 5

DEV. DIGIT FIVE

096C 02412 6

DEV. DIGIT SIX

096D 02413 7

DEV. DIGIT SEVEN

096E

02414 8

DEV. DIGIT EIGHT

096F

02415 9

DEV. DIGIT NINE

0970

02416

<not available>

DEV. ABBREVIATION SIGN

02417 <res>

<reserved>

<range 0971097F reserved>

<res> 0971

02395 za

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 23

3.2. Unicode Characters Not Supported by Itranslator 2003

For the following most marginal characters, some of which unattested or even invented by
the Unicode Consortium, no ITX codes were ever defined and thus these characters cannot
be automatically converted to Devanagari by Itranslator 2003.
However, the font "Sanskrit 2003" includes these most marginal characters both in
Devanagari and in transliteration, so that you can enter these characters manually.

Hex.

Transl.

Devanagari Transliteration Translation (Language)

0904

unattested by Unicode Consortium

090D

unattested by Unicode Consortium

090E

hi this (Medieval Hindi)

0911

piksa optics (Modern Marathi)

0912

h that (Medieval Hindi)

0929

unattested by Unicode Consortium

0931

unattested by Unicode Consortium

0934

unattested by Unicode Consortium

0945

unattested by Unicode Consortium

0946

kahu (kah:u) said (Medieval Hindi)

0949

kleja college (Modern Marathi)

094A

shi (sh:i) pleases (Medieval Hindi)

095F

aatyra reign (Medieval Rajasthani)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 24

3.3. Special Latin Codes and Private Use Area Codes of "Sanskrit 2003"

Hex.

Dec.

Description

0020

00032 Space ("borrowed" from "URW Palladio ITU")

Latin

00A0

00160 No-break Space ("borrowed" from "URW Palladio ITU")

Latin

002D

00045 Hyphen ("borrowed" from "URW Palladio ITU")

Latin

00AD 00045 Soft Hyphen ("borrowed" from "URW Palladio ITU")

Latin

200C

08204 Zero Width Non Joiner (ZWNJ , invisible control code)

Latin

200D

08205 Zero Width Joiner (ZWJ, invisible control code)

Latin

25CC

09676 Dotted Circle (fallback code for wrong letter combinations) Latin

E001

57345 Candrabindu-Virama

PUA

E002

57346 Double Udatta (Svarita)

PUA

E003

57347 Visarga (as additional PUA character)

PUA

E004

57348 Candrabindu-Virama + Udatta (Svarita)

PUA

E005

57349 Candrabindu-Virama + Double Udatta (Svarita)

PUA

E006

57350 Candrabindu-Virama + Anudatta

PUA

E007

57351 Udatta (= Svarita) as floating accent

PUA

E008

57352 Double Udatta as floating accent

PUA

E009

57353 Anudatta as floating accent

PUA

Note 1: The Private Use Area codes E001-E009 are required for Vedic Sanskrit only.
Note 2: The Latin characters used for transliteration are not listed in the above chart.

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 25

3.4. Half-Forms (Left Halves) of Consonants of "Sanskrit 2003"

Artificial and misspelt ligatures (e.g. "bmha" = ), for which no built-in ligatures exist,
are converted by Itranslator 2003 to pseudo-ligatures with half-forms or with virama.

D. T.

ITX

Note

k{}

g{}

gh gh{}

~N{}

ch{}

ch

Ch{}

j{}

jh

jh{}

~n{}

T{}

Th{}

D{}

h Dh{}

N{}

kh kh{}
g

t{}

th

th{}

d{}

dh dh{}

n{}

(n.a.) 2

p{}

ph ph{}
b

b{}

bh bh{}

m{}

y{}

r.h

()

(n.a.) 2, 3

r{}

l{}

1, 3

L{}

(n.a.) 1, 2

v{}

sh{}

Sh{}

s{}

h{}

q{}

K{}

G{}

z{}

.D{}

.Dh{} 1

f{}

(n.a.) 2

1. These characters do not (and cannot) have left half-forms, because they lack the right
vertical stem. Therefore the full forms of these characters are displayed with virama.
2. For these characters, ITX codes are not available (n.a.). Hence you have to enter these
Devanagari half-forms directly in your word processor without Itranslator. Example :
Entering the sequence (0929) + (094D) + ZWJ (200D) results in the half-form .
3. These r-characters require special treatment: (1a) If you enter " (0930) + virama (094D)
+" ZWNJ (200C) in your word program, you get as a substitute for the non-available
half-form of . (1b) As ITX code you have to enter "r.h". (2a) If you enter " (0931 = r
with nukta) + virama (094D) + ZWJ (200D), you get (Marathi "eye-lash" half-form of
). (2b) No ITX code is available in this special case. (3a) If you enter " (0930 = r
without nukta) + virama (094D) + ZWJ (200D), you will also get (Marathi "eye-lash"
half-form of ). (3b) The ITX code is r{} in this case.

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 26

3.4.1. Half-Ligature Forms

"Sanskrit 2003" contains many half-ligature forms, e.g. etc. However,
more than 50 half-ligature forms ending in "r", e.g. kr, khr, gr, ghr, r, cr, chr, jr, jhr, r etc.,
cannot be typeset due to Everson etc. who discarded the proposals of the "Indian niggers",
see http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs/tbsvaras.pdf

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 27

3.5. Ligatures of "Sanskrit 2003"

"Sanskrit 2003" contains all ligatures described and statistically evaluated by Ulrich Stiehl
in his book "Konsonantenverbindungen in Sanskrit" (= "Conjunct consonants in Sanskrit").
"Sanskrit 2003" is a scholarly font containing only ligatures based on conjunct consonants
attested by quotations from the original texts of the Vedic and Classical Sanskrit literature.
Furthermore the font contains attested ligatures occurring only in Pali, Hindi, Marathi.
The following works were completely evaluated for conjunct consonants. "Sanskrit 2003"
includes all ligatures that would be required for typesetting all these works:
Abbreviations of Works
ABh

yabhaya (with Bhskara commentary)

ABr

Aitareya-Brhmaa

AHS

Aga-Hdaya-Sahit (Vgbhaa)

AS

stamba-rautastra

AV

Atharva-Veda

BhP

Bhgavata-Pura

BKS

Bhat-Katha-loka-Sagraha

BrP

Brahma-Pura

BS

Baudhyana-rautastra

BuC

Buddha-Carita (Avaghoa)

Hito

Hitopadea

HYP

Haha-Yoga-Pradpik

KA

Kauilya-Arthastra

KS

Kmastra

MBh

Mahbhrata (BORI edition as statistical reference) = 158,484 lines (= half-verses)

MS

Manu-Smti

MW

Monier-Williams Dictionary (checked against Boehtlingk's two Petersburg dictionaries)

RAM

Rmyaa

RV

Rig-Veda

SBh

akara-Bhagavadgt-Bhya

SBr

atapatha-Brhmaa

SK

Sanskrit-Kompendium by U.Stiehl

Var

Various: Kathsaritsgara, Meghadta, Mahsubhitasagraha (by L. Sternbach), etc.

VDh

Viudharma

YV

Yajur-Veda
Other Abbreviations

Pali

Pali conjunct consonants not occurring in Sanskrit

Hin.

Hindi conjunct consonants not occurring in Sanskrit

see note in "Konsonantenverbindungen in Sanskrit"

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 28

kk

0.070% MBh

kkr

0.004% MBh

kkl

0.001% BKS

kkv

0.001% BhP

kk

0.009% MBh

kkh

0.001% MBh

kc

0.064% MBh

kch

0.001% MBh

0.004% Hin.

0.011% RV

kt

4.850% MBh

kty

0.162% MBh

ktr

0.118% MBh

ktry

0.001% MS

ktv

0.687% MBh

ktvy

0.001% RV

kth

0.013% MBh

kthn

0.004% AHS

kthy

0.001% MBh

kn

0.102% MBh

kny

0.002% BrP

kp

0.088% MBh

kpr

0.037% MBh

kpl

0.001% BhP

kph

0.001% MBh

km

0.140% MBh

kmy

0.008% RV

ky

1.308% MBh

kr

5.207% MBh

kry

0.001% RV

kl

0.391% MBh

kly

0.001% VDh

kv

0.300% MBh

0.043% MBh

km

0.001% BhP

kr

0.002% MBh

kl

0.001% BhP

kv

0.001% MBh

9.976% MBh

0.305% MBh

ky

0.003% MBh

km

0.247% MBh

kmy

0.026% MBh

ky

1.476% MBh

kr

0.001% BhP

kv

0.176% MBh

ks

0.069% MBh

kst

0.001% BrP

kstr

0.001% MBh

ksth

0.001% MBh

ksn

0.001% MBh

ksp

0.001% MBh

ksph

0.001% BhP

ksm

0.001% MW

ksy

0.001% MBh

ksr

0.004% MBh

ksv

0.002% MBh

khkh

0.001% RV*

(t=KHt)

0.025% Hin.

khn

0.001% MBh*

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 29

khy

1.307% MBh

khv

0.001% RV

(v=KHv)

0.003% Hin.

gg

0.025% MBh

ggr

0.001% BrP

ggh

0.006% MBh

gghy

0.007% SBr

gghr

0.001% MBh

gj

0.025% MBh

gj

0.003% MBh

gjy

0.030% MBh

gjv

0.001% MBh

0.001% MW

0.020% MBh

gd

0.034% MBh

gdy

0.001% MS

gdr

0.004% BhP

gdv

0.007% MBh

gdvy

0.001% BrP

gdh

0.249% MBh

gdhy

0.004% RV

gdhr

0.009% MBh

gdhry

0.001% Var

gdhv

0.018% MBh

gn

1.290% MBh

gny

0.081% MBh

gb

0.023% MBh

gbr

0.003% MBh

gbh

0.101% MBh

gbhy

0.018% MBh

gbhr

0.002% MBh

gm

0.364% MBh

gmy

0.004% RV

gy

0.191% MBh

gr

2.453% MBh

gry

0.150% MBh

grv

0.001% AHS

gl

0.052% MBh

gv

0.126% MBh

gvy

0.004% MBh

gvr

0.001% MBh

ghn

0.545% MBh

ghny

0.007% MBh

ghm

0.001% RV

ghy

0.007% MBh

ghr

0.743% MBh

ghry

0.001% MBh

ghv

0.016% MBh

ghvy

0.001% ABh

0.505% MBh

kt

0.091% MBh

kty

0.006% MBh

ktr

0.001% YV

ktv

0.004% MBh

kth

0.001% BhP

ky

0.005% MBh

kr

0.006% MBh

kl

0.003% BhP

kv

0.009% ABh

0.195% MBh

0.001% Var

km

0.001% BhP

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 30

ky

0.008% MBh

kv

0.025% MBh

ks

0.001% SBr*

kh

0.330% MBh

khy

0.052% BhP

2.091% MBh

gdh

0.001% RV

gdhy

0.001% SBr

gdhv

0.003% RV

gy

0.018% MBh

gr

0.019% BhP

gv

0.001% MBh

gh

0.038% MBh

ghn

0.001% RV

ghy

0.001% MBh

ghr

0.109% BhP

ghry

0.010% BhP

0.009% RV

0.001% SBr

0.001% AV

0.003% SBr

tr

0.001% RV

tv

0.001% AV

0.001% SBr

dh

0.003% RV*

dhy

0.001% RV*

0.030% MBh

ny

0.001% RV

nr

0.001% BhP

0.001% AV

pr

0.001% SBr

bh

0.001% SBr

0.137% MBh

0.001% RV

0.002% SBr

0.004% SBr

vy

0.001% RV

vr

0.001% AV

0.001% MW

0.001% RV

sv

0.001% RV

0.001% AV

cc

1.716% MBh

ccy

0.022% MBh

cch

4.297% MBh

cchm

0.001% MBh

cchy

0.011% MBh

cchr

0.535% MBh

cchl

0.001% MBh

cchv

0.033% MBh

0.002% MBh

cy

0.001% BhP

cm

0.001% MBh

cy

1.111% MBh

cr

0.001% RV*

cv

0.001% MW

chy

0.001% AV

jj

0.584% MBh

jj

0.061% MBh

jjy

0.017% MBh

jjv

0.033% MBh

jjh

0.004% MBh

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 31

jjhy

0.001% KA

4.640% MBh

jy

0.002% BhP

jv

0.001% RV

jm

0.061% RV

jmy

0.001% AS

jy

1.937% MBh

jr

0.329% MBh

jry

0.002% RV

jv

0.435% MBh

jvy

0.001% AHS

jhjh

0.001% MW*

1.779% MBh

cm

0.003% SK

cy

0.002% MBh

cv

0.003% Hito

ch

0.044% MBh

chn

0.001% RV

chy

0.001% MW

chr

0.002% MBh

chl

0.001% RV

chv

0.003% BhP

1.057% MBh

0.021% MBh

jm

0.002% MBh

jy

0.010% MBh

jv

0.006% MBh

jh

0.001% MBh

0.174% Pali

0.528% MBh

0.001% MBh

0.001% MBh

0.073% MBh

0.008% MBh

0.018% MBh

0.002% Pali

0.030% MBh

kr

0.001% MBh

0.003% MBh

kh

0.001% BrP

0.007% MBh

ch

0.001% MBh

0.091% MBh

0.001% BKS

0.335% Pali

0.001% SBr*

0.007% MBh

tr

0.005% MBh

tv

0.001% BrP

0.015% MBh

pr

0.003% MBh

ph

0.001% MW

0.001% AV

0.037% MBh

0.007% Hin.

0.005% MBh

0.014% MBh

0.001% MBh

0.001% BhP

0.001% MBh

0.032% MBh

st

0.001% MW

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 32

sth

0.001% BhP

sn

0.001% BhP

sp

0.001% BuC

sv

0.003% MBh

hh

0.044% Hin.

hy

0.013% MBh

0.167% MBh

gy

0.001% MW*

gr

0.008% AHS

gh

0.001% BhP

ghr

0.001% MS

0.004% MBh

0.001% MBh

jy

0.003% SBr

0.002% MBh

0.006% RV

hy

0.001% RV

hv

0.001% MBh

0.002% MBh

dv

0.001% BhP

dh

0.001% MBh

0.001% MBh

br

0.001% MBh

bh

0.049% MBh

bhy

0.001% MBh

bhr

0.001% MBh

0.001% BrP

0.097% MBh

0.018% MBh

0.001% BhP

0.037% MBh

vy

0.001% BrP

(h=h)

0.109% RV

hh

0.003% Hin.

hy

0.043% MBh

hr

0.003% MBh

hv

0.011% RV

0.068% MBh

0.001% MW

0.095% MBh

hy

0.003% MBh

4.570% MBh

0.003% AV

0.045% MBh

0.018% MBh

0.003% BS

0.011% MBh

hy

0.001% AHS

hr

0.001% HYP

0.077% MBh

0.003% MBh

0.050% MBh

1.523% MBh

0.137% MBh

vy

0.002% RV

0.064% Pali

tk

1.883% MBh

tky

0.001% MW

tkr

0.135% MBh

tkl

0.006% MBh

tkv

0.018% MBh

tk

0.166% MBh

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 33

tkm

0.001% MBh

tkv

0.001% RAM

tkh

0.025% MBh

tkhy

0.006% MBh

tt

7.464% MBh

ttn

0.001% MW*

ttm

0.001% AS

tty

0.081% MBh

ttr

0.099% MBh

ttry

0.003% MBh

ttv

1.339% MBh

tts

0.002% RV

tth

0.536% MBh

tthy

0.001% AS

tn

0.625% MBh

tny

0.038% MBh

tnv

0.003% RV

tp

1.918% MBh

tpr

0.910% MBh

tpl

0.003% MBh

tph

0.071% MBh

tm

4.163% MBh

tmy

0.052% MBh

ty

9.763% MBh

tyv

0.001% MW

tr

14.060% MBh

try

0.158% MBh

trv

0.001% MBh

tv

8.125% MBh

tvy

0.015% RV

0.006% MBh

ts

3.350% MBh

tsk

0.009% MBh

tskh

0.001% MBh

tst

0.017% MBh

tstr

0.016% MBh

tsth

0.072% MBh

tsthy

0.001% MW

tsn

0.217% MBh

tsp

0.009% MBh

tspr

0.001% SBr

tsph

0.005% MBh

tsphy

0.001% SBr

tsm

0.033% MBh

tsy

0.529% MBh

tsr

0.016% MBh

tsv

0.191% MBh

thn

0.011% MBh

thny

0.001% MW*

thy

0.363% MBh

thr

0.001% RV

thv

0.018% MBh

thvy

0.009% MBh

dg

0.483% MBh

dgr

0.018% MBh

dgl

0.003% MBh

dgh

0.061% MBh

dghn

0.001% MBh

dghr

0.001% MBh

dd

0.868% MBh

ddy

0.025% MBh

ddr

0.109% MBh

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 34

ddv

0.119% MBh

ddvy

0.001% BhP

ddh

6.155% MBh

ddhm

0.001% SBr

ddhy

0.217% MBh

ddhr

0.017% MBh

ddhv

0.215% MBh

dn

0.037% MBh

db

0.418% MBh

dbr

0.277% MBh

dbh

1.687% MBh

dbhy

0.071% MBh

dbhr

0.057% MBh

dbhv

0.001% AV

dm

0.263% MBh

dmy

0.002% MBh

dy

5.591% MBh

dr

5.763% MBh

dry

0.016% MBh

drv

0.002% MBh

dv

5.162% MBh

dvy

0.115% MBh

dvr

0.020% MBh

dhn

0.033% MBh

dhny

0.003% MBh

dhm

0.066% MBh

dhy

2.680% MBh

dhr

0.335% MBh

dhry

0.003% MBh

dhv

0.897% MBh

dhvy

0.004% MBh

dhvr

0.001% MW*

nk

0.806% MBh

nkr

0.066% MBh

nkl

0.013% MBh

nkv

0.011% MBh

nk

0.112% MBh

nkh

0.025% MBh

nkhy

0.002% MBh

ng

0.304% MBh

ngr

0.013% MBh

ngl

0.003% MBh

ngh

0.043% MBh

nghn

0.007% MBh

nghr

0.001% MBh

0.006% Hin.

0.003% Hin.

nt

12.919% MBh

ntt

0.003% MW

nttv

0.003% SBr

ntth

0.001% SK

ntm

0.003% RV

nty

0.820% MBh

ntr

0.536% MBh

ntry

0.088% MBh

ntv

0.144% MBh

ntvy

0.007% MBh

nts

0.206% SBr*

ntst

0.009% SBr*

ntsth

0.001% SBr*

ntsn

0.001% SBr*

ntsp

0.001% SBr*

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 35

ntsy

0.023% SBr

ntsr

0.003% SBr*

ntsv

0.018% SBr*

nth

0.133% MBh

nthy

0.003% AS

nd

2.632% MBh

nddh

0.002% MBh

nddhy

0.001% BS

nddhv

0.006% SK

ndm

0.002% SK

ndy

0.095% MBh

ndr

2.427% MBh

ndry

0.001% MBh

ndv

0.085% MBh

ndvy

0.001% BhP

ndh

2.396% MBh

ndhm

0.001% BhP

ndhy

0.067% MBh

ndhr

0.046% MBh

ndhry

0.008% MBh

ndhv

0.011% MBh

nn

5.086% MBh

nny

0.027% MBh

nnv

0.025% SBr

np

1.195% MBh

npr

0.714% MBh

npl

0.003% MBh

nps

0.001% AV

nph

0.014% MBh

nb

0.319% MBh

nbr

0.120% MBh

nbh

0.493% MBh

nbhr

0.054% MBh

nm

2.803% MBh

nmy

0.005% MBh

nmr

0.001% MBh

nml

0.006% MBh

ny

7.223% MBh

nyv

0.001% BhP

nr

0.539% MBh

nv

2.650% MBh

nvy

0.089% MBh

nvr

0.011% MBh

0.009% MBh

ns

1.767% MBh

nsk

0.001% MBh

nskh

0.001% BhP

nst

0.007% MBh

nstr

0.012% MBh

nsth

0.038% MBh

nsn

0.005% MBh

nsp

0.007% MBh

nsph

0.001% MBh

nsphy

0.001% AS

nsm

0.017% MBh

nsy

0.009% MBh

nsr

0.003% MBh

nsv

0.103% MBh

nh

0.345% MBh

nhy

0.004% MBh

nhr

0.006% MBh

nhv

0.001% AS

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 36

pk

0.002% MW

pk

0.001% BhP

pkh

0.001% BhP

pc

0.001% MS

pch

0.008% BS

0.001% MW*

0.004% RV

pt

2.664% MBh

pty

0.012% MBh

ptr

0.005% MBh

ptry

0.001% AS

ptv

0.035% MBh

pn

0.608% MBh

pny

0.005% RV

pp

0.006% MBh

ppr

0.001% BS

pph

0.002% AHS

pm

0.055% MBh

py

2.285% MBh

pr

21.172% MBh

pry

0.001% RV

pl

0.300% MBh

pv

0.005% RV

0.002% MBh

py

0.001% RV

ps

0.523% MBh

psn

0.001% YV*

psny

0.003% RV

psy

0.235% MBh

psv

0.004% MBh

(f=PH)

0.002% Hin.

(ft=PHt)

0.013% Hin.

(fr=PHr)

0.006% Hin.

bg

0.001% MW

bgr

0.001% SBr

bj

0.014% MBh

bjy

0.002% BS

bt

0.007% Hin.

bd

0.460% MBh

bdy

0.003% MBh

bdh

0.464% MBh

bdhy

0.001% SBh

bdhv

0.095% MBh

bb

0.002% MBh

bbr

0.001% SBr

bbh

0.006% MBh

bbhy

0.003% SBr

by

0.030% MBh

br

4.583% MBh

bl

0.001% Var

bv

0.031% SBr

bvy

0.001% BhP

bh

0.017% RV

bhn

0.013% RV

bhm

0.002% RV

bhy

3.240% MBh

bhr

1.242% MBh

bhry

0.004% SBr

bhrv

0.001% MBh

bhl

0.001% YV*

bhv

0.055% RV

bhvy

0.001% BhP

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 37

0.021% MBh

md

0.006% Hin.

mn

0.542% MBh

mny

0.001% MBh

mp

0.245% MBh

mpy

0.007% MBh

mpr

0.001% MBh

mpl

0.008% MW

mps

0.001% MW

mph

0.002% Var

mb

0.755% MBh

mby

0.014% MBh

mbr

0.001% MW

mbv

0.001% MBh

mbh

0.483% MBh

mbhy

0.002% MBh

mbhr

0.009% MW

mm

0.001% MBh

mmy

0.001% MW*

mmr

0.001% MW

mml

0.001% MW

my

2.118% MBh

mr

0.129% MBh

mry

0.002% SBr

ml

0.059% MBh

mv

0.001% MBh

mh

0.015% Pali

yy

0.200% MBh

yv

0.017% MBh

yh

0.047% Pali

rk

0.321% MBh

rkc

0.001% AS

rkt

0.001% RV

rkth

0.001% BhP

rkp

0.001% SBr

rky

0.003% MBh

rk

0.011% MBh

rk

0.001% MW

rky

0.024% MBh

rks

0.001% YV

rksv

0.001% SBr

rkh

0.020% MBh

rkhy

0.006% MBh

rg

1.698% MBh

rgg

0.001% SBr

rggh

0.001% SBr

rgj

0.001% SBr

rgbh

0.003% SBr

rgy

0.023% MBh

rgr

0.030% MBh

rgl

0.001% MBh

rgv

0.001% BhP

rgh

0.379% MBh

rghn

0.003% MBh

rghy

0.035% MBh

rghr

0.001% MBh

rkh

0.001% MW*

rg

0.030% MBh

rgy

0.001% MBh

rc

0.365% MBh

rcch

0.026% MBh

rcy

0.038% MBh

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 38

rch

0.081% MBh

rj

2.240% MBh

rj

0.028% MBh

rjm

0.001% RV

rjmy

0.001% BhP

rjy

0.050% MBh

rjv

0.020% MBh

rjh

0.013% MBh

rj

0.002% SBr

0.001% Var

0.009% RV

ry

0.001% MW*

rh

0.002% BS

rhy

0.002% BS

3.357% MBh

0.004% MW*

ry

0.047% MBh

rv

0.003% RV

rt

4.314% MBh

rtt

0.033% MBh

rttr

0.001% BKS*

rtn

0.002% RV

rtny

0.002% SBr

rtm

0.040% MBh

rty

0.182% MBh

rtr

0.021% MBh

rtry

0.001% YV

rtv

0.023% MBh

rtvy

0.001% MW*

rts

0.017% MBh

rtsn

0.002% MW

rtsny

0.032% MBh

rtsy

0.006% MBh

rth

4.883% MBh

rthy

0.032% MBh

rd

1.873% MBh

rddh

0.017% MBh

rddhy

0.001% MBh

rdm

0.004% MW

rdy

0.035% MBh

rdr

0.132% MBh

rdry

0.001% MW

rdv

0.142% MBh

rdvy

0.001% SBr

rdh

1.434% MBh

rdhn

0.062% MBh

rdhny

0.008% MBh

rdhm

0.015% AHS

rdhy

0.021% MBh

rdhr

0.031% MBh

rdhv

0.185% MBh

rn

1.118% MBh

rny

0.023% MBh

rnv

0.001% RV

rp

0.532% MBh

rpy

0.009% MBh

rph

0.003% RV

(rf=rPH)

0.016% Hin.

rb

0.731% MBh

rbr

0.112% MBh

rbh

1.285% MBh

rbhy

0.033% MBh

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 39

rbhr

0.042% MBh

rbhv

0.001% MBh

rm

9.114% MBh

rmy

0.080% MBh

rmr

0.001% MBh

rml

0.002% MBh

ry

6.633% MBh

ryy

0.001% SBr

rr

0.027% Hin.

rl

0.225% MBh

rv

11.898% MBh

rvy

0.146% MBh

rvr

0.013% MBh

rvl

0.001% AS

1.443% MBh

rm

0.001% YV

ry

0.011% MBh

rv

0.103% MBh

rvy

0.001% MW

4.117% MBh

0.025% MBh

ry

0.001% RAM

rh

0.001% MW

0.174% MBh

ry

0.003% MBh

rm

0.009% MBh

ry

0.026% MBh

rv

0.004% MBh

rs

0.001% RV*

rsr

0.003% RV*

rsv

0.001% YV

rh

1.688% MBh

rhy

0.018% MBh

rhr

0.019% MBh

rhl

0.001% MBh

rhv

0.002% SBr

lk

0.117% MBh

lky

0.097% SBr

lg

0.232% MBh

lgv

0.001% RV

lgvy

0.001% BhP

0.015% Hin.

lt

0.006% Hin.

ld

0.001% RV*

lp

0.754% MBh

lpy

0.013% MBh

lph

0.002% MBh

lb

0.095% MBh

lby

0.001% MW

lbh

0.009% MBh

lbhy

0.006% MBh

lm

0.145% MBh

ly

1.178% MBh

ll

0.563% MBh

lly

0.001% MBh

lv

0.145% MBh

lvy

0.001% MW

0.003% RV

lh

0.001% SBr

lhy

0.001% ABr

0.001% MBh

vn

0.013% RV

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 40

vny

0.001% RV

vy

6.095% MBh

vr

1.172% MBh

vl

0.002% RV

vv

0.003% Hin.

vh

0.011% Pali

0.006% Hin.

12.999% MBh

cy

0.044% MBh

ch

0.187% MBh

0.037% Hin.

0.297% MBh

ny

0.002% RV

0.026% RV

0.380% MBh

my

0.007% MBh

3.276% MBh

5.604% MBh

ry

0.001% SBr

rv

0.003% MBh

0.204% MBh

3.454% MBh

vy

0.032% RV

0.001% ABr*

0.576% MBh

ky

0.002% MBh

kr

0.060% MBh

kl

0.001% MW

kv

0.001% MW

0.001% MBh*

kh

0.001% Var

4.855% MBh

0.237% MBh

1.252% MBh

ry

0.001% BrP

1.405% MBh

4.521% MBh

hy

0.015% MBh

hv

0.002% BhP

1.793% MBh

0.047% MBh

0.001% MBh

0.451% MBh

py

0.004% AHS

pr

0.073% MBh

pl

0.001% BhP

ph

0.011% MBh

1.504% MBh

my

0.004% RV

3.440% MBh

0.001% RV*

1.145% MBh

0.008% RV*

sk

0.713% MBh

skr

0.002% MBh

skh

0.011% MBh

0.013% Hin.

sr

0.006% Hin.

st

13.762% MBh

stm

0.004% RV

sty

0.332% MBh

str

2.764% MBh

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 41

stry

0.020% MBh

stv

1.339% MBh

sts

0.001% MBh

sth

3.492% MBh

sthn

0.003% BrP

sthny

0.003% AHS

sthy

0.030% MBh

sn

0.432% MBh

sny

0.001% RV*

sp

1.003% MBh

spr

0.013% MBh

sph

0.145% MBh

sphy

0.001% MBh

sb

0.002% Hin.

sm

4.964% MBh

smy

0.055% MBh

sy

13.483% MBh

sr

1.481% MBh

sry

0.001% BrP

sl

0.003% Hin.

sv

4.801% MBh

svy

0.003% BhP

ss

0.006% MBh

ssy

0.001% BhP

ssv

0.016% MBh

0.273% MBh

hn

0.201% MBh

hny

0.001% MBh

hm

2.980% MBh

hmy

0.008% MBh

hy

2.118% MBh

hr

0.341% MBh

hl

0.134% MBh

hv

0.420% MBh

hvy

0.007% MBh

Note: The frequency percentages always refer to the primary source in column 4. Example:
"tny" occurs in 61 lines (= half-verses) of the MBh (absolute frequency). Since the MBh
contains 158,484 lines (= half-verses), the relative frequency is 61 / 156484 * 100 = 0.038%.
1.000% denotes that the conjunct consonant occurs in 1 out of
100 lines of text
0.100% denotes that the conjunct consonant occurs in 1 out of 1000 lines of text
0.010% denotes that the conjunct consonant occurs in 1 out of 10000 lines of text
0.001% denotes that the conjunct consonant occurs in 1 out of 100000 lines of text
A line is usually a (16-syllable loka) half-verse. In prose works, a line is a prose text line.
(For more details, for absolute frequencies and for quotations from the original works
attesting the conjunct consonants see my book "Konsonantenverbindungen in Sanskrit".)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 42

3.5.1. Consonant-Vowel-Ligatures of "Sanskrit 2003"

The font "Sanskrit 2003" internally contains dozens of consonant-vowel-ligatures, each one
consisting of a consonant fused with a vowel matra, especially with matras u/ and /;
"fused" means that the matra does not "float" below (or above) the respective consonant,
but that it is inseparably united with the consonant. This can be seen best by viewing
consonant-vowel-ligatures in large point sizes. Examples:

mdu, md, md, md

As the consonant-vowel-ligatures are built automatically no complete list of them is given.

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 43

3.6. "Sanskrit 2003" versus Other Fonts

3.6.1. Simple Characters

Hex.

Sanskrit Mangal Arial MS shiDeva DVBOT Code Jana

Chandas
Translit.
2003
Unicode (v. 2.0) Surekh 2000 Sanskrit

0900

0901
0902
0903
0904
0905
0906
0907
0908
0909
090A
090B
090C
090D
090E
090F
0910
0911
0912
0913
0914
0915
0916
0917
0918
0919

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 44

<res>

e
ai

o
au
ka
kha
ga
gha
a

091A
091B
091C
091D
091E
091F
0920
0921
0922
0923
0924
0925
0926
0927
0928
0929
092A
092B
092C
092D
092E
092F
0930
0931
0932
0933
0934
0935
0936
0937
0938

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 45

ca

ja

cha

jha
a
a
ha
a
h
a
ta
tha
da
dha
na
a
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra

la
a
(or )
va
a
a
sa

0939
093A
093B
093C
093D
093E
093F
0940
0941
0942
0943
0944
0945
0946
0947
0948
0949
094A
094B
094C
094D
094E
094F
0950
0951
0952
0953
0954
0955
0956
0957

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 46

ha

<res>

<res>

<n.a.>
'

e
ai

o
au
<n.a.>
<res>
<res>
om

<n.a.>

<res>

<n.a.>

<res>
<res>

0958
0959
095A
095B
095C
095D
095E
095F
0960
0961
0962
0963
0964
0965
0966
0967
0968
0969
096A
096B
096C
096D
096E
096F

qa

za
a
ha
fa

a
a
a
|
||
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0970

Hex.

Sanskrit Mangal Arial MS shiDeva DVBOT Code Jana

Chandas
Translit.
2003
Unicode (v. 2.0) Surekh 2000 Sanskrit

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 47

3.6.2. Ligatures

Sanskrit Mangal Arial MS shiDeva DVBOT Code

2003
Unicode (v. 2.0) Surekh 2000

kk

kkr

kkl

kkv

kk
kkh
kc
kch
k
k
kt
kty

ktr

ktv

ktvy

Jana
Chandas
Sanskrit

ktry

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 48

kth
kthn
kthy
kn
kny
kp
kpr
kpl
kph
km
kmy
ky

kr

kry

kl

kly

kv

k
km
kr

kl

kv

k
k
ky
km
kmy
ky
kr
kv
ks
kst
kstr
ksth
ksn
ksp
ksph
ksm
ksy
ksr

ksv

khkh

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 49

t=KHt

khn
khy
khv
v=KHv

gg

ggh

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 50

ggr

gghy
gghr
gj
gj
gjy
gjv
g
g
gd
gdy
gdr
gdv
gdvy
gdh
gdhy
gdhr
gdhry
gdhv
gn
gny
gb
gbr
gbh
gbhy

gbhr

gmy

gm

gy
gr
gry
grv
gl
gv
gvy
gvr
ghn
ghny
ghm
ghy
ghr
ghry
ghv
ghvy
k
kt
kty

ktr

ktv

kth

ky

kr

kv

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 51

kl

ky

kv

km

ks

kh

khy

gdh
gdhy

gdhv

gy

gr

gv

gh

ghn
ghy

ghr
ghry

tr

tv

dh

dhy

ny

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 52

nr
p

bh

pr

vy

vr

sv

cc

ccy
cch
cchm

cchy

cchr

cchl

cchv

cm
cy
cr
cv

chy

jj

cy

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 53

jj
jjy
jjv

jjhy
j
jy
jv
jm
jmy
jy
jr
jry
jv
jvy
jhjh
c
cm

jjh

cy

cv
ch
chn

chy

chr

chl

chv

jm

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 54

jy
jv
jh

m
y
r

h
k
kr
k
kh
c
ch

t
tr

tv

pr
ph

r
v

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 55

sth

sn

hy

gy

sp

hh

sv

st

gr
gh

ghr
j
j

jy

bh

bhy

hy
hv
d
dv
dh

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 56

b
br

bhr

r
l

vy

(h=h)

hh

hy

hr

hv

y
h
hy

h
y
r
v
h
hy
hr

n
m
y
v
vy
h
tk
tky
tkr

tkl

tkv

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 57

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 58

tk
tkm
tkv
tkh
tkhy
tt
ttn
ttm
tty
ttr
ttry
ttv
tts
tth
tthy
tn
tny
tnv
tp
tpr
tpl
tph
tm
tmy
ty
tyv
tr
try
trv
tv
tvy

t
ts
tsk
tskh
tst
tstr
tsth
tsthy
tsn
tsp
tspr
tsph
tsphy
tsm
tsy
tsr
tsv

thn
thny
thy
thr
thv
thvy
dg
dgr
dgl
dgh

dghn
dghr

dd

ddy

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 59

ddr

ddv

ddvy

ddh

ddhy

ddhr

ddhv
dn

db

dbr

dbh

dbhy

ddhm

dbhr

dbhv

dm
dmy
dy
dr
dry

drv

dv

dvy

dvr

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 60

dhn
dhny
dhm
dhy
dhr
dhry
dhv

dhvy
dhvr
nk
nkr

nkl

nkv

nk
nkh
nkhy
ng
ngr
ngl

ngh
nghn
nghr

n
n
nt
ntt

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 61

nttv
ntth
ntm
nty
ntr
ntry
ntv
ntvy
nts
ntst
ntsth
ntsn

ntsp
ntsy
ntsr
ntsv
nth
nthy
nd
nddh
nddhy

nddhv

ndm

ndy

ndr

ndry

ndv

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 62

ndvy
ndh
ndhm
ndhy
ndhr
ndhry
ndhv
nn
nny
nnv
np
npr
npl
nps
nph
nb

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 63

nbr
nbh
nbhr
nm
nmy
nmr
nml
ny
nyv
nr
nv
nvy
nvr
n
ns
nsk
nskh
nst
nstr
nsth
nsn
nsp
nsph
nsphy
nsm
nsy
nsr
nsv
nh
nhy
nhr

nhv
pk
pk
pkh
pc
pch
p
p
pt
pty
ptr
ptry
ptv
pn
pny
pp
ppr
pph
pm
py
pr
pry
pl
pv

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 64

p
py
ps
psn
psny
psy
psv

(f=PH)
(ft=PHt)
(fr=PHr)

bg
bgr

bj
bjy
bt
bd
bdy
bdh
bdhy
bdhv
bb
bbr
bbh
bbhy
by
br
bl

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 65

bv
bvy
bh
bhn
bhm
bhy
bhr
bhry
bhrv
bhl
bhv

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 66

bhvy
m
md
mn
mny
mp
mpy
mpr
mpl
mps
mph
mb
mby
mbr
mbv
mbh
mbhy
mbhr
mm
mmy
mmr
mml
my
mr
mry
ml
mv
mh
yy
yv
yh

rk
rkc

rkt

rkth

rkp

rky

rk

rk

rkh
rkhy
rg
rgg
rggh
rgj
rgbh
rgy
rgr

rgh

rghn

rghy
rghr

rksv

rgv

rks

rgl

rky

rkh

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 67

rg
rgy
rc
rcch

rcy

rch

rj

rjy
rjv

rjmy

rj

rjm

rjh

rj

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 68

r
ry
rh
rhy
r
r
ry
rv
rt
rtt
rttr
rtn
rtny
rtm
rty
rtr
rtry
rtv
rtvy
rts

rtsy

rthy
rd
rddh
rddhy
rdm

rdry

rth

rdr

rtsny

rdy

rtsn

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 69

rdv
rdvy
rdh
rdhn
rdhny
rdhm
rdhy
rdhr
rdhv
rn
rny
rnv
rp
rpy
rph
(rf=rPH)

rb
rbr
rbh

rbhy

rbhv

rmy
rmr

ry
ryy
rr

rv
rvy
rvr
rvl

rm

rl

rbhr

rml

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 70

r
rm
ry
rv
rvy
r
r
ry
rh
r
ry
rm
ry
rv
rs
rsr

rsv
rh

rhy
rhr

rhl

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 71

rhv
lk
lky
lg
lgv
lgvy
l
lt
ld
lp
lpy
lph
lb
lby
lbh
lbhy
lm
ly
ll
lly
lv
lvy
l
lh
lhy
v

vn
vny
vy
vr
vl

vv
vh
k
c
cy
ch
t
n
ny
p
m
my
y
r
ry
rv
l
v
vy

k
ky
kr

kl

kv

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 72

kh

y
r

ry
v

hy

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 73

hv

y
v
p
py
pr
pl
ph
m
my
y
r
v

sk
skr
skh
s
sr
st
stm
sty

stry
stv
sts
sth
sthn
sthny
sthy
sn
sny
sp
spr
sph
sphy
sb
sm
smy
sy
sr
sry
sl
sv
svy
ss
ssy
ssv

hn

str

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 74

hny
hm
hmy

hy

hr
hl

hv

hvy

Sanskrit Mangal Arial MS shiDeva DVBOT Code

2003
Unicode (v. 2.0) Surekh 2000

Jana
Chandas
Sanskrit

1.

Sanskrit 2003 (Omkarananda Ashram)

2.

Mangal (Default Devanagari system font of Windows 2000 and XP)

3.

Arial Unicode MS (Default Unicode system font of Windows 2000)

(The Macintosh system font "Devanagari MT" is identical in design)

4.

shiDeva v. 2.0 (DVNG by Frans Velthuis, converted to Unicode by Ernst Tremel)

5.

DVBOTSurekh (Radio Deutsche Welle; font contains OpenType bugs)

6.

Code 2000 (by James Kass, California/USA, see http://home.att.net/~jameskass)

7.

Jana Sanskrit (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing C-DAC, Mumbai)

8.

Chandas (Chandas Devanagari by Mihail Bayaryn, see http://chandas.cakram.org)

Note: I removed the faulty fonts "Raghindi" and "TITUS Cyberbit" from above table and
added the fonts "Code 2000", "Jana Sanskrit" and "Chandas". The new font "Jana Sanskrit"
(2004) is an improved version of the old font "Raghindi" (2002).

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 75

3.7. Orthographic Syllables of "Sanskrit 2003"

This list contains all approx. 3350 orthographic syllables of Classical Sanskrit of the type
"C + V + M" (i.e. consonant(s) + vowel matra + vowel modifier) with frequency > 0.001%
(the rarest orthographic syllables with frequency = 0.001% were omitted for lack of space).

k (0.104)
ka (15.069)
ka (1.350)
ka (0.853)
k (8.951)
k (0.273)
k (0.534)
ki (1.309)
ki (1.362)
ki (0.117)
k (1.052)
k (0.019)
k (0.002)
ku (5.132)
ku (0.003)
ku (0.016)
k (0.247)
k (6.030)
k (0.017)
ke (3.060)
ke (0.007)
kai (0.327)
kai (0.209)
ko (1.565)
kau (1.194)
kka (0.020)

kk (0.009)
kki (0.016)
kku (0.013)
kk (0.008)
kke (0.002)
kka (0.006)
kke (0.003)
kca (0.037)
kc (0.006)
kci (0.003)
kcai (0.016)
kta (1.126)
kta (0.714)
kta (0.432)
kt (0.878)
kt (0.047)
kt (0.144)
kti (0.257)
kti (0.095)
kti (0.015)
kt (0.017)
ktu (0.148)
ktu (0.083)
kt (0.011)
kt (0.004)
kt (0.003)

kte (0.237)
kte (0.002)
ktai (0.066)
ktai (0.026)
kto (0.500)
ktau (0.047)
ktya (0.013)
kty (0.126)
kty (0.016)
ktyo (0.003)
ktra (0.019)
ktra (0.020)
ktra (0.004)
ktr (0.048)
ktr (0.004)
ktri (0.002)
ktre (0.006)
ktrai (0.004)
ktrai (0.003)
ktro (0.006)
ktrau (0.002)
ktva (0.006)
ktva (0.003)
ktv (0.657)
ktve (0.013)
ktvai (0.006)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 76

ktha (0.005)
ktho (0.003)
knu (0.056)
kno (0.045)
kpa (0.018)
kp (0.010)
kpu (0.009)
kp (0.004)
kp (0.044)
kpau (0.003)
kpra (0.032)
kpre (0.002)
kma (0.092)
kma (0.005)
km (0.008)
kmi (0.029)
km (0.005)
kya (0.512)
kya (0.432)
kya (0.038)
ky (0.132)
ky (0.006)
ky (0.020)
kye (0.063)
kyai (0.015)
kyai (0.010)

kyo (0.074)
kyau (0.004)
kra (1.854)
kra (0.116)
kra (0.047)
kr (0.413)
kr (0.009)
kri (0.381)
kr (0.158)
kr (0.002)
kru (0.961)
kru (0.050)
kr (0.115)
kre (0.307)
krai (0.009)
krai (0.002)
kro (0.752)
krau (0.030)
kla (0.085)
kla (0.005)
kla (0.003)
kl (0.025)
kli (0.117)
kl (0.035)
kle (0.110)
klai (0.004)
klai (0.002)
klo (0.003)
kva (0.259)
kva (0.005)
kv (0.026)

kve (0.005)
kvo (0.002)
ka (0.021)
k (0.003)
ki (0.010)
k (0.003)
ku (0.004)
kro (0.002)
ka (4.745)
ka (0.279)
ka (0.136)
k (0.679)
k (0.097)
k (0.038)
ki (1.861)
ki (0.002)
k (0.255)
k (0.008)
k (0.004)
ku (0.661)
ku (0.036)
k (0.008)
k (0.008)
ke (0.712)
kai (0.039)
kai (0.018)
ko (0.269)
ko (0.003)
kau (0.115)
ka (0.078)
ka (0.041)

ka (0.004)
k (0.047)
k (0.008)
k (0.004)
ke (0.030)
kai (0.056)
kai (0.025)
ko (0.010)
kau (0.002)
kya (0.002)
kma (0.134)
kma (0.015)
kma (0.005)
km (0.029)
km (0.003)
km (0.028)
km (0.005)
km (0.005)
kme (0.008)
kmai (0.002)
kmo (0.010)
kmy (0.022)
kya (0.907)
kya (0.056)
kya (0.009)
ky (0.400)
ky (0.007)
ky (0.007)
kye (0.050)
kyai (0.016)
kyai (0.003)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 77

kyo (0.018)
kyau (0.002)
kva (0.126)
kv (0.035)
kve (0.015)
ksa (0.026)
ksa (0.010)
ks (0.010)
ksi (0.002)
ksu (0.006)
kse (0.012)
ksru (0.002)
ksro (0.003)
kha (1.568)
kha (0.466)
kha (0.119)
kh (0.814)
kh (0.030)
kh (0.078)
khi (0.311)
kh (0.119)
kh (0.006)
khu (0.021)
khu (0.003)
khe (0.336)
khai (0.083)
khai (0.047)
kho (0.146)
khau (0.006)
khya (0.102)
khya (0.070)

khya (0.013)
khy (0.696)
khy (0.023)
khy (0.025)
khyu (0.009)
khyu (0.004)
khye (0.293)
khyai (0.020)
khyai (0.010)
khyo (0.018)
khyau (0.025)
ga (12.089)
ga (0.336)
ga (0.247)
g (2.838)
g (0.098)
g (0.257)
gi (0.526)
g (0.340)
g (0.002)
gu (1.804)
gu (0.005)
gu (0.016)
g (0.092)
g (0.002)
g (1.269)
ge (0.946)
gai (0.141)
gai (0.131)
go (0.913)
go (0.013)

gau (0.261)
gau (0.008)
gga (0.016)
ggu (0.004)
gg (0.003)
gghu (0.002)
gja (0.018)
gj (0.002)
gji (0.002)
gj (0.003)
gjyo (0.030)
ga (0.008)
ga (0.003)
g (0.006)
gda (0.013)
gd (0.006)
gdu (0.003)
gd (0.005)
gde (0.002)
gdo (0.002)
gdv (0.004)
gdvi (0.002)
gdha (0.079)
gdha (0.029)
gdha (0.011)
gdh (0.056)
gdh (0.004)
gdh (0.008)
gdhi (0.005)
gdh (0.002)
gdhu (0.009)

gdhu (0.007)
gdhe (0.010)
gdhai (0.006)
gdhai (0.003)
gdho (0.015)
gdhau (0.003)
gdhr (0.006)
gdhr (0.003)
gdhv (0.017)
gna (0.132)
gna (0.042)
gna (0.020)
gn (0.090)
gn (0.011)
gn (0.026)
gni (0.629)
gni (0.062)
gni (0.047)
gn (0.043)
gn (0.004)
gne (0.093)
gne (0.011)
gnai (0.012)
gnai (0.003)
gno (0.021)
gnau (0.046)
gnya (0.030)
gnya (0.008)
gnya (0.009)
gny (0.010)
gnye (0.014)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 78

gnyo (0.009)
gba (0.012)
gb (0.004)
gbu (0.006)
gbra (0.002)
gbha (0.018)
gbh (0.011)
gbhi (0.040)
gbhi (0.013)
gbh (0.003)
gbh (0.014)
gbhya (0.005)
gbhya (0.009)
gbhyo (0.003)
gma (0.065)
gm (0.006)
gmi (0.020)
gm (0.014)
gmu (0.182)
gmu (0.075)
gm (0.003)
gya (0.067)
gya (0.030)
gya (0.003)
gy (0.023)
gy (0.005)
gy (0.002)
gyu (0.003)
gye (0.021)
gyo (0.035)
gra (1.038)

gra (0.098)
gra (0.021)
gr (0.898)
gr (0.015)
gr (0.018)
gr (0.124)
gr (0.006)
gre (0.128)
grai (0.030)
grai (0.023)
gro (0.051)
grau (0.002)
grya (0.040)
grya (0.033)
grya (0.013)
gry (0.020)
gry (0.011)
gry (0.009)
grye (0.009)
gryai (0.006)
gryai (0.004)
gryo (0.005)
gryau (0.002)
gla (0.018)
gl (0.032)
glo (0.003)
gva (0.022)
gva (0.003)
gv (0.019)
gvi (0.057)
gv (0.008)

gv (0.008)
gve (0.008)
gvai (0.002)
gvya (0.003)
gvy (0.002)
gha (0.960)
gha (0.049)
gha (0.023)
gh (0.681)
gh (0.156)
gh (0.048)
ghi (0.009)
gh (0.017)
ghu (0.083)
ghu (0.003)
gh (0.020)
gh (0.089)
ghe (0.046)
ghai (0.066)
ghai (0.037)
gho (0.721)
ghau (0.006)
ghna (0.269)
ghna (0.048)
ghna (0.014)
ghn (0.021)
ghn (0.002)
ghni (0.026)
ghn (0.013)
ghn (0.005)
ghnu (0.051)

ghnu (0.020)
ghne (0.047)
ghno (0.021)
ghnau (0.003)
ghnya (0.003)
ghnya (0.003)
ghya (0.002)
ghy (0.003)
ghra (0.322)
ghra (0.124)
ghra (0.030)
ghr (0.135)
ghr (0.005)
ghr (0.027)
ghre (0.017)
ghrai (0.015)
ghrai (0.002)
ghro (0.041)
ghrau (0.025)
ghva (0.006)
ghv (0.009)
ka (0.204)
ka (0.016)
ka (0.016)
k (0.050)
k (0.011)
k (0.002)
ki (0.071)
k (0.010)
ku (0.056)
k (0.002)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 79

ke (0.041)
kai (0.002)
ko (0.020)
kta (0.009)
kti (0.008)
kte (0.071)
ktya (0.002)
kty (0.002)
ktv (0.003)
kya (0.003)
kra (0.006)
ka (0.079)
k (0.006)
ki (0.072)
k (0.026)
ke (0.009)
kya (0.008)
kva (0.023)
kha (0.122)
kha (0.030)
kha (0.006)
kh (0.066)
kh (0.008)
kh (0.014)
khe (0.012)
khai (0.022)
khai (0.038)
kho (0.006)
khau (0.005)
ga (0.680)
ga (0.111)

ga (0.054)
g (0.457)
g (0.051)
g (0.028)
gi (0.168)
gi (0.004)
g (0.043)
g (0.020)
gu (0.068)
g (0.016)
ge (0.226)
gai (0.039)
gai (0.016)
go (0.092)
gau (0.015)
gya (0.008)
gya (0.002)
gy (0.004)
gyu (0.002)
gha (0.017)
gh (0.011)
ghi (0.004)
gho (0.003)
na (0.012)
n (0.004)
ni (0.009)
ma (0.035)
m (0.007)
m (0.003)
mu (0.085)
me (0.003)

ca (22.848)
ca (0.189)
ca (0.461)
c (4.479)
c (0.011)
c (0.010)
ci (3.746)
ci (0.011)
ci (0.079)
c (0.249)
c (0.035)
cu (0.188)
cu (0.110)
c (0.053)
ce (1.241)
ce (0.003)
cai (1.814)
cai (0.020)
co (0.810)
cau (0.030)
cca (0.864)
cca (0.003)
cc (0.315)
cci (0.304)
ccu (0.010)
cce (0.028)
ccai (0.143)
ccai (0.028)
cco (0.016)
ccya (0.006)
ccy (0.002)

ccyu (0.015)
ccha (2.440)
ccha (0.036)
ccha (0.002)
cch (0.687)
cch (0.008)
cch (0.005)
cchi (0.235)
cch (0.028)
cchu (0.058)
cchu (0.004)
cch (0.032)
cch (0.051)
cche (0.628)
cche (0.014)
cchai (0.018)
cchai (0.004)
ccho (0.043)
cchau (0.004)
cchya (0.009)
cchra (0.068)
cchra (0.015)
cchr (0.052)
cchr (0.003)
cchri (0.068)
cchr (0.006)
cchru (0.218)
cchr (0.004)
cchre (0.085)
cchro (0.017)
cchva (0.013)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 80

cchv (0.013)
cchve (0.006)
c (0.002)
cya (0.674)
cya (0.032)
cya (0.018)
cy (0.062)
cy (0.015)
cy (0.011)
cyu (0.218)
cye (0.055)
cyai (0.004)
cyo (0.020)
cha (0.138)
ch (0.123)
chi (0.237)
che (0.022)
ja (15.613)
ja (0.720)
ja (0.601)
j (5.586)
j (0.103)
j (0.425)
ji (1.853)
j (1.021)
ju (0.176)
ju (0.026)
j (0.004)
j (0.009)
j (0.013)
je (1.180)

jai (0.139)
jai (0.062)
jo (0.782)
jo (0.003)
jau (0.160)
jja (0.346)
jja (0.009)
jja (0.003)
jj (0.103)
jj (0.003)
jj (0.002)
jji (0.037)
jj (0.041)
jj (0.002)
jju (0.013)
jje (0.019)
jjo (0.004)
jj (0.050)
jj (0.002)
jje (0.004)
jjai (0.002)
jjya (0.003)
jjy (0.002)
jjye (0.006)
jjyo (0.007)
jjva (0.031)
jjv (0.003)
jjhi (0.003)
ja (0.763)
ja (0.146)
ja (0.322)

j (2.124)
j (0.197)
j (0.060)
ji (0.103)
j (0.003)
ju (0.007)
ju (0.002)
je (0.448)
jai (0.079)
jai (0.027)
jo (0.358)
jau (0.009)
jma (0.002)
jya (0.965)
jya (0.283)
jya (0.005)
jy (0.244)
jy (0.015)
jy (0.009)
jye (0.275)
jyai (0.009)
jyo (0.130)
jyau (0.002)
jra (0.189)
jra (0.027)
jra (0.003)
jr (0.040)
jri (0.016)
jr (0.013)
jre (0.026)
jrai (0.006)

jro (0.006)
jva (0.340)
jv (0.095)
jha (0.024)
jhi (0.003)
ca (1.069)
ca (0.008)
c (0.611)
ci (0.021)
cu (0.004)
ce (0.035)
cai (0.023)
co (0.005)
cha (0.033)
ch (0.003)
chi (0.004)
chu (0.002)
ja (0.808)
ja (0.004)
j (0.091)
j (0.003)
ji (0.051)
j (0.058)
ju (0.004)
j (0.005)
je (0.020)
jo (0.010)
j (0.020)
jma (0.002)
jy (0.006)
jyo (0.003)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 81

jva (0.006)
a (0.289)
a (0.004)
(0.029)
(0.003)
i (0.059)
(0.020)
u (0.032)
(0.038)
(0.016)
e (0.005)
ai (0.009)
o (0.020)
au (0.003)
ra (0.010)
r (0.009)
ri (0.012)
r (0.004)
ru (0.017)
re (0.010)
ro (0.009)
la (0.007)
va (0.006)
v (0.003)
ve (0.008)
(0.060)
a (0.406)
a (0.065)
a (0.042)
(0.130)
(0.008)

(0.021)
i (0.180)
i (0.006)
i (0.004)
(0.078)
(0.008)
u (0.046)
(0.002)
e (0.063)
ai (0.006)
ai (0.008)
o (0.148)
au (0.011)
ka (0.006)
k (0.018)
k (0.004)
ka (0.002)
ca (0.004)
cai (0.003)
a (0.024)
(0.017)
i (0.038)
ai (0.006)
ai (0.002)
ta (0.004)
tri (0.005)
pa (0.011)
pu (0.003)
pr (0.003)
ya (0.015)
ya (0.002)

y (0.011)
y (0.005)
yo (0.003)
v (0.003)
a (0.005)
(0.006)
sa (0.021)
sa (0.003)
su (0.007)
sva (0.003)
ha (0.058)
ha (0.008)
ha (0.008)
h (0.010)
h (0.003)
hi (0.012)
he (0.021)
ho (0.004)
hya (0.011)
hye (0.002)
a (0.413)
a (0.016)
a (0.011)
(0.158)
(0.012)
(0.016)
i (0.329)
(0.015)
u (0.028)
(0.033)
e (0.030)

ai (0.007)
ai (0.002)
o (0.024)
ga (0.058)
ga (0.028)
ga (0.004)
g (0.009)
g (0.003)
g (0.004)
g (0.009)
gu (0.011)
ge (0.018)
gai (0.009)
gai (0.002)
go (0.008)
gau (0.002)
ja (0.003)
bh (0.006)
bhi (0.026)
bhi (0.014)
ya (0.084)
ya (0.003)
y (0.004)
yo (0.003)
ra (0.011)
r (0.006)
va (0.008)
v (0.008)
vi (0.006)
vi (0.015)
ha (0.323)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 82

ha (0.072)
ha (0.033)
h (0.120)
h (0.012)
h (0.018)
h (0.003)
hu (0.018)
hu (0.033)
he (0.047)
hai (0.006)
hai (0.009)
ho (0.066)
hau (0.005)
hya (0.006)
hya (0.006)
hya (0.003)
hy (0.015)
hy (0.002)
hye (0.004)
hyo (0.006)
a (6.325)
a (1.548)
a (1.367)
(4.171)
(1.811)
(0.479)
i (2.852)
i (0.078)
i (0.072)
(0.691)
(0.090)

(0.015)
u (0.539)
u (0.010)
u (0.008)
(0.010)
e (2.132)
e (0.011)
ai (0.538)
ai (0.332)
o (1.118)
o (0.009)
au (0.206)
a (0.043)
(0.018)
(0.003)
(0.002)
ha (0.027)
ha (0.003)
ha (0.007)
h (0.020)
h (0.003)
h (0.003)
hi (0.006)
h (0.003)
he (0.013)
ho (0.008)
hya (0.002)
a (2.900)
a (0.056)
a (0.032)
(0.116)

(0.009)
(0.009)
i (0.345)
(0.290)
u (0.413)
u (0.010)
u (0.011)
(0.079)
(0.002)
e (0.167)
ai (0.015)
ai (0.002)
o (0.091)
o (0.018)
au (0.003)
ya (0.017)
ya (0.003)
ya (0.003)
y (0.006)
y (0.002)
ye (0.006)
yo (0.006)
ra (0.005)
r (0.006)
r (0.002)
ha (0.006)
ha (0.002)
a (0.023)
a (0.004)
a (0.007)
(0.023)

(0.009)
(0.002)
o (0.008)
ma (0.032)
m (0.015)
ya (0.684)
ya (0.201)
ya (0.032)
y (0.233)
y (0.049)
y (0.027)
yu (0.041)
ye (0.172)
yai (0.016)
yai (0.007)
yo (0.058)
yau (0.002)
va (0.103)
va (0.007)
v (0.019)
vo (0.006)
t (5.654)
ta (47.014)
ta (6.090)
ta (8.719)
t (14.905)
t (2.710)
t (2.639)
ti (14.424)
ti (0.502)
ti (1.023)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 83

t (2.221)
t (0.218)
t (0.034)
tu (5.936)
tu (0.498)
tu (0.428)
t (0.300)
t (0.006)
t (0.760)
t (0.238)
t (0.042)
te (15.372)
te (0.146)
tai (0.912)
tai (0.707)
to (6.729)
to (0.057)
tau (1.079)
tka (0.645)
tk (0.329)
tk (0.004)
tki (0.039)
tki (0.073)
tk (0.019)
tku (0.211)
tk (0.006)
tk (0.447)
tke (0.039)
tkai (0.014)
tkai (0.009)
tko (0.025)

tkau (0.021)
tkra (0.021)
tkr (0.013)
tkri (0.020)
tkru (0.051)
tkr (0.003)
tkro (0.025)
tkli (0.003)
tkle (0.003)
tkva (0.018)
tka (0.085)
tk (0.004)
tki (0.044)
tk (0.004)
tku (0.012)
tke (0.017)
tkha (0.013)
tkha (0.003)
tkh (0.008)
tkhy (0.006)
tta (4.202)
tta (0.486)
tta (0.184)
tt (0.558)
tt (0.047)
tt (0.056)
tti (0.440)
tti (0.090)
tti (0.047)
tt (0.072)
tt (0.003)

ttu (0.228)
ttu (0.014)
ttu (0.004)
tt (0.066)
tt (0.013)
tte (0.608)
tte (0.006)
ttai (0.027)
ttai (0.008)
tto (0.260)
ttau (0.045)
ttya (0.032)
tty (0.036)
ttyu (0.006)
ttye (0.002)
ttyo (0.002)
ttyau (0.002)
ttra (0.013)
ttr (0.017)
ttri (0.049)
ttri (0.002)
ttr (0.003)
ttrai (0.014)
ttrya (0.003)
ttva (0.511)
ttva (0.200)
ttva (0.008)
ttv (0.409)
ttv (0.029)
ttv (0.011)
ttvi (0.035)

ttve (0.103)
ttvai (0.011)
ttvai (0.003)
ttvo (0.015)
ttvau (0.003)
ttha (0.125)
ttha (0.006)
ttha (0.002)
tth (0.278)
tthi (0.112)
tthe (0.008)
tthai (0.003)
tna (0.192)
tna (0.052)
tna (0.009)
tn (0.141)
tn (0.006)
tn (0.003)
tni (0.005)
tn (0.065)
tn (0.017)
tnu (0.009)
tne (0.067)
tnai (0.025)
tnai (0.006)
tno (0.020)
tnau (0.008)
tnya (0.008)
tnya (0.004)
tny (0.013)
tny (0.003)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 84

tny (0.006)
tnyo (0.004)
tpa (0.915)
tp (0.371)
tpi (0.107)
tp (0.011)
tpu (0.352)
tpu (0.004)
tp (0.054)
tp (0.071)
tpe (0.021)
tpo (0.002)
tpau (0.009)
tpra (0.636)
tpr (0.142)
tpri (0.061)
tpr (0.045)
tpre (0.018)
tpro (0.008)
tpla (0.002)
tpha (0.055)
tph (0.002)
tphu (0.015)
tma (2.444)
tma (0.015)
tm (1.666)
tmi (0.008)
tm (0.002)
tme (0.011)
tmai (0.013)
tmo (0.003)

tmau (0.002)
tmya (0.015)
tmya (0.030)
tmy (0.005)
tya (5.220)
tya (0.896)
tya (0.094)
ty (1.242)
ty (0.088)
ty (0.066)
tyu (1.025)
tyu (0.030)
tyu (0.023)
ty (0.033)
ty (0.003)
tye (0.738)
tyai (0.057)
tyai (0.012)
tyo (0.200)
tyo (0.008)
tyau (0.028)
tra (6.099)
tra (0.858)
tra (0.249)
tr (2.258)
tr (0.105)
tr (0.093)
tri (1.444)
tri (0.061)
tri (0.025)
tr (0.177)

tr (0.035)
tru (0.324)
tru (0.035)
tru (0.020)
tr (0.119)
tr (0.009)
tre (0.807)
tre (0.004)
trai (0.479)
trai (0.061)
tro (0.649)
tro (0.011)
trau (0.143)
trya (0.062)
trya (0.015)
trya (0.004)
try (0.035)
try (0.013)
try (0.004)
tryu (0.013)
trye (0.006)
tryo (0.003)
tryau (0.002)
tva (2.305)
tva (1.107)
tva (0.008)
tv (3.897)
tv (0.385)
tvi (0.132)
tv (0.003)
tve (0.211)

tvai (0.067)
tvo (0.016)
ta (0.004)
to (0.002)
tsa (1.657)
tsa (0.223)
tsa (0.004)
ts (0.271)
ts (0.021)
ts (0.004)
tsi (0.050)
tsi (0.009)
ts (0.014)
ts (0.002)
tsu (0.485)
tsu (0.025)
tsu (0.033)
ts (0.044)
ts (0.269)
tse (0.072)
tsai (0.078)
tsai (0.003)
tso (0.063)
tso (0.004)
tsau (0.023)
tska (0.009)
tsta (0.015)
tstri (0.008)
tstr (0.008)
tstha (0.006)
tstha (0.004)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 85

tstha (0.004)
tsth (0.037)
tsthi (0.016)
tstho (0.004)
tsna (0.049)
tsna (0.064)
tsna (0.002)
tsn (0.045)
tsn (0.035)
tsni (0.002)
tsne (0.009)
tsno (0.009)
tspa (0.003)
tsp (0.006)
tsph (0.003)
tsma (0.026)
tsm (0.006)
tsya (0.247)
tsya (0.011)
tsya (0.013)
tsy (0.157)
tsy (0.009)
tsy (0.015)
tsye (0.041)
tsyai (0.008)
tsyai (0.005)
tsyo (0.022)
tsra (0.015)
tsva (0.160)
tsva (0.006)
tsv (0.011)

tsvi (0.003)
tsve (0.007)
tha (3.457)
tha (1.314)
tha (0.433)
th (8.062)
th (0.095)
th (0.426)
thi (1.443)
thi (0.086)
thi (0.080)
th (0.109)
th (0.013)
thu (0.117)
thu (0.004)
thu (0.006)
th (0.006)
the (0.751)
the (0.014)
thai (1.025)
thai (0.081)
tho (0.648)
thau (0.103)
thna (0.005)
thn (0.003)
thn (0.003)
thya (0.134)
thya (0.072)
thya (0.004)
thy (0.094)
thy (0.007)

thye (0.032)
thyai (0.007)
thyo (0.013)
thva (0.002)
thv (0.002)
thv (0.010)
thv (0.003)
thvy (0.003)
thvy (0.004)
da (14.944)
da (1.821)
da (0.468)
d (8.653)
d (0.273)
d (0.223)
di (5.519)
di (0.010)
di (0.004)
d (1.647)
d (0.097)
d (0.012)
du (3.832)
du (0.004)
du (1.180)
d (0.283)
d (3.326)
de (5.994)
de (0.002)
dai (0.737)
dai (0.061)
do (0.818)

dau (0.370)
dau (0.015)
dga (0.276)
dg (0.035)
dg (0.004)
dg (0.002)
dgi (0.017)
dg (0.008)
dgu (0.056)
dg (0.047)
dge (0.002)
dgo (0.028)
dgau (0.007)
dgra (0.011)
dgr (0.007)
dgha (0.006)
dgh (0.005)
dgh (0.006)
dgho (0.041)
dda (0.197)
dd (0.086)
ddi (0.138)
dd (0.032)
ddu (0.057)
ddu (0.060)
dd (0.006)
dd (0.079)
dde (0.184)
ddai (0.018)
ddo (0.008)
ddyu (0.005)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 86

ddy (0.009)
ddyo (0.004)
ddyau (0.003)
ddra (0.024)
ddr (0.002)
ddru (0.021)
ddro (0.045)
ddrau (0.018)
ddva (0.004)
ddva (0.003)
ddv (0.017)
ddvi (0.079)
ddv (0.003)
ddve (0.004)
ddvai (0.008)
ddha (1.546)
ddha (0.479)
ddha (0.286)
ddh (0.792)
ddh (0.041)
ddh (0.091)
ddhi (1.155)
ddhi (0.167)
ddhi (0.097)
ddh (0.052)
ddhu (0.067)
ddhu (0.024)
ddh (0.057)
ddh (0.099)
ddhe (0.596)
ddhe (0.013)

ddhai (0.053)
ddhai (0.015)
ddho (0.459)
ddhau (0.066)
ddhya (0.037)
ddhy (0.167)
ddhyu (0.003)
ddhye (0.005)
ddhyo (0.002)
ddhra (0.004)
ddhri (0.002)
ddhru (0.011)
ddhva (0.009)
ddhva (0.002)
ddhv (0.199)
ddhve (0.003)
ddhvai (0.003)
dna (0.025)
dna (0.003)
dn (0.008)
dba (0.262)
db (0.064)
dbi (0.014)
db (0.009)
dbu (0.061)
db (0.006)
dbo (0.002)
dbra (0.167)
dbr (0.057)
dbru (0.003)
dbr (0.049)

dbha (0.468)
dbh (0.108)
dbhi (0.292)
dbhi (0.112)
dbh (0.132)
dbhu (0.339)
dbh (0.153)
dbh (0.042)
dbhe (0.009)
dbhai (0.012)
dbho (0.018)
dbhya (0.010)
dbhya (0.008)
dbhy (0.013)
dbhy (0.024)
dbhyo (0.016)
dbhra (0.011)
dbhra (0.005)
dbhr (0.040)
dma (0.140)
dma (0.008)
dma (0.007)
dm (0.033)
dmi (0.046)
dm (0.002)
dme (0.007)
dmai (0.003)
dmo (0.016)
dmya (0.002)
dya (3.191)
dya (0.066)

dya (0.062)
dy (0.666)
dy (0.073)
dy (0.035)
dyu (0.926)
dyu (0.004)
dy (0.119)
dye (0.157)
dyai (0.056)
dyai (0.004)
dyo (0.195)
dyau (0.035)
dyau (0.005)
dra (1.803)
dra (0.226)
dra (0.074)
dr (0.857)
dr (0.042)
dr (0.026)
dri (0.068)
dri (0.002)
dr (0.105)
dr (0.006)
dru (0.586)
dr (0.048)
dr (0.002)
dre (0.205)
drai (0.015)
drai (0.004)
dro (1.160)
drau (0.531)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 87

drya (0.004)
dry (0.009)
drv (0.002)
dva (0.924)
dva (0.049)
dva (0.015)
dv (1.078)
dv (0.048)
dv (0.011)
dvi (2.139)
dvi (0.003)
dv (0.156)
dv (0.114)
dve (0.265)
dvai (0.293)
dvo (0.034)
dvau (0.033)
dvya (0.073)
dvy (0.029)
dvy (0.005)
dvye (0.003)
dvyo (0.004)
dvra (0.018)
dha (9.958)
dha (0.329)
dha (0.215)
dh (3.588)
dh (0.111)
dh (0.172)
dhi (4.220)
dhi (0.060)

dhi (0.080)
dh (0.828)
dh (0.003)
dh (0.037)
dhu (0.696)
dhu (0.004)
dhu (0.033)
dh (0.239)
dh (0.009)
dh (0.004)
dh (1.144)
dhe (0.767)
dhe (0.011)
dhai (0.238)
dhai (0.093)
dho (0.285)
dho (0.003)
dhau (0.184)
dhna (0.007)
dhn (0.009)
dhn (0.006)
dhnu (0.004)
dhno (0.006)
dhma (0.010)
dhm (0.021)
dhmu (0.010)
dhmu (0.008)
dhmau (0.012)
dhya (1.384)
dhya (0.086)
dhya (0.028)

dhy (0.647)
dhy (0.034)
dhy (0.011)
dhyu (0.011)
dhy (0.004)
dhye (0.418)
dhyai (0.008)
dhyo (0.037)
dhyau (0.013)
dhra (0.038)
dhra (0.003)
dhra (0.003)
dhr (0.016)
dhr (0.008)
dhri (0.022)
dhr (0.003)
dhru (0.226)
dhre (0.007)
dhrai (0.002)
dhro (0.005)
dhrya (0.003)
dhva (0.607)
dhva (0.163)
dhv (0.049)
dhvi (0.045)
dhv (0.023)
dhv (0.004)
dhve (0.003)
dhvya (0.003)
n (4.127)
na (33.988)

na (5.274)
na (4.955)
n (14.775)
n (3.776)
n (0.803)
ni (13.930)
ni (0.112)
ni (0.445)
n (2.543)
n (0.207)
n (0.008)
nu (4.922)
nu (0.051)
nu (0.193)
n (0.215)
n (0.032)
n (1.604)
n (0.013)
ne (3.996)
ne (0.050)
nai (1.206)
nai (0.244)
no (2.727)
no (0.051)
nau (0.471)
nka (0.221)
nka (0.004)
nka (0.002)
nk (0.150)
nk (0.006)
nki (0.024)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 88

nki (0.028)
nk (0.012)
nku (0.146)
nk (0.006)
nk (0.106)
nke (0.052)
nkai (0.003)
nko (0.018)
nkau (0.027)
nkra (0.012)
nkri (0.004)
nkr (0.005)
nkru (0.023)
nkr (0.004)
nkro (0.018)
nkle (0.011)
nkva (0.010)
nka (0.062)
nk (0.003)
nki (0.027)
nk (0.004)
nku (0.011)
nke (0.006)
nkha (0.019)
nkh (0.004)
nkhy (0.002)
nga (0.145)
ng (0.028)
ng (0.002)
ngi (0.016)
ngu (0.062)

ng (0.028)
ngo (0.015)
ngau (0.006)
ngra (0.006)
ngr (0.007)
ngla (0.003)
ngha (0.002)
ngh (0.002)
ngh (0.003)
ngho (0.036)
nghna (0.007)
nta (3.739)
nta (0.936)
nta (0.482)
nt (0.678)
nt (0.078)
nt (0.054)
nti (3.158)
nti (0.025)
nti (0.015)
nt (0.590)
nt (0.103)
nt (0.003)
ntu (0.374)
ntu (0.117)
ntu (0.020)
nt (0.011)
nt (0.008)
nt (0.005)
nte (1.610)
ntai (0.030)

ntai (0.011)
nto (0.703)
nto (0.007)
ntau (0.162)
ntya (0.356)
ntya (0.017)
ntya (0.027)
nty (0.141)
nty (0.009)
nty (0.030)
ntyu (0.095)
ntye (0.071)
ntyai (0.009)
ntyo (0.035)
ntyau (0.027)
ntra (0.226)
ntra (0.044)
ntra (0.008)
ntr (0.041)
ntr (0.005)
ntri (0.120)
ntr (0.019)
ntr (0.002)
ntre (0.023)
ntrai (0.020)
ntrai (0.005)
ntro (0.020)
ntrau (0.003)
ntrya (0.080)
ntry (0.005)
ntva (0.095)

ntva (0.007)
ntv (0.006)
ntvi (0.018)
ntve (0.018)
ntvya (0.007)
ntha (0.013)
ntha (0.002)
nth (0.081)
nth (0.012)
nthi (0.017)
nthi (0.003)
nth (0.002)
nthu (0.002)
nda (1.230)
nda (0.052)
nda (0.043)
nd (0.235)
nd (0.023)
nd (0.011)
ndi (0.253)
ndi (0.002)
nd (0.060)
ndu (0.175)
ndu (0.005)
ndu (0.018)
nd (0.011)
nd (0.127)
nde (0.262)
ndai (0.020)
ndai (0.004)
ndo (0.088)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 89

ndau (0.011)
nddhi (0.002)
ndya (0.045)
ndya (0.004)
ndy (0.024)
ndy (0.004)
ndyu (0.008)
ndy (0.004)
ndra (1.143)
ndra (0.094)
ndra (0.069)
ndr (0.216)
ndr (0.005)
ndr (0.019)
ndri (0.495)
ndr (0.013)
ndr (0.004)
ndru (0.018)
ndre (0.115)
ndrai (0.018)
ndrai (0.005)
ndro (0.184)
ndrau (0.027)
ndva (0.008)
ndv (0.010)
ndvi (0.056)
ndv (0.003)
ndve (0.004)
ndvai (0.003)
ndha (1.315)
ndha (0.060)

ndha (0.028)
ndh (0.399)
ndh (0.018)
ndh (0.011)
ndhi (0.098)
ndh (0.040)
ndhu (0.193)
ndhu (0.004)
ndhu (0.005)
ndh (0.026)
ndh (0.003)
ndh (0.035)
ndhe (0.056)
ndhai (0.027)
ndhai (0.007)
ndho (0.064)
ndhau (0.005)
ndhya (0.022)
ndhya (0.015)
ndhya (0.004)
ndhy (0.013)
ndhyo (0.010)
ndhra (0.008)
ndhra (0.003)
ndhr (0.007)
ndhri (0.009)
ndhr (0.009)
ndhr (0.003)
ndhru (0.003)
ndhry (0.004)
ndhva (0.011)

nna (1.954)
nna (0.281)
nna (0.132)
nn (0.852)
nn (0.027)
nn (0.062)
nni (0.932)
nni (0.023)
nn (0.027)
nnu (0.090)
nn (0.011)
nn (0.138)
nn (0.002)
nne (0.266)
nnai (0.083)
nnai (0.015)
nno (0.166)
nnau (0.026)
nnya (0.018)
nny (0.009)
npa (0.404)
np (0.318)
npi (0.066)
np (0.011)
npu (0.261)
np (0.052)
np (0.063)
npe (0.002)
npai (0.002)
npau (0.013)
npra (0.512)

npr (0.129)
npri (0.013)
npr (0.023)
npre (0.032)
nprai (0.002)
npro (0.002)
npla (0.003)
npha (0.011)
nphu (0.002)
nba (0.185)
nb (0.091)
nbi (0.009)
nb (0.004)
nbu (0.022)
nb (0.008)
nbra (0.056)
nbr (0.052)
nbru (0.002)
nbr (0.010)
nbha (0.174)
nbh (0.059)
nbhi (0.013)
nbh (0.095)
nbhu (0.034)
nbh (0.053)
nbh (0.023)
nbhe (0.007)
nbhai (0.011)
nbho (0.021)
nbhra (0.005)
nbhr (0.046)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 90

nbhru (0.002)
nma (1.705)
nm (0.245)
nm (0.095)
nmi (0.053)
nm (0.004)
nmu (0.167)
nm (0.061)
nm (0.094)
nme (0.285)
nmai (0.017)
nmo (0.073)
nmau (0.005)
nmya (0.004)
nmle (0.006)
nya (2.823)
nya (0.449)
nya (0.144)
ny (1.234)
ny (0.179)
ny (0.056)
nyu (0.449)
nyu (0.040)
nyu (0.038)
ny (0.023)
nye (1.044)
nyai (0.094)
nyai (0.032)
nyo (0.587)
nyo (0.008)
nyau (0.022)

nra (0.256)
nr (0.226)
nri (0.006)
nru (0.031)
nr (0.007)
nro (0.006)
nrau (0.006)
nva (0.771)
nva (0.004)
nv (0.356)
nvi (1.065)
nv (0.116)
nv (0.054)
nve (0.129)
nvai (0.145)
nvo (0.008)
nvya (0.042)
nvy (0.035)
nvyu (0.002)
nvy (0.004)
nvye (0.004)
nvra (0.008)
nvr (0.003)
na (0.007)
no (0.002)
nsa (1.136)
nsa (0.207)
ns (0.097)
nsi (0.013)
nsi (0.014)
nsu (0.168)

ns (0.037)
ns (0.021)
nse (0.015)
nsai (0.013)
nso (0.032)
nsau (0.013)
nsta (0.002)
nstri (0.004)
nstr (0.008)
nstha (0.002)
nsth (0.015)
nsthi (0.021)
nsn (0.003)
nsp (0.006)
nsma (0.016)
nsy (0.007)
nsva (0.071)
nsv (0.018)
nsv (0.002)
nsve (0.010)
nha (0.194)
nha (0.006)
nh (0.008)
nhi (0.071)
nhi (0.004)
nh (0.003)
nhu (0.004)
nh (0.033)
nhe (0.019)
nhai (0.003)
nhya (0.003)

nhra (0.003)
nhri (0.002)
nhr (0.002)
pa (26.171)
pa (0.653)
pa (0.756)
p (11.981)
p (0.151)
p (0.342)
pi (6.104)
pi (0.011)
pi (0.009)
p (0.615)
p (0.008)
pu (9.385)
pu (0.218)
pu (0.053)
p (2.259)
p (0.005)
p (1.666)
pe (1.146)
pai (0.211)
pai (0.068)
po (0.936)
po (0.003)
pau (0.437)
pta (0.979)
pta (0.321)
pta (0.141)
pt (0.483)
pt (0.043)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 91

pt (0.058)
pti (0.061)
pti (0.018)
pti (0.011)
ptu (0.024)
ptu (0.031)
pt (0.007)
pte (0.160)
ptai (0.042)
ptai (0.011)
pto (0.242)
ptau (0.032)
ptya (0.004)
pty (0.008)
ptra (0.002)
ptv (0.034)
pna (0.021)
pna (0.005)
pn (0.011)
pnu (0.307)
pne (0.014)
pno (0.249)
ppa (0.006)
pma (0.009)
pm (0.045)
pya (1.701)
pya (0.035)
pya (0.004)
py (0.145)
py (0.003)
pyu (0.204)

py (0.003)
py (0.005)
pye (0.158)
pyai (0.017)
pyo (0.008)
pra (14.175)
pra (0.170)
pra (0.034)
pr (4.105)
pr (0.018)
pr (0.033)
pri (0.820)
pr (0.603)
pre (0.835)
prai (0.049)
prai (0.012)
pro (0.320)
prau (0.006)
pla (0.116)
pl (0.013)
plu (0.170)
pi (0.003)
psa (0.288)
ps (0.013)
ps (0.003)
psi (0.100)
psu (0.070)
psu (0.007)
psu (0.011)
ps (0.008)
pse (0.019)

psya (0.191)
psy (0.030)
psye (0.013)
psvi (0.002)
pha (1.023)
ph (0.017)
phu (0.015)
phe (0.035)
ba (5.249)
ba (0.003)
ba (0.003)
b (2.159)
bi (0.381)
bi (0.002)
b (0.184)
b (0.002)
bu (1.305)
bu (0.002)
b (0.343)
b (0.026)
be (0.071)
bo (0.257)
bja (0.005)
bj (0.004)
bje (0.003)
bda (0.112)
bda (0.054)
bda (0.066)
bd (0.040)
bd (0.006)
bd (0.008)

bdi (0.009)
bde (0.081)
bdai (0.016)
bdai (0.005)
bdo (0.060)
bdya (0.002)
bdha (0.160)
bdha (0.040)
bdha (0.033)
bdh (0.094)
bdh (0.002)
bdh (0.028)
bdhi (0.003)
bdhu (0.004)
bdhu (0.003)
bdhe (0.027)
bdhai (0.008)
bdhai (0.002)
bdho (0.040)
bdhau (0.021)
bdhv (0.090)
bdhve (0.005)
bbi (0.002)
bbha (0.006)
bya (0.011)
bya (0.004)
by (0.011)
byo (0.003)
bra (2.693)
br (1.213)
bru (0.330)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 92

br (0.352)
bha (10.255)
bha (0.215)
bha (0.233)
bh (5.296)
bh (0.097)
bh (0.187)
bhi (5.034)
bhi (0.003)
bhi (1.731)
bh (3.129)
bh (0.003)
bh (0.016)
bhu (0.977)
bhu (0.009)
bhu (0.267)
bh (3.871)
bh (0.023)
bh (1.091)
bhe (0.838)
bhai (0.179)
bhai (0.068)
bho (1.052)
bho (0.020)
bhau (0.450)
bhya (1.520)
bhya (0.044)
bhya (0.274)
bhy (0.312)
bhy (0.473)
bhy (0.002)

bhyu (0.136)
bhye (0.109)
bhyai (0.002)
bhyo (0.367)
bhra (0.262)
bhra (0.034)
bhr (0.815)
bhr (0.002)
bhri (0.003)
bhru (0.056)
bhru (0.002)
bhr (0.026)
bhr (0.006)
bhre (0.026)
bhrai (0.003)
bhrai (0.002)
m (16.935)
ma (45.657)
ma (1.634)
ma (1.423)
m (19.026)
m (1.254)
m (0.502)
mi (7.968)
mi (0.079)
mi (0.037)
m (0.793)
m (0.011)
mu (7.289)
mu (0.009)
mu (0.018)

m (1.049)
m (0.029)
m (0.028)
m (1.945)
me (7.397)
me (0.006)
mai (0.385)
mai (0.133)
mo (2.152)
mo (0.003)
mau (0.497)
m (0.020)
mna (0.184)
mna (0.062)
mna (0.037)
mn (0.111)
mn (0.007)
mni (0.027)
mn (0.004)
mne (0.035)
mnai (0.007)
mno (0.065)
mpa (0.172)
mp (0.015)
mp (0.006)
mpi (0.028)
mp (0.004)
mpe (0.016)
mba (0.309)
mba (0.015)
mba (0.008)

mb (0.039)
mb (0.004)
mbi (0.045)
mbu (0.151)
mb (0.063)
mbe (0.025)
mbai (0.003)
mbo (0.086)
mbau (0.002)
mbya (0.013)
mbha (0.186)
mbha (0.022)
mbha (0.024)
mbh (0.066)
mbh (0.004)
mbh (0.006)
mbhi (0.020)
mbh (0.045)
mbhu (0.006)
mbh (0.002)
mbhe (0.026)
mbhai (0.003)
mbhai (0.003)
mbho (0.068)
mbhau (0.002)
mya (1.664)
mya (0.067)
mya (0.013)
my (0.158)
my (0.030)
my (0.008)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 93

myu (0.016)
mye (0.113)
myai (0.011)
myo (0.028)
myau (0.009)
mra (0.028)
mra (0.002)
mr (0.059)
mr (0.002)
mri (0.028)
mre (0.004)
mro (0.003)
mla (0.002)
ml (0.011)
mlu (0.006)
mle (0.037)
mlo (0.002)
ya (28.723)
ya (4.029)
ya (2.785)
y (11.137)
y (0.805)
y (0.521)
yi (1.800)
y (0.141)
y (0.023)
yu (6.577)
yu (0.013)
yu (0.249)
y (0.216)
y (0.004)

ye (3.733)
ye (0.013)
yai (0.421)
yai (0.139)
yo (5.188)
yo (0.351)
yau (0.566)
yya (0.066)
yya (0.037)
yya (0.002)
yy (0.052)
yy (0.007)
yy (0.002)
yyu (0.006)
yye (0.016)
yyo (0.003)
yyau (0.010)
yva (0.009)
yv (0.003)
yv (0.002)
yv (0.002)
ra (31.164)
ra (3.866)
ra (2.508)
r (19.451)
r (0.436)
r (0.864)
ri (6.138)
ri (0.254)
ri (0.069)
r (1.704)

r (0.105)
r (0.004)
ru (6.197)
ru (0.094)
ru (0.088)
r (1.730)
r (0.017)
r (0.052)
re (4.418)
re (0.030)
rai (0.761)
rai (0.809)
ro (3.464)
ro (0.002)
ro (0.033)
rau (0.587)
rka (0.254)
rka (0.012)
rka (0.007)
rk (0.013)
rki (0.002)
rke (0.013)
rkai (0.003)
rko (0.014)
rkau (0.002)
rkya (0.003)
rka (0.009)
rkya (0.017)
rkya (0.002)
rkya (0.003)
rkha (0.004)

rkha (0.004)
rkh (0.003)
rkhe (0.002)
rkho (0.004)
rkhy (0.004)
rga (0.821)
rga (0.165)
rga (0.036)
rg (0.193)
rg (0.009)
rg (0.008)
rgi (0.026)
rg (0.006)
rgu (0.141)
rg (0.002)
rg (0.038)
rge (0.162)
rgai (0.006)
rgai (0.002)
rgo (0.074)
rgau (0.010)
rgya (0.008)
rgya (0.010)
rgya (0.003)
rgra (0.021)
rgr (0.008)
rgha (0.167)
rgha (0.015)
rgha (0.002)
rgh (0.042)
rgh (0.003)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 94

rghi (0.002)
rgh (0.008)
rghe (0.016)
rgho (0.122)
rghau (0.003)
rghna (0.003)
rghya (0.011)
rghya (0.015)
rghy (0.007)
rga (0.023)
rga (0.002)
rg (0.003)
rca (0.187)
rc (0.010)
rc (0.003)
rci (0.139)
rci (0.008)
rc (0.006)
rcu (0.003)
rcu (0.002)
rce (0.005)
rccha (0.011)
rcchi (0.010)
rcche (0.003)
rcya (0.033)
rcya (0.002)
rcha (0.037)
rch (0.003)
rchi (0.035)
rche (0.004)
rja (0.748)

rja (0.005)
rj (0.083)
rji (0.383)
rj (0.025)
rju (0.983)
rje (0.007)
rjai (0.004)
rj (0.020)
rje (0.008)
rjya (0.008)
rjy (0.018)
rjy (0.003)
rjy (0.002)
rjye (0.009)
rjyo (0.009)
rjva (0.020)
rjha (0.013)
ra (1.279)
ra (0.631)
ra (0.165)
r (0.468)
r (0.067)
r (0.040)
ri (0.122)
r (0.013)
ru (0.003)
re (0.232)
rai (0.044)
rai (0.013)
ro (0.259)
rau (0.021)

rya (0.025)
rya (0.016)
rye (0.005)
rta (2.305)
rta (0.083)
rta (0.031)
rt (0.550)
rt (0.023)
rt (0.021)
rti (0.546)
rti (0.047)
rti (0.019)
rt (0.016)
rtu (0.235)
rtu (0.131)
rtu (0.026)
rt (0.064)
rt (0.009)
rt (0.002)
rte (0.140)
rtai (0.008)
rtai (0.004)
rto (0.050)
rtau (0.004)
rtt (0.002)
rtti (0.031)
rtma (0.024)
rtm (0.014)
rtme (0.003)
rtya (0.083)
rtya (0.004)

rtya (0.015)
rty (0.043)
rty (0.006)
rtye (0.016)
rtyai (0.002)
rtyo (0.011)
rtr (0.015)
rtre (0.006)
rtv (0.011)
rtvi (0.011)
rtsa (0.016)
rtsnye (0.032)
rtsya (0.004)
rtha (1.545)
rtha (0.883)
rtha (0.172)
rth (0.531)
rth (0.037)
rth (0.072)
rthi (0.704)
rth (0.076)
rthe (0.534)
rthai (0.030)
rthai (0.015)
rtho (0.251)
rthau (0.031)
rthya (0.013)
rthya (0.011)
rthy (0.006)
rda (0.797)
rda (0.021)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 95

rda (0.011)
rd (0.091)
rdi (0.337)
rd (0.038)
rdu (0.054)
rdu (0.035)
rd (0.207)
rd (0.068)
rde (0.180)
rdai (0.015)
rdo (0.018)
rddha (0.003)
rddhi (0.009)
rddhi (0.002)
rddhi (0.002)
rdya (0.010)
rdyu (0.003)
rdy (0.016)
rdyau (0.005)
rdra (0.036)
rdra (0.004)
rdr (0.006)
rdru (0.015)
rdre (0.003)
rdro (0.039)
rdrau (0.024)
rdva (0.009)
rdva (0.030)
rdv (0.022)
rdvi (0.069)
rdv (0.002)

rdve (0.004)
rdvai (0.006)
rdha (0.980)
rdha (0.181)
rdh (0.117)
rdhi (0.044)
rdh (0.026)
rdhu (0.008)
rdh (0.008)
rdh (0.026)
rdhe (0.032)
rdhai (0.003)
rdho (0.003)
rdhau (0.003)
rdhn (0.018)
rdhni (0.042)
rdhnya (0.003)
rdhnyu (0.003)
rdhy (0.015)
rdhye (0.003)
rdhra (0.015)
rdhru (0.016)
rdhva (0.121)
rdhva (0.060)
rdhv (0.004)
rna (0.395)
rna (0.003)
rn (0.231)
rni (0.338)
rni (0.006)
rn (0.009)

rnu (0.003)
rn (0.006)
rn (0.079)
rne (0.017)
rnai (0.017)
rno (0.015)
rnya (0.018)
rny (0.004)
rpa (0.311)
rpa (0.021)
rpa (0.010)
rp (0.054)
rp (0.003)
rp (0.004)
rpi (0.087)
rpi (0.002)
rp (0.002)
rpe (0.011)
rpai (0.003)
rpai (0.003)
rpo (0.021)
rpya (0.009)
rba (0.342)
rb (0.223)
rbi (0.020)
rb (0.004)
rbu (0.122)
rb (0.016)
rbo (0.002)
rbra (0.066)
rbr (0.040)

rbr (0.005)
rbha (0.425)
rbha (0.040)
rbha (0.020)
rbh (0.171)
rbh (0.004)
rbhi (0.157)
rbhi (0.022)
rbh (0.115)
rbh (0.003)
rbhu (0.040)
rbh (0.153)
rbh (0.054)
rbhe (0.030)
rbhai (0.007)
rbho (0.039)
rbhau (0.003)
rbhy (0.010)
rbhy (0.019)
rbhra (0.004)
rbhr (0.038)
rma (5.310)
rma (0.314)
rma (0.201)
rm (1.544)
rm (0.042)
rm (0.018)
rmi (0.295)
rmi (0.002)
rm (0.017)
rmu (0.416)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 96

rm (0.024)
rm (0.048)
rme (0.526)
rmai (0.018)
rmai (0.002)
rmo (0.327)
rmau (0.013)
rmya (0.020)
rmya (0.030)
rmy (0.015)
rmy (0.005)
rmy (0.003)
rmye (0.003)
rmyo (0.003)
rmyau (0.002)
rmle (0.002)
rya (2.690)
rya (0.538)
rya (0.148)
ry (1.153)
ry (0.136)
ry (0.060)
ryu (0.364)
ryu (0.008)
ry (0.007)
rye (0.370)
ryai (0.035)
ryai (0.013)
ryo (1.074)
ryau (0.034)
rla (0.145)

rl (0.004)
rli (0.005)
rlu (0.002)
rle (0.004)
rlo (0.065)
rva (5.245)
rva (1.004)
rva (0.047)
rv (1.843)
rv (0.127)
rv (0.141)
rvi (0.880)
rvi (0.019)
rv (0.165)
rv (0.035)
rv (0.209)
rve (1.751)
rvai (0.229)
rvai (0.076)
rvo (0.126)
rvau (0.004)
rvya (0.039)
rvy (0.056)
rvy (0.015)
rvyu (0.003)
rvy (0.009)
rvye (0.020)
rvyo (0.003)
rvra (0.011)
rvr (0.002)
ra (1.043)

ra (0.030)
ra (0.015)
r (0.059)
r (0.003)
ri (0.208)
r (0.030)
re (0.024)
rai (0.007)
rai (0.004)
ro (0.018)
rau (0.002)
rya (0.011)
rva (0.047)
rva (0.011)
rv (0.005)
rve (0.037)
ra (2.373)
ra (0.155)
ra (0.056)
r (0.279)
r (0.006)
r (0.009)
ri (0.504)
ri (0.020)
ri (0.050)
r (0.118)
r (0.004)
r (0.013)
ru (0.045)
ru (0.015)
r (0.004)

re (0.319)
re (0.023)
rai (0.045)
rai (0.015)
ro (0.052)
rau (0.011)
ri (0.023)
r (0.008)
ri (0.030)
ri (0.011)
ri (0.006)
re (0.117)
rya (0.003)
rma (0.004)
rm (0.005)
rya (0.004)
ry (0.014)
ry (0.002)
ryu (0.003)
rva (0.002)
rv (0.002)
rha (0.992)
rha (0.038)
rha (0.028)
rh (0.109)
rh (0.004)
rh (0.010)
rhi (0.294)
rhi (0.003)
rh (0.024)
rhu (0.009)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 97

rh (0.059)
rhe (0.057)
rhai (0.009)
rhai (0.003)
rho (0.041)
rhau (0.004)
rhya (0.008)
rhy (0.002)
rhye (0.004)
rhyo (0.003)
rhr (0.008)
rhri (0.004)
rhr (0.004)
la (7.269)
la (1.999)
la (0.844)
l (2.847)
l (0.179)
l (0.361)
li (1.317)
li (0.049)
li (0.097)
l (0.564)
l (0.024)
l (0.003)
lu (0.256)
lu (0.004)
lu (0.004)
l (0.079)
le (1.900)
le (0.006)

lai (0.208)
lai (0.120)
lo (3.809)
lau (0.150)
lka (0.037)
lka (0.009)
lka (0.002)
lk (0.045)
lk (0.004)
lk (0.008)
lke (0.011)
lkya (0.011)
lga (0.027)
lgi (0.004)
lgu (0.199)
lpa (0.353)
lpa (0.053)
lpa (0.017)
lp (0.098)
lp (0.003)
lp (0.009)
lpi (0.090)
lp (0.005)
lpe (0.068)
lpai (0.014)
lpai (0.010)
lpo (0.028)
lpau (0.004)
lpya (0.011)
lba (0.023)
lbi (0.071)

lbha (0.002)
lbha (0.002)
lbhyo (0.003)
lma (0.078)
lm (0.021)
lm (0.002)
lm (0.002)
lm (0.026)
lmu (0.009)
lya (0.404)
lya (0.140)
lya (0.068)
ly (0.331)
ly (0.009)
ly (0.009)
lyi (0.003)
lye (0.068)
lyai (0.023)
lyai (0.003)
lyo (0.107)
lyau (0.014)
lla (0.107)
lla (0.005)
ll (0.045)
ll (0.004)
ll (0.003)
lli (0.012)
ll (0.008)
llu (0.004)
lle (0.083)
llai (0.035)

llai (0.023)
llo (0.233)
lva (0.083)
lva (0.013)
lva (0.006)
lv (0.009)
lv (0.002)
lvi (0.005)
lve (0.017)
lvo (0.006)
va (40.068)
va (2.581)
va (1.693)
v (20.321)
v (0.447)
v (0.775)
vi (19.940)
vi (0.192)
vi (0.062)
v (4.285)
v (0.242)
vu (0.303)
vu (0.076)
v (0.013)
v (3.514)
ve (5.173)
ve (0.006)
vai (3.670)
vai (0.269)
vo (1.523)
vau (0.227)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 98

vya (2.749)
vya (0.550)
vya (0.079)
vy (1.911)
vy (0.114)
vy (0.051)
vyu (0.070)
vy (0.182)
vye (0.149)
vyai (0.043)
vyai (0.009)
vyo (0.165)
vyau (0.022)
vra (0.898)
vra (0.035)
vra (0.004)
vr (0.092)
vr (0.002)
vri (0.007)
vr (0.052)
vru (0.028)
vru (0.011)
vr (0.003)
vre (0.036)
vro (0.003)
a (14.150)
a (2.201)
a (1.197)
(3.669)
(0.577)
(0.195)

i (3.155)
i (0.008)
i (0.002)
(1.011)
(0.026)
(0.009)
u (2.490)
u (0.019)
u (0.100)
(0.970)
(0.007)
(0.633)
e (1.399)
ai (0.433)
ai (0.054)
o (1.859)
au (0.237)
ca (8.652)
c (1.713)
ci (0.957)
c (0.012)
cu (0.016)
c (0.009)
ce (0.207)
cai (1.271)
co (0.143)
cau (0.016)
cya (0.016)
cy (0.003)
cyu (0.024)
cha (0.040)

ch (0.024)
chi (0.114)
che (0.008)
na (0.046)
na (0.029)
na (0.004)
n (0.045)
ni (0.004)
n (0.027)
nu (0.125)
ne (0.004)
no (0.011)
ma (0.237)
m (0.030)
mi (0.079)
mi (0.007)
m (0.023)
m (0.002)
my (0.007)
ya (2.302)
ya (0.131)
ya (0.026)
y (0.517)
y (0.013)
y (0.018)
yi (0.002)
ye (0.205)
yai (0.020)
yai (0.002)
yo (0.037)
yau (0.003)

ra (1.066)
ra (0.008)
ra (0.003)
r (0.310)
r (0.003)
ri (0.589)
r (0.271)
r (0.016)
ru (1.514)
ru (0.003)
r (0.291)
r (0.004)
re (1.154)
rai (0.009)
ro (0.301)
rau (0.059)
rv (0.003)
la (0.035)
l (0.044)
li (0.047)
le (0.020)
lo (0.057)
va (2.177)
va (0.083)
va (0.038)
v (0.600)
v (0.046)
v (0.017)
vi (0.091)
ve (0.254)
vai (0.052)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 99

vai (0.017)
vo (0.074)
vau (0.006)
a (5.278)
a (0.481)
a (0.391)
(1.793)
(1.306)
(0.106)
i (1.413)
i (0.051)
i (0.083)
(0.389)
(0.036)
(0.003)
u (3.291)
u (0.012)
u (0.029)
(0.081)
e (0.813)
e (0.011)
ai (0.091)
ai (0.037)
o (0.567)
o (0.002)
au (0.024)
ka (0.321)
ka (0.008)
k (0.032)
k (0.002)
ki (0.008)

k (0.003)
ku (0.015)
k (0.155)
ke (0.012)
kai (0.006)
kai (0.002)
ko (0.009)
kya (0.002)
kra (0.030)
kr (0.021)
kri (0.009)
a (1.594)
a (0.416)
a (0.261)
(0.925)
(0.061)
(0.145)
i (0.327)
i (0.078)
i (0.026)
(0.013)
(0.003)
u (0.151)
u (0.102)
e (0.216)
ai (0.042)
ai (0.020)
o (0.367)
au (0.105)
ya (0.013)
y (0.211)

y (0.006)
ye (0.004)
ra (0.520)
ra (0.142)
ra (0.045)
r (0.204)
r (0.006)
r (0.024)
ri (0.011)
r (0.008)
r (0.003)
re (0.104)
rai (0.015)
rai (0.006)
ro (0.162)
rau (0.002)
va (0.003)
v (1.336)
ve (0.011)
vai (0.046)
vo (0.009)
ha (1.481)
ha (0.284)
ha (0.149)
h (0.384)
h (0.039)
h (0.042)
hi (1.642)
h (0.026)
hu (0.016)
h (0.002)

he (0.230)
hai (0.015)
hai (0.003)
ho (0.190)
hau (0.016)
hya (0.003)
hya (0.006)
hy (0.002)
hy (0.003)
a (0.589)
a (0.081)
a (0.052)
(0.257)
(0.060)
(0.006)
i (0.103)
(0.078)
(0.040)
u (0.180)
u (0.029)
u (0.025)
(0.007)
e (0.113)
o (0.126)
o (0.015)
au (0.033)
ya (0.035)
ya (0.002)
y (0.003)
ye (0.005)
pa (0.225)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 100

pa (0.015)
pa (0.002)
p (0.081)
pi (0.071)
pu (0.003)
p (0.002)
pe (0.025)
pai (0.008)
pai (0.006)
po (0.009)
pra (0.044)
pr (0.019)
pre (0.009)
pha (0.009)
ma (0.823)
ma (0.167)
ma (0.117)
m (0.149)
m (0.004)
mi (0.009)
me (0.121)
mo (0.108)
mau (0.003)
ya (2.002)
ya (0.088)
ya (0.030)
y (0.861)
y (0.015)
y (0.037)
yu (0.003)
ye (0.322)

yai (0.018)
yai (0.004)
yo (0.052)
yau (0.006)
va (0.568)
v (0.426)
vi (0.054)
v (0.004)
ve (0.076)
vai (0.017)
sa (35.299)
sa (10.703)
sa (1.028)
s (7.823)
s (0.472)
s (0.184)
si (3.684)
si (0.445)
si (0.003)
s (1.185)
s (0.039)
s (0.004)
su (7.391)
su (0.087)
su (0.086)
s (1.678)
s (0.005)
s (0.869)
se (3.126)
sai (0.955)
sai (0.076)

so (1.767)
so (0.017)
sau (0.939)
ska (0.355)
ska (0.005)
ska (0.002)
sk (0.074)
sk (0.002)
sku (0.006)
sk (0.249)
skai (0.002)
sko (0.014)
skau (0.002)
skha (0.011)
sta (6.249)
sta (0.367)
sta (0.038)
st (1.167)
st (0.140)
st (0.067)
sti (1.002)
st (0.379)
stu (1.977)
stu (0.015)
st (0.197)
st (0.052)
ste (1.714)
stai (0.130)
stai (0.040)
sto (0.141)
stau (0.088)

stya (0.239)
stya (0.004)
stya (0.018)
sty (0.045)
styu (0.002)
stye (0.015)
styo (0.009)
stra (0.791)
stra (0.232)
stra (0.015)
str (0.445)
str (0.006)
str (0.008)
stri (0.530)
stri (0.057)
str (0.295)
str (0.006)
stre (0.197)
strai (0.101)
strai (0.028)
stro (0.038)
strau (0.014)
strya (0.012)
stryu (0.008)
stva (0.748)
stva (0.312)
stv (0.073)
stv (0.080)
stvi (0.056)
stv (0.003)
stve (0.063)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 101

stvo (0.002)
stha (0.270)
stha (0.142)
stha (0.054)
sth (1.112)
sth (0.038)
sth (0.030)
sthi (1.380)
sth (0.011)
sthu (0.037)
sthu (0.020)
sth (0.051)
sthe (0.131)
sthai (0.026)
sthai (0.003)
stho (0.097)
sthau (0.088)
sthya (0.012)
sthya (0.011)
sthye (0.004)
sthyo (0.002)
sna (0.004)
sn (0.208)
sni (0.028)
snu (0.054)
sne (0.137)
spa (0.736)
sp (0.269)
spra (0.012)
spha (0.006)
sph (0.043)

sphi (0.003)
sph (0.027)
sphu (0.039)
sph (0.013)
spho (0.015)
sma (0.953)
sma (0.003)
sm (1.656)
sm (0.009)
smi (1.481)
smi (0.179)
sm (0.064)
sm (0.336)
sme (0.008)
smai (0.262)
smo (0.014)
smya (0.038)
smy (0.003)
smyu (0.009)
smye (0.004)
sya (9.940)
sya (0.095)
sya (0.013)
sy (2.236)
sy (0.172)
sy (0.090)
syu (0.116)
syu (0.024)
sy (0.028)

syai (0.004)

ha (2.195)

hi (0.011)

syo (0.144)

ha (0.442)

h (0.072)

syau (0.006)

h (10.570)

he (0.021)

h (0.073)

hna (0.032)

h (0.103)

hna (0.002)

hi (5.836)

hna (0.003)

hi (0.215)

hn (0.026)

sr (0.010)

hi (0.011)

hni (0.074)

sri (0.011)

h (1.281)

hni (0.008)

h (0.098)

hni (0.011)

h (0.002)

hnu (0.005)

hu (2.168)

hne (0.027)

hu (0.072)

hne (0.003)

sro (0.068)

hu (0.312)

hnai (0.003)

srau (0.003)

h (0.592)

hno (0.003)

sva (3.302)

h (0.013)

hnau (0.003)

sva (0.111)

h (0.003)

hma (2.632)

h (1.459)

hma (0.034)

sv (0.032)

he (1.748)

hma (0.003)

svi (0.500)

hai (0.200)

hm (0.228)

sv (0.148)

hai (0.031)

hm (0.004)

sve (0.195)

ho (0.955)

hm (0.011)

ho (0.008)

hme (0.016)

hau (0.095)

hmai (0.009)

sse (0.005)

ha (0.068)

hmo (0.045)

sra (0.626)
sra (0.110)
sra (0.021)
sr (0.404)
sr (0.021)

sr (0.019)
sru (0.047)
sre (0.088)
srai (0.033)
srai (0.016)

sva (0.004)
sv (0.421)

svai (0.057)
svai (0.012)
svo (0.016)

sye (0.403)

ssva (0.015)

ha (0.009)

hmy (0.007)

syai (0.208)

ha (15.960)

h (0.092)

hya (1.365)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 102

hya (0.132)

hyo (0.021)

hla (0.005)

hv (0.012)

hya (0.007)

hyau (0.002)

hl (0.025)

hv (0.003)

hy (0.240)

hra (0.122)

hli (0.052)

hv (0.002)

hy (0.015)

hr (0.063)

hl (0.052)

hve (0.003)

hy (0.006)

hri (0.052)

hva (0.245)

hvai (0.002)

hyu (0.044)

hr (0.060)

hva (0.004)

hvo (0.040)

hyu (0.002)

hr (0.004)

hva (0.004)

hvo (0.002)

hy (0.002)

hru (0.025)

hv (0.090)

hvya (0.004)

hye (0.269)

hru (0.010)

hv (0.006)

hvyo (0.002)

hyai (0.013)

hre (0.005)

hv (0.003)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 103

4. Charts of Transliteration Font "URW Palladio ITU"

The font "URW Palladio ITU" comes in four styles (Roman, Bold, Italic, and Bold Italic).
The Roman (non-italic) style is also contained in the Devanagari font "Sanskrit 2003" so
that it is possible to create mixed Sanskrit and English texts with one font only.

0
032

10

11

12

13

14

15

"

&

'

048

<

>

064

080

096

112

128

144

160

176

192

208

224

240

0100

0101

0120

0121

012A

012B

015A

015B

016A

016B

1E0C

1E0D

1E24

1E25

1E36

1E37

1E38

1E39

1E3A

1E3B

1E40

1E41

1E42

1E43

1E44

1E45

1E46

1E47

1E5A

1E5B

1E5C

1E5D

U
N
I
C
O
D
E

1E62

1E63

1E6C

1E6D

030D

030E

0331

F140

F141

F146

F147

F148

F156

F157

0102

0103

0114

0115

014E

014F

1E48

1E49

1E5E

1E5F

1E8E

1E8F

Range 032-255:

Codepage 1252 Latin 1 ("Western Europe")

Range 128-191:

For this mixed range see next chapter 4.1

Unicode white:

Additional diacritics, used by Itranslator 2003

Unicode yellow:

Vedic floating accents, used by Itranslator 2003

Unicode cyan:

Private Use Area codes, used by Itranslator 2003

Unicode grey:

Additional diacritics, not used by Itranslator 2003

Note: Itranslator uses only lowercase characters for the transliteration of Sanskrit texts.

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 104

4.1. Mixed 8/16-bit Range 128-191 of "URW Palladio ITU"

In this range 128-191 the keypress codes often (not always) differ from the storage codes,
depending on whether the text is stored as 8-bit "Windows" text file or as 16-bit "Unicode"
text file. E.g. for "" you can enter by keyboard the 8-bit code 0131 (decimal) or 0083 (hex),
but for "" you may also enter the 16-bit Unicode code points 0402 (decimal) or 0192 (hex).
Char Dec Hex

Adobe Standard Names Code Points Descriptive Names

128 0080

.notdef

Euro

0080

129 0081

.notdef

c129

0081

UNDEFINED

130 0082

quotesinglbase

201A

SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK

131 0083

florin

0192

LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK

132 0084

quotedblbase

201E

DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK

133 0085

ellipsis

2026

HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS

134 0086

dagger

2020

DAGGER

135 0087

daggerdbl

2021

DOUBLE DAGGER

136 0088

circumflex

02C6

MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT

137 0089

perthousand

2030

PER MILLE SIGN

138 008A

Scaron

0160

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON

139 008B

guilsinglleft

2039

SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

140 008C

OE

0152

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE

141 008D

.notdef

c141

008D

UNDEFINED

142 008E

.notdef

Zcaron

008E 017D

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON

143 008F

.notdef

c143

008F

UNDEFINED

144 0090

.notdef

c144

0090

UNDEFINED

145 0091

quoteleft

2018

LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK

146 0092

quoteright

2019

RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK

147 0093

quotedblleft

201C

LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK

148 0094

quotedblright

201D

RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK

149 0095

bullet

2022

BULLET

150 0096

endash

2013

EN DASH

151 0097

emdash

2014

EM DASH

152 0098

tilde

02DC

SMALL TILDE

153 0099

trademark

2122

TRADE MARK SIGN

154 009A

scaron

0161

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON

155 009B

guilsinglright

203A

SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

156 009C

oe

0153

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE

157 009D

.notdef

009D

UNDEFINED

c157

20AC

EURO SIGN

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 105

158 009E

.notdef

159 009F

zcaron

009E 017E

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON

Ydieresis

0178

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS

160 00A0

uni00A0

00A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

161 00A1

exclamdown

00A1

INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK

162 00A2

cent

00A2

CENT SIGN

163 00A3

sterling

00A3

POUND SIGN

164 00A4

currency

00A4

CURRENCY SIGN

165 00A5

yen

00A5

YEN SIGN

166 00A6

brokenbar

00A6

BROKEN BAR

167 00A7

section

00A7

SECTION SIGN

168 00A8

dieresis

00A8

DIAERESIS

169 00A9

copyright

00A9

COPYRIGHT SIGN

170 00AA ordfeminine

00AA

FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR

171 00AB

guillemotleft

00AB

LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

172 00AC

logicalnot

00AC

NOT SIGN

173 00AD

minus

00AD

SOFT HYPHEN

174 00AE

registered

00AE

REGISTERED SIGN

175 00AF

macron

00AF 02C9

MACRON

176 00B0

degree

00B0

DEGREE SIGN

177 00B1

plusminus

00B1

PLUS-MINUS SIGN

178 00B2

twosuperior

00B2

SUPERSCRIPT TWO

179 00B3

threesuperior

00B3

SUPERSCRIPT THREE

180 00B4

acute

00B4

ACUTE ACCENT

181 00B5

mu

00B5 03BC

MICRO SIGN

182 00B6

paragraph

00B6

PILCROW SIGN

183 00B7

periodcentered

00B7 2219

MIDDLE DOT

184 00B8

cedilla

00B8

CEDILLA

185 00B9

onesuperior

00B9

SUPERSCRIPT ONE

186 00BA

ordmasculine

00BA

MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR

187 00BB

guillemotright

00BB

RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

188 00BC

onequarter

00BC

VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER

189 00BD

onehalf

00BD

VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF

190 00BE

threequarters

00BE

VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS

191 00BF

questiondown

00BF

INVERTED QUESTION MARK

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 106

5. Keyboard Entry and the INSCRIPT Keyboard Driver

Windows users can enter Devanagari characters by the following methods (as an example
we select character "" = hexadecimal 0905 = decimal 02309, see the charts in chapter 3):

5.1. General-Purpose Keyboard Entry Methods

a) Num Pad Method (Alt + "0" + decimal Unicode Number)
All Unicode characters can be entered on the numerical keypad by pressing the Alt key,
and while keeping Alt pressed, entering the decimal code on the keypad, e.g. Alt+02309.
The prefix "0" (zero) may usually be omitted, i.e. Alt+2309. This num pad method works
with Windows XP and should also work with Windows 2000, but it does not work with
e.g. Windows 98, because in Windows 98, the num pad method is limited to the characters
in the decimal range 0-255, so that e.g. Alt+0256 cannot be entered on a Windows 98 PC.
Microsoft would not be "micro"soft, if it offered flawless software. So, it does not surprise
that the num pad method, although it can be considered as a most easy programming task,
is too difficult for the "micro" programmers at Microsoft. E.g. on my German Windows XP
computer, it is impossible to enter "" with Alt+02331. Try it on your own Windows XP!

b) Alt-x Method ("U+" +"0" + hexadecimal Unicode Number + Alt-x)

All Unicode characters can be entered by prefixing "U+", followed by prefix "0" and the
hexadecimal code of the Unicode character, followed by pressing Alt and while keeping
Alt pressed, by hitting on key "x", e.g. U+0905 Alt-x. It should be noted that on localized
computers, e.g. on German Windows XP computers, Alt-c is to be typed instead of Alt-x.
The Alt-x method works with Windows XP and should also work with Windows 2000, but
does not work with Windows 98. Depending on the context and on the hexadecimal code,
it is often possible to omit prefix "U+" and prefix "0", so that e.g. 905 Alt-x is enough here.

c) Char Map Method (Mouse Click on the Character Map = Symbol Palette)
This non-keyboard method is convenient for entering e.g. a special mathematical symbol,
but it cannot be recommended for entering Devanagari texts.

d) Other Methods
There exist other methods of entering Unicode characters, e.g. the "Eureka" method (see
http://www.sanskritweb.net/fonts/eureka.doc) which can even be used with old Word
97 on an old Windows 98 computer.
Furthermore, third-party developers provide Windows keyboard drivers, e.g. Keyman,
see http://www.tavultesoft.com.

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 107

5.2. The INSCRIPT Method

INSCRIPT ("Indian Script") is a keyboard driver for Devanagari (and other Indic scripts)
supplied with Windows XP (and also with Windows 2000), but only installed, if you select
"Enable International Support" (for installation procedure see "Itranslator 2003" help file).
In addition to installing the INSCRIPT Devanagari (Sanskrit/Hindi) keyboard driver from
the Windows XP installation CD, you should also install "Microsoft Visual Keyboard"
(vkey.exe, only 200 KB) downloadable free of charge from Microsoft's Office site.
INSCRIPT keyboard layout (1) on American keyboard, (2) on European keyboards:

Non-Shift Keys

Shift Keys

AltGr Keys

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 108

A few non-Devanagari characters are only accessible by special key combinations:

After having installed (1) the INSCRIPT keyboard driver and (2) the MS Visual Keyboard,
start your word processor, e.g. Word XP, and select "Sanskrit 2003" as font.
Then select "Microsoft Visual Keyboard" (via the Start/Programs/Office Programs menue)
and here also select "Sanskrit 2003". You will see this keyboard picture (on a German PC):

On the MS Visual Keyboard you can "type" by clicking on the key cap pictures. In this way
you can memorize the keyboard layout. Try and make your own "typing" experiments to
become familiar with the INSCRIPT keyboard driver.
Cave: If you enter a Sanskrit text directly via INSCRIPT keyboard, you do not create an
ITX source text file of this Sanskrit text and hence you cannot give your entered text to
those who cannot use 16-bit OpenType fonts. But if you enter a Sanskrit text as ITX file, it
can be converted to any 8-bit and 16-bit Devanagari font format by Itranslator 99 and 2003.

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 109

Appendix I

Attested Hindi Ligatures

compiled by Ernst Tremel
Nasalized vowels (Anunasik) represented by Candrabindu or Bindu (Anuswar) as in

are transliterated by
respectively.

All the other Anuswar forms are transliterated

preceding , , , by ,
preceding , , , by m,
preceding , , , by ,
preceding by n or m,
preceding by or n,
preceding by or m,
preceding , , by ,
preceding , , by ,
preceding by or n,
preceding by m,
preceding , , , by n,
preceding by or n,
preceding by or n,
preceding by or n or m,
preceding by
in Gatzlaff-Hlsigs Handwrterbuch Hindi-Deutsch. is transliterated by gy
matching its Hindi pronunciation. In McGregors The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary
nasalized vowels are transliterated by vowelsign + ; all the other Anuswar forms as
Gatzlaff-Hlsig does, except , , , , , , by if preceded by a Bindu sign.
First column
Second column
Third column
Fourth column
Fifth column

Ligature
Transliteration
Hindi Anuswar form
Example with transliteration
German and English translation

kk

, ikks

einundzwanzig

qq

, taraqq

Fortschritt

kkh

, makkhan

Butter

kc

, fraikcar

kch

, tvakched

Hautabschrfung

, kar

Arzt

kr

, ilekrn

kt

, rakt

Blut

qt

, vaqt

Zeit

twenty-one
progress
butter
Knochenbruch
fracture
excoriation
doctor
Elektron
electron
blood
time

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 110

kty

, yuktybhs

Sophisterei

ktv

, pthaktv

Getrenntheit

kth

, sikth

qd

, naqd

kp

, vkpau

qf

, vaqf

Stiftung

qb

, iqbl

Gestndnis

km

, hukm

Befehl

ky

, ikyvan

einundfnfzig

kr

, vikram

Tapferkeit

ql

, aql

Verstand

kl

, ukl

rein

kv

, kvr

jung

, naq

Karte

, rik

, pak

Seite

, tk

scharf

km

, lakm

Lakschmi

ky

, abhaky

nicht essbar

ks

, aiks

qs

, nuqs

Fehler

ksth

, diksthpan

Orientierung

, sat

hart

, zam

sophistry
separateness
gekochter Reis
boiled rice
bar
cash
redegewandt
eloquent
endowment
admission
order
fifty-one
valour
mind
pure
young
map
Rikscha
rickshaw
side
sharp
Lakshmi
not to be eaten
Taxi
taxi
fault
orientation
hard
Wunde
wound

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 111

khm

, monakhmer bh

Mon-Khmer-Sprachen

khy

, khyt

berhmt

, yl

khr

, khrin

Christ

, far

Prahlerei

, tanavh

, baan

verleihen

, as

Person

gg

, diggaj

bedeutend

ggh

, ghuggh

Eule

, maz

Gehirn

gz

, lagzamabarg

Luxemburg

gj

, vgjl

leeres Gerede

ggy

, samyaggyn

rechtes Wissen

, rug

krank

gd

, digdaran

gdh

, avidagdh

laienhaft

gdhy

, vgvaidagdhy

Redegewandtheit

gn

, agni

Feuer

gp

, digpl

Schutzgottheiten der Mondphasen

gb

, digbandu

Hauptpunkt

gbh

, pthagbhv

Unterschied

gbhr

, digbhramnti

gm

, yugm

Mon-Khmer languages
celebrated
Gedanke
thought
Christian
boasting
Lohn
wages
to bestow
person
great
owl
brain
Luxemburg
net of words
right knowledge
ill
berblick
survey
amateurish
eloquence
fire
guardian deities of the different quarters
cardinal point
difference
Verwirrung
confusion
Paar
couple

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 112

gy

, gyrah

elf

gr

, grh

Krokodil

gl

, glni

Niedergeschlagenheit

gv

, gvl

Rinderhirte

gvy

, digvyp

alles durchdringend

, digl

ungnstige Stellung der Gestirne

ghn

, vighn

Hindernis

ghy

, lghy

lobenswert

ghr

, ghr

schnell

, ak

Zahl

kc

, pakcar

Loch

kt

, pakti

Reihe

ky

, aky

kennzeichnungspflichtig

kr

, sakram

Durchgang

, kk

kh

, pakh

khy

, sakhy

relavejakan

magalavr

eleven
crocodile
depression
cowherd
all pervasive
inauspicious planetary conjunction
obstacle
praiseworthy
quickly
number
puncture
row
to have to be marked
passage
Bahnknotenpunkt
railway-junction
Wunsch
desire
Ventilator
fan
Nummer
number
Dienstag
Tuesday

gts

- ,
-

gy

gr

, kgres

Kongress

gl

Angloinder

gs

ygtse-kyg

, vyagy

aglo-iiyan

, kigsan

Jangtsekiang
Yangtsekiang
Ironie
irony
congress
Anglo-Indian
Kingston
Kingston

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 113

gh

, sagh

Vereinigung

ghy

, durlaghy

unwegsam

ghr

, aghri

Versfu

= , ding = diggaj

bedeutend

, vmay

Literatur

, sahat

kompakt

cc

, paccs

fnfundzwanzig

cch

, acch

gut

cchr

, kcchr

schlecht

cchv

, ucchvs

Ausatmung

cy

, acyut

unverrckbar

zz

, izzat

jj

, majj

Knochenmark

jjy

, nairlajjy

Schamlosigkeit

jjv

, ujjval

hell

jjh

, jhajjhar

gy

, vigy

kenntnisreich

zb

, jazb

Gefhl

zm

, kamyunizm

Kommunismus

jy

, jy

Bogensehne

zy

, zyd

viel

zr

, uzr

Einwand

jr

, ujrat

Vergtung

jv

, jvar

Flut

society
impassable
foot
great
literature
compact
twenty-five
good
bad
breathing out
fixed
Ehre
honour
marrow of a bone
shamelessness
bright
Wasserkrug
water-jug
knowing
emotion
communism
bow-string
much
objection
remuneration
flood-tide

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 114

, pacako

Fnfeck

ch

, pach

ein Vogel

, tzniy

Tansania

, pajb

Panschab

gy

, sagy

jh

, ajh

Pause

, sayat

kontrolliert

, sarakak

Beschtzer

, salp

Gesprch

, pucal

loses Frauenzimmer

, saray

Zuflucht

, sali

synthetisch

, msad

Parlamentarier

sk

, saskt

kultiviert

st

, sastar

Schicht

stv

, pustv

sth

, sasth

Institut

sp

, saspar

Kontakt

sm

, sasmara

Erinnerung

sy

, ksy

Bronze

sr

, hisr

gewaltttig

, ako

Sechseck

, ugr

, svizaralai

pentagon
a bird
Tanzania
Panjab
Bewusstsein
consciousness
interval
controlled
protector
conversation
a loose woman
refuge
synthetic
member of parliament
cultivated
layer
maskulin
masculine
institute
contact
remembrance
bronze
violent
hexagon
Stuttgart
Stuttgart
Schweiz
Switzerland

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 115

, chu

Freizeit

, cih

Brief

, vikhapanam

Wischakhpatnam

, apad

, insy

Institut

, ren

Zug

, avary

, astr

die sechs klassischen Systeme

, skes

Schlittschuhe

hh

, ekahh

vereinigt

hy

, suphy

lesbar

, khag

Schwert

, aj

, la

Laddu (Sigkeit)

, buh

bejahrt

, adaran

bh

, abhuj

Sechseck

, y

Pflicht

, rivar

, avikr

vacation
letter
Vishakhapatnam
sechsbeinig
six-footed
institute
train
sechsjhrig
six-year-old
the six systems of Indian philosphy
skates
united
legible
sword
erster Ton (von sieben)
first tone (of seven)
Laddu (a sweet)
aged
die sechs klassischen Systeme
the six systems of Indian philosphy
hexagon
duty
Fahrer
driver
die sechs Entwicklungsphasen von
Lebewesen
the six stages of development of human
beings

hy

, phalhy

reich an Frchten

, gha

Stunde

, seral

with plenty of fruits

hour
zentral
central

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 116

, kuh

Stumpfsinn

hy

, kahy

Hals-

, a

, nedaralaiz

Niederlande

Niederlande

Ruber

, aku

ununterbrochen

, mptr

Tongef

, mmay

aus Ton

, brhmay

die Brahmanen

, kiv

Ferment

tk

, utka

gewaltig

tkr

, utkram

Umkehrung

tk

, utkep

Ausstoen

tkh

, utkhanan

Ausgrabung

tg

, vidyutgatik

Elektrodynamik

tgr

, vidyutgrahak

Antenne

tc

, vidyutclak

Leiter

tt

, uttar

nrdlich

tty

, vttyanuprs

Alliteration

ttv

, mahattv

Bedeutung

tth

, patthar

td

, vidyutdar

tdh

, vidyutdhr

ndaralais

, huh

dullness
having to do with the throat
Ei
egg
Netherlands
Netherlands
robber
continuing
earthenware vessel
earthen
the brahmans
ferment
vast
reversal
pushing out
excavation
electrodynamics
aerial
conductor
northerly
alliteration
greatness
Stein
stone
Elektroskop
electroscope
elektrischer Strom
electric current

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 117

tn

, patn

Ehefrau

tny

, spatny

Stellung als Nebenfrau

tp

, mtpi

Lehmklumpen

tpr

, utpravs

Emigration

tpl

, utplvakat

tph

, utphull

voll erblht

tf

, lutf

Vergngen

tb

, vidyutbalb

tm

, atm

tmy

, tdtmy

ty

, tyg

Verlassen

tr

, patr

Brief

try

, tryhik

dreitgig

tl

, qatl

Mord

tv

, tvac

, vidyutakti

ts

, protshan

Ermutigung

tsth

, htsthal

Herzgegend

tsthy

, ttsthy

Metonymie

tsn

, jyotsn

tsp

, atsp

Halbvokal

tsy

, matsy

Fisch

tsv

, jagatsvm

das hchste Wesen

th

vidyuthtspandalekh

wife
the second wifes position
lump of clay
emigration
Auftrieb
lift
fully open
pleasure
Glhbirne
electric bulb
fertig
finished
Identitt
identity
leaving
letter
lasting three days
murder
Haut
skin
Elektroenergie
electric energy
encouragement
cardiac region
metonymy
Mondlicht
moonlight
semi-vowel
fish
the supreme being
Elektrokardiogramm
electrocardiogram

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 118

thy

, kathy

erwhnenswert

thr

, thril

Sensation

thv

, pthv

die Erde

dk

, hdkap

Herzklappe

dg

, sadgati

Seligkeit

dgr

, sadgranth

heiliges Buch

dgh

, udghan

Einweihung

dd

, zidd

hartnckig

ddh

, prasiddh

bekannt

ddhv

, hddhvani

Herzton

dp

, hdpt

Herzversagen

db

, udbodh

dbh

, adbhut

wunderbar

dbhr

, udbhrnt

verwirrt

dm

, sadm

Haus

dy

, yadyapi

obgleich

dr

, drav

flssig

dry

, dridry

Armut

dv

, dvr

dvy

, sadvyavahr

Sittlichkeit

, hdl

Herzbrune

dhy

, adhypak

Lehrer

dhr

, adhruv

beweglich

dhv

, dhvani

deserving to be said
thrill
the earth
cardiac valve
beatitude
holy book
inauguration
stubborn
well-known
cardiac sound
heart failure
Erleuchtung
enlightenment
wonderful
confused
house
although
fluid
poverty
Tr
door
morality
angina pectoris
teacher
unfixed
Laut
sound

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 119

nk

, inkr

Leugnen

ng

, engeja

besetzt

nc

, onc

nz

, manzr

akzeptiert

, ivien

Dividende

nt

, ant

Ende

nty

, danty

dental

ntr

, mantr

Minister

ntry

, svtantry

Freiheit

nth

, panth

nd

, hind

Hindi

ndy

, mndy

Langsamkeit

ndr

, pandrah

fnfzehn

ndv

, dvandv

Paar

ndh

, dhandh

Beschftigung

ndhy

, sndhy

abendlich

ndhr

, sarandhr

pors

nn

, unns

neunzehn

nny

, sannys

Aufgeben

nfr

, knfrens

Konferenz

nm

, janm

ny

, ny

nv

, samanvay

Verbindung

, mun

Schreiber

denial
engaged
groes Tablett eines Straenhndlers
a hawkers tray
accepted
dividend
end
dental
minister of state
freedom
Pfad
path
Hindi
sluggishness
fifteen
pair
occupation
having to do with evening
porous
nineteen
abandonment
conference
Geburt
birth
leer
empty
connection
writer

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 120

ns

, insn

Mensch

ns

, insy

Institut

nsp

, inspekar

Inspektor

nh

, unh

ihnen

pcy

, naipcyn

Neptun

, ip

pt

, prpt

bekommen

pty

, prpty

Hoffnung etwas zu erlangen

pn

, svapn

Traum

pp

, cappal

Sandale

pf

, pfeni

Pfennig

pph

, phupphus

Lunge

py

, pyr

Liebe

pr

, prade

Region

pl

, iplom

Diplom

ps

, indriyalips

sinnliche Begierde

fz

, lafz

Wort

, lefine

fs

, rfs

pht

, naipht

Erdl

ft

, haft

Woche

fth

, nefthaln

Nephthalin

ff

, talaffuz

fy

, karafy

human being
institute
inspector
to them
Neptune
Abgeordneter
deputy
obtained
expectation to get something
dream
sandal
Pfennig
lungs
love
region
diploma
lust
word
Leutnant
lieutenant
Damespiel
draughts
petroleum
week
Nephthalin
Aussprache
pronunciation
Sperrstunde
curfew

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 121

phy

, phys

Kopfschuppen

fr

, afrk

Afrika

fl

, flai

Wohnung

, banaf

fs

, afsos

Gram

bj

, abjad

arabisches Alphabet

bz

, sabz

Gemse

bt

, ibtid

Beginn

bd

, abd

Wort

bdh

, abdhi

Ozean

bb

, chabbs

sechsundzwanzig

bbh

, gabbh

Steppdecke

by

, byh

br

, brhma

Brahmane

bl

, prblam

Problem

, hab

thiopisch

bhbh

, bhabhbha

Tumult

bhy

, abhys

bhr

, bhra

korrupt

mc

, omc

groes Tablett eines Straenhndlers

, suum

der Rckenmarkskanal

mt

, imtahn

Prfung

md

, umd

ausgezeichnet

mn

, nimn

niedrig

dandruff
Africa
flat
Veilchen
violet
sorrow
Arabic alphabet
vegetable
beginning
word
ocean
twenty-six
quilt
Hochzeit
marriage
brahman
problem
Ethiopian
uproar
bung
practice
corrupt
a hawkers tray
the channel of the spinal cord
examination
excellent
low

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 122

mp

, kampan

Gesellschaft

mpy

, kampyar

Computer

mpr

, samprati

gegenwrtig

mph

, gumphan

Auffdeln

mf

, simfan

Sinfonie

mb

, lamb

lang

mbh

, sambhav

mbhr

, sambhram

Verwirrung

mm

, ummd

Hoffnung

mm

company
computer
at the present time
stringing together
symphony
long
mglich
possible
confusion
hope

, sammat

bereinstimmend

my

, myn

Zwickel

mr

, umr

Lebensalter

ml

, mln

welk

mv

, samvat

Jahr

ms

, komsomol

Komsomol

ms

mh

, tumhr

euer

yy

, muhayy

bereit

rq

, farq

Unterschied

rk

, mrket

rky

, sarkyular

rks

, mrksavd

Marxismus

rkh

, car

Rad

rkh

, mrkh

, emsaraaim

agreeing
gusset
lifetime
withered
year
comsomol
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
your
prepared
difference
Markt
market
Rundschreiben
circular
Marxism
wheel
dumm
stupid

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 123

, mur

Hahn

rg

, svarg

Himmel

rgr

, durgrhy

rgh

, durghaan

Unfall

rghy

, arghy

geachtet

rc

, mrc

Mrz

rcch

, mrcch

Ohnmacht

rcy

, porcyagl

Portugal

rch

, barch

Speer

rj

, darjan

Dutzend

rz

, darz

Schneider

rjy

, varjy

verboten

rjh

, nirjhar

, pr

Partei

rs

, hers

Hertz

, vran

Wchter

, varan

Beschreibung

ry

, sauvary

richtige Aussprache der Laute

rt

, nartak

Tnzer

rtt

, mrtti

rtm

, vartm

Augenlid

rty

, sampavarty

gemeinsames Vielfaches

rtr

, ipakartr

Schreibmaschinenschreiberin

rts

, varts

Alveole

cock
heaven
schwer begreiflich
difficult to comprehend
accident
respected
March
faint
Portugal
spear
dozen
tailor
prohibited
Wasserfall
waterfall
party
Hertz
warden
description
the sounds correct pronunciation
dancer
Statue
statue
eyelid
common multiple
typist
alveolus

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 124

rtsy

, vartsy

alveolar

rth

, caturth

viert

rthy

, smarthy

rd

, urd

Urdu

rddh

, mrddhany

zerebral

rdr

, snehrdr

von Liebe erfllt

rdv

, nirdvandv

ruhig

rdh

, nirdhan

arm

rdhm

, vardhm

Bruch

rdhv

, rdhv

senkrecht

rn

, rnme

Turnier

rp

, krps

Baumwolle

rf

, sirf

nur

rfy

, karfy

Sperrstunde

rb

, isarb karan

rbh

, garbh

Mutterleib

rbhr

, nirbhram

unbeirrt

rm

, arm

Schande

rmy

, sdharmy

rmh

, barmh

Burma

ry

, maury

Maurjas

rr

, harr

Myrobalane

rl

, nirlajj

schamlos

rv

, garv

Stolz

alveolar
fourth
Fhigkeit
ability
Urdu
cerebral
full of love
calm
poor
rupture
vertical
tournament
cotton
only
curfew
stren
to disturb
womb
not erring
shame
Gleichartigkeit
similarity
Burma
Mauryas
myrobalan
shameless
pride

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 125

rvy

, durvyasan

schlechte Angewohnheit

, daran

Anblick

rv

, prv

Seite

, var

Jahr

rs

, kurs

Stuhl

rs

, fars

erst

rh

, garha

Tadel

rhy

, vigarhy

tadelnswert

lk

, milk

Besitz

lq

, halq

Kreis

, tal

bitter

lg

, phalgu

geringfgig

lz

, slzabar

Salisbury

, lifabel

Rettungsring

, eyaraholar

lt

, multav

aufgeschoben

lts

- , rinalai-flts

Rheinland-Pfalz

lth

, kmanavelth

Britischer Staatenbund

ld

, jald

Geschwindigkeit

lp

, ilp

Handwerk

lps

, lps

Alpen

lph

, gulph

Knchel

lf

, zulf

Locke

lb

, qalb

bad habit
sight
side
year
chair
first
censure
censurable
possession
circle
bitter
insignificant
Salisbury
life-belt
Aktionr
shareholder
delayed
Rhineland-Pfalz
Commenwealth
speed
craft
Alpes
ankle
lock
Herz
heart

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 126

lbh

, pragalbh

mutig

lbhy

, prgalbhy

Mut

lm

, film

Film

ly

, mly

Preis

ll

, ull

Eule

lv

, khalv

kahl

, imalan

Emulsion

lh

, kulh

Beil

vy

, vyakti

Person

vr

, vrat

Gelbde

vv

, navve

neunzig

, iq

, mukil

schwierig

, cary

Erstaunen

ch

, nichal

, ugr

Stuttgart

, got

Fleisch

, pran

Frage

pr

, pre

Spree

, cam

Brille

, vayak

, r

Wohlstand

, la

Umarmung

, vs

bold
boldness
film
price
owl
bald
emulsion
axe
person
vow
ninety
Liebe
love
difficult
astonishment
offen
not deceitful
Stuttgart
meat
question
Spree
glasses
ntig
necessary
prosperity
embrace
Atem
breath

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 127

, kaf

ausdrcklich

, muk

muskuls

kr

, nikray

Bezahlung

gr

, dugrhy

schwer verstndlich

, ka

Schwierigkeit

, vaiiy

Spezifikum

, ur

Kamel

, jyeh

ltest

hy

, ohy

labial

, k

schwarz

, nipatti

pr

, nipr

leblos

ph

, niphal

unfruchtbar

, grm

, iy

sk

, muskarn

lcheln

skr

, skrn

Bildschirm

skv

, skvran

Schwadron

skh

, skhalan

sj

, masjid

Moschee

, sean

Bahnhof

sr

, srecar

, resan

st

, agast

explicit
muscular
payment
difficult to understand
difficulty
distinguishing feature
camel
eldest
labial
black
Vollendung
completion
lifeless
not bearing fruit
heie Jahreszeit
hot season
Schler
pupil
to smile
screen
squadron
Straucheln
stumbling
mosque
railway station
Tragbahre
stretcher
Dresden
Dresden
August
August

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 128

sty

, hasty

manuell

str

, mistr

Mechaniker

sth

, rjasthn

Rajasthan

sthy

, svsthy

Gesundheit

sd

, qasd

Absicht

sn

, snn

sp

, spar

spr

, sprig

Sprungfeder

sf

, fsfe

Phosphat

sph

, sphr

ausgedehnt

sb

, banisbat

in Bezug auf

sm

, qismat

Schicksal

sy

, sadasy

Mitglied

sr

, misr

gypten

sl

, islm

Islam

sv

, tasvr

ss

, ass

achtzig

ssth

, punassthpan

Restauration

hn

, cihn

Zeichen

hm

, brhma

Brahmane

hy

, grhy

annehmbar

hr

, hrs

Verminderung

hl

, hld

Freude

hv

, hvn

manual
mechanic
Rajasthan
health
intention
Baden
bathing
Berhrung
touching
spring
phosphate
extensive
in respect of
fate
member
Egypt
Islam
Bild
picture
eighty
restoration
mark
brahman
to be taken
lessening
joy
Aufforderung
summons

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 129

There should be fifteen other ligatures concerning some Hindi grammar books. But I could
not attest them by any examples:

cm, chr, jm, ttr, dn, dhn, dhm, nph, nr, pm, pv, bhv,

yr, yv, v

Reference Works:

Gatzlaff-Hlsig, Margot: Handwrterbuch Hindi-Deutsch, (Helmut Buske Verlag)

Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-87548-177-1
McGregor, R. S.: The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, (Oxford University Press) Ninth
impression, Oxford 1993/ New Delhi 2001, ISBN 019 563846 8
Pathak, R. C: Bhargava's Standard Illustrated Dictionary of the Hindi Language, HindiEnglish Edition, (The Bhargava Bhushan Press), Third Revised Edition, Banaras 1946
Gatzlaff-Hlsig, Margot: Grammatischer Leitfaden des Hindi, 4. Auflage (copyright 1967
Verlag Enzyklopdie Leipzig, copyright 1993 Langenscheidt) - Verlag Enzyklopdie
Leipzig, Berlin, Mnchen, Druck: Interdruck Leipzig GmbH, Printed in Germany ISBN 3324-00393-8; now Helmut Buske Verlag, Richardstrae 47, D-22081 Hamburg, 2.
unvernderte Auflage 1978 (VEB Verlag Enzyklopdie Leipzig 1967)
McGregor R. S: Outline of Hindi Grammar. With Exercises, (Oxford University Press),
Second Edition, New Delhi 1977
Teach Yourself Hindi: by (c) 2000 Rupert Snell and Simon Weightman, (Hodder &
Stoughton), Second Edition, London 2000, ISBN: 0-340-75816-3
Teach Yourself Hindi: Simon Weightman, (Hodder & Stoughton), New Edition, London
2003, ISBN: 034086687X

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 130

Appendix II

Typesetting of Yajurveda Texts

with "Sanskrit 2003" and "Chandas"
In order to typeset the Yajurveda texts at website http://www.sanskritweb.net/yajurveda
I have used till now a special Vedic version "Sanskrit 2003v" containing additional glyphs.
As of September 2005, these additional Vedic Private Use Area glyphs have been added to
the updated version 1.1 of "Sanskrit 2003" made by Swami Satchidananda and also to the
new font "Chandas" made by Mihail Bayaryn. Both fonts - "Sanskrit 2003" and "Chandas" are completely interchangeable and both suited for typesetting Yajurveda texts.

1. Glyphs in the PUA range E000 (see also chapter 3.3 on page 25)
Sanskrit
2003

Chandas

Code
U+

E001
E002

E003

E004
E005
E006

E007

E008
E009

Position
of Svara

Candrabindu-Virama
as spacing character
Double Udatta (Svarita) ***
as floating accent without prop, flush right
Visarga (as an additional PUA character)
as spacing (!) character (compare U+0903!)
Candrabindu-Virama + Udatta (Svarita)
as spacing character
Candrabindu-Virama + Double Udatta (Svarita)
as spacing character
Candrabindu-Virama + Anudatta
as spacing character
Single Udatta (= Svarita)
as floating accent without prop, centered
Double Udatta (Svarita)
as floating accent without prop, centered
Anudatta
as floating accent, flush right

*** In the new release 1.1 of "Sanskrit 2003", the Double Udatta with prop (or stub) was replaced by a Double
Udatta without prop, since the new version without prop (now the default version) is needed much more
often than the version with prop. The old glyph was moved from E002 to F209 (see next page)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 131

2. Glyphs in the PUA range F200 (newly added as of September 2005)

Sanskrit
2003

Chandas

Hex

Position
of Svara

F201

F202
F203

F204
F205
F206
F207
F208
F209

Double Udatta (Svarita)

as floating accent without prop, flush right, position lower
(E002: position a bit higher, F201: position slightly lower)
Double Udatta (Svarita)
as spacing accent with non-protruding prop (or stub)
Double Udatta (Svarita)
as floating accent without prop, flush right
(F203, a copy of E002, is reserved for future use!)
Double Candrabindu-Virama
as spacing character
Double Candrabindu-Virama + Anudatta
as spacing character
Double Candrabindu-Virama + Single Udatta (Svarita)
as spacing character
Double Candrabindu-Virama + Double Udatta (Svarita)
as spacing character
Single Udatta (= Svarita)
as spacing accent with protruding prop (or stub)
Double Udatta (= Svarita) ***
as spacing accent with protruding prop (or stub)

*** The new slot F209 of version 1.1 now contains the old glyph of slot E002 of version 1.0 of "Sanskrit 2003"

For the pronunciation of above Vedic svaras read the documents by Shriramana Sharma
downloadable at http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 132

3. Manual Patches for Typesetting of Yajurveda Texts

3.1. Manual Patches for {\m+}{\m+} Encoding:
ITX Code

{\m+}{\m+}
{\m+}{\m+}\'
{\m+}{\m+}\_

Result by
Itranslator

Replacement by
MS Word

Hex Code of
Replacement
F204
F206
F205

3.2. Manual Patches for Svaras on pada-final Nasals:

ITX Code

n\' ||
nn\' ||
~N\' ||
~N~N\' ||

Result by
Itranslator

Replacement by
MS Word

Hex Code of
Replacement

+ E007

+ E007

+ E007

+ E007

3.3. Other Examples of Manual Patches:

The 200-page document "Svara Statistics of Vedic Sanskrit" analyses the accented syllables
of the "Taittitrya Brhmaa" (see http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs/tbsvaras.pdf).
All the red Double Udattas in this file TBsvaras.pdf display Vedic accents that cannot be
typeset properly with current Unicode fonts due to the faulty specifications made by the
Unicode consortium which was not willing to accept proposals made by "Indian niggers".

For the Double Udatta ITX code (i.e. \''), Itranslator 2003 generates U+E002. This is okay
for and , but it is not okay for and . Here, the PUA codes should or may be used
to improve the typographical display, e.g. by (F202) and by (F209). In other cases,
the PUA codes must be used, e.g.

must be replaced by (E007).

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 133