Automatic Generation Control: Frequency

2.1 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) 2.1.
Automatic Generation Control
frequency
time
24.08.2006
2.1 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) 2.1.2
Components covering the power imbalance
P
Stage I+II Stage III Stage IV Stage V
0 30 60 90 s 15 min 30 45 60 75 90 min t
∆P0
Stage I Rotor swing

Stage II Frequency drop 0 - 10 s
Stage III Primary control 3 s - 15 min
Stage IV Secondary control 30 s - 60 min
Stage V Redispatch generation 15 min - hours
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Primary control
Generation characteristic
∆Pmi ∆f ∆Pmi
= −k i turbine power output change of unit i
Pni fn
Pni rated power
∆f frequency change
fn rated frequency
1
ki = ki effective gain
ρi
ρi speed droop coefficient
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2.1 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) 2.1.3 /1
Speed Governing System
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Primary control ∆f
Sum of changes of all generators: fn
NG 0,01
∆f NG
∆PT = ∑ ∆Pmi = − ⋅ ∑ k i ⋅ Pni
i =1 fn i =1
Sum of system generation is equal to total kT = 10

system load PL (including network losses) 0,01
NG -0,01 ∆PT
∑ Pmi =PL
i =1 PL
NG
∑k ⋅P
∆PT ∆f i =1 i ni ∆f
=− ⋅ = −kT
PL fn PL fn - 0,01
NG
∑ k i ⋅ Pni
kT = i =1
PL
kT frequency sensitivity coefficient of generation
kT = 5...15
24.08.2006
Primary control ∆f
fn
Load characteristic
0,01
Frequency dependency kL = 0 ,5
of system load PL:
∆PL ∆f
= kL ⋅
PL fn
kL frequency sensitivity coefficient
of system load
-0,01 0,01 ∆PL
kL = 0 ,5...1,0 PL
- 0,01
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Intersection between generation and load characteristic

PLold PLnew
1 3
f1
2
f2 PT
∆PT − ∆PL
∆P P, PT, PL
∆P increase in power demand

∆P = ∆PT − ∆PL
∆f
= −(kT + k L ) ⋅ PL ⋅
fn
∆P P P
= −(kT + kL ) ⋅ L = −kf ⋅ L = −λ
∆f fn fn
kf = kT + kL stiffness of system
PL
λ = kf ⋅ power-frequency characteristic of system
fn
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Power-Frequency Characteristic UCPTE-System
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Secondary control
In interconnected systems each control area has ist own central regulator:
control area
Ptie Ptie
PT PL
A power system is in equilibrium, if the total power generation PT , total power demand PL
and the net tie line interchange ∑ Ptie satisfy the condition:
PT − (PL + ∑ Ptie ) = 0
Objective of central regulator is to maintain frequency at scheduled level and to

maintain net tie line interchanges of the area at the scheduled interchange.
24.08.2006
Nathan Cohn
24.08.2006
Functional diagramm of central regulator

f ∆Pref ,1
fref + ∆f α1
K R ⋅ ∆f
∑ KR ∆Pref ,2
- α2
-
ACE PI ∆Pref ∆Pref ,3
∑ α3
controller
-
Ptie ,ref
- ∑ ∆Ptie αn
∆Pref ,n
+
∑ Ptie
Area control error:
ACE = − ∆Ptie − K R ⋅ ∆f K R frequency bias factor
Output signal of Proportional-Integral Controller
1 t β R proportional gain of controller
∆Pref = β R ⋅ ACE + ∫ ACE ⋅ dt
TR 0 (0,1...0,5)
TR integration time constant of controller

(50...150 sec)
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Settings of the central regulators

A central Pref ,A ; fref Pref ,B ; fref B central
regulator regulator
KR,A KR,B ∆Pref ,B
∆Pref ,A
communication communication
f AB BA f
TG Ptie Ptie TG
A B
PL ,A PL ,B
∆P0 Increase in load in system B:

∆P0 = (∆PT ,A − ∆PL ,A ) + (∆PT ,B − ∆PL ,B )
∆f ∆f ∆f ∆f
= −kT ,A ⋅ PL ,A ⋅ − kL ,A ⋅ PL ,A ⋅ − kT ,B ⋅ PL ,B ⋅ − kL ,B ⋅ PL ,B ⋅
fn fn fn fn
∆f ∆f 1
= −(kf ,A ⋅ PL ,A + k f ,B ⋅ PL ,B ) ⋅ ⇔ =− ⋅ ∆P0
fn fn (k f ,A ⋅ PL ,A + k f ,B ⋅ PL ,B )
24.08.2006
Settings of the central regulators

AB
Increase of tie line interchange ∆Ptie
AB
∆Ptie = ∆PT ,A − ∆PL ,A
∆f
= −kf ,A ⋅ ∆PL ,A ⋅
fn
AB k f ,A ⋅ PL ,A
∆Ptie = ⋅ ∆P0
kf ,A ⋅ PL ,A + k f ,B ⋅ PL ,B
BA
Decrease of tie line interchange ∆Ptie
BA AB
∆Ptie = − ∆Ptie
Area control errors

BA
AB
ACE A = − ∆Ptie − K R ,A ⋅ ∆f ACEB = − ∆Ptie − K R ,B ⋅ ∆f
− kf ,A ⋅ PL ,A + K R ,A ⋅ fn k f ,A ⋅ PL ,A + K R ,B ⋅ fn
ACE A = ⋅ ∆P0 ACEB = ⋅ ∆P0
kf ,A ⋅ PL ,A + kf ,B ⋅ PL ,B k f ,A ⋅ PL ,A + kf ,B ⋅ PL ,B
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Ideal settings regulators
ACE A = 0
ACEB = ∆P0
kf ,A ⋅ PL ,A
K R ,A = = λA
fn
kf ,B ⋅ PL ,B
K R ,B = = λB
fn
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Load-Frequency Control
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UCPTE Control Areas and Control Blocks
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Exchange Scheduling
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UCPTE Exchange Programs (North)
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UCPTE Exchange Programs (South)
24.08.2006
Exchange Program and Physical Exchange
24.08.2006
Energy exchanges in the UCPTE - network
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Control deviation on 14th November 1996
24.08.2006
Compensation of Inadvertent Exchange
24.08.2006
UCPTE
24.08.2006

Automatic Generation Control: Frequency

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Automatic Generation Control: Frequency

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2.1 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) 2.1.

Automatic Generation Control

Components covering the power imbalance

Stage I Rotor swing

ρi speed droop coefficient

Speed Governing System

Sum of system generation is equal to total kT = 10

kT frequency sensitivity coefficient of generation

Intersection between generation and load characteristic

∆P increase in power demand

Power-Frequency Characteristic UCPTE-System

Objective of central regulator is to maintain frequency at scheduled level and to

Functional diagramm of central regulator

TR integration time constant of controller

Settings of the central regulators

∆P0 Increase in load in system B:

Settings of the central regulators

Area control errors

Ideal settings regulators

UCPTE Control Areas and Control Blocks

UCPTE Exchange Programs (North)

UCPTE Exchange Programs (South)

Exchange Program and Physical Exchange

Energy exchanges in the UCPTE - network

Control deviation on 14th November 1996

Compensation of Inadvertent Exchange

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