PETE 411 Well Drilling Lesson 13

Pressure Drop Calculations

API Recommended Practice 13D Third Edition, June 1, 1995
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Homework
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HW #7. Pressure Drop Calculations Due Oct. 9, 2002 The API Power Law Model

Contents
The Power Law Model N The Rotational Viscometer N A detailed Example - Pump Pressure
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G Pressure

Drop in the Drillpipe G Pressure Drop in the Bit Nozzles G Pressure Drop in the Annulus
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Wellbore Pressure Profiles

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Power Law Model

K = consistency index n = flow behaviour index

=K n

SHEAR STRESS psi

0

SHEAR RATE, , sec-1

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Fluid Flow in Pipes and Annuli

LOG (PRESSURE) (psi)

LOG (VELOCITY) (or FLOW RATE)

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Fluid Flow in Pipes and Annuli

Laminar Flow Turbulent

LOG (SHEAR STRESS) (psi)

1 LOG ( SHEAR RATE ), ( RPM or sec 1 ) n

Rotating Sleeve Viscometer

Rotating Sleeve Viscometer

(RPM * 1.703) VISCOMETER RPM 3 100 BOB 300 600
DRILL STRING

SHEAR RATE

sec -1
5.11 170.3 511 1022

ANNULUS

SLEEVE

API RP 13D
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API RP 13D, June 1995 for Oil-Well Drilling Fluids

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API RP 13D recommends using only FOUR of the six usual viscometer readings: Use 3, 100, 300, 600 RPM Readings. The 3 and 100 RPM reading are used for pressure drop calculations in the annulus, where shear rates are, generally, not very high. The 300 and 600 RPM reading are used for pressure drop calculations inside drillpipe, where shear rates are, generally, quite high.
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Example: Pressure Drop Calculations

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Calculate the pump pressure in the wellbore shown on the next page, using the API method. The relevant rotational viscometer readings are as follows: (at 3 RPM) (at 100 RPM) (at 300 RPM) (at 600 RPM)
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Example

R3 = 3 N R100 = 20
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R300 = 39 N R600 = 65
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Pressure Drop Calculations

Q = 280 gal/min

PPUMP

= 12.5 lb/gal
PPUMP = PDP + PDC + PBIT NOZZLES + PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN + PHYD
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Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe

Power-Law Constant (n):
R 600 n p = 3 . 32 log R 300 65 = 3 . 32 log = 0 . 737 39

OD = 4.5 in ID = 3.78 in L = 11,400 ft

Fluid Consistency Index (K):

Kp =

5.11R 600 1,022

np

5.11 * 65 dyne sec n = = 2.017 0.737 1,022 cm 2

Average Bulk Velocity in Pipe (Vp):

0 .408 Q Vp = D2 0 .408 * 280 ft = = 8 .00 2 3 .78 sec
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Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe

Effective Viscosity in Pipe (ep):
ep 96Vp = 100 K p D
np 1

OD = 4.5 in ID = 3.78 in L = 11,400 ft

3np + 1 4n p

np

96 * 8 ep = 100 * 2.017 3.78

0.7371

3 * 0.737 + 1 4 * 0.737

0.737

= 53 cP

Reynolds Number in Pipe (NRep):

NRep = 928 D Vp ep 928 * 3.78 * 8.00 * 12.5 = = 6,616 53
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Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe

NOTE: NRe > 2,100, so Friction Factor in Pipe (fp):
a= log np + 3.93 50 =
fp = a NRe p
b

OD = 4.5 in ID = 3.78 in L = 11,400 ft

log 0.737 + 3.93 = 0.0759 50

b=

1.75 log np 7

1.75 log 0.737 = = 0.2690 7

So,

fp =

a NRe p
b

0.0759 = = 0 .007126 0 .2690 6,616

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Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe

Friction Pressure Gradient (dP/dL)p :
fp Vp dP = dL dp 25 .81D
2

OD = 4.5 in ID = 3.78 in L = 11,400 ft

0.007126 * 8 2 * 12 .5 psi = = 0.05837 25 .81 * 3.78 ft

Friction Pressure Drop in Drill Pipe :

dP Pdp = L dp dL dp = 0.05837 * 11,400

Pdp = 665 psi

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Pressure Drop In Drill Collars

Power-Law Constant (n):
n dc R 600 = 3 . 32 log R 300 65 = 3 . 32 log = 0 . 737 39

OD = 6.5 in ID = 2.5 in L = 600 ft

Fluid Consistency Index (K):

K dc = 5.11R 600 1,022
np

5.11 * 65 dyne sec n = = 2.017 0.737 1,022 cm 2

Average Bulk Velocity inside Drill Collars (Vdc):

Vdc 0 . 408 Q = D2 0 . 408 * 280 ft = = 18 . 28 2 2 .5 sec
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Pressure Drop In Drill Collars

Effective Viscosity in Collars(ec):
edc 96Vp = 100 K p D
np 1

OD = 6.5 in ID = 2.5 in L = 600 ft

3np + 1 4n p
0.7371

np

edc

96 * 18.28 = 100 * 2.017 2.5

3 * 0.737 + 1 4 * 0.737

0.737

= 38.21cP

Reynolds Number in Collars (NRec):

NRe dc 928 D Vdc = edc 928 * 2.5 * 18 .28 * 12 .5 = = 13,870 38 .21
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Pressure Drop In Drill Collars

NOTE: NRe > 2,100, so Friction Factor in DC (fdc):
log ndc + 3.93 a= 50
1.75 log ndc b= 7
So,
fdc = a NRe dc
b

OD = 6.5 in ID = 2.5 in L = 600 ft

log 0.737 + 3.93 = = 0.0759 50

1.75 log 0.737 = = 0.2690 7

fdc =

a NRe dc
b

0.0759 = = 0.005840 0.2690 13,870

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Pressure Drop In Drill Collars

Friction Pressure Gradient (dP/dL)dc :
f V dP = dc dc dL dc 25 .81D dc
2

OD = 6.5 in ID = 2.5 in L = 600 ft

0.005840 * 18 .28 2 * 12 .5 psi = = 0.3780 25 .81 * 2.5 ft

Friction Pressure Drop in Drill Collars :

dP Pdc = L dc dL dc = 0.3780 * 600

Pdc = 227 psi

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Pressure Drop across Nozzles

PNozzles = 156 Q
2 2 2 2

(D

N1

+ DN2 + DN3

DN1 = 11 32nds (in) DN2 = 11 32nds (in) DN3 = 12 32nds (in)

PNozzles =

156 * 12.5 * 280 2

(11

+ 11 + 12
2

2 2

PNozzles = 1,026 psi

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Pressure Drop in DC/HOLE Annulus

Q = 280 gal/min

= 12.5 lb/gal
DHOLE = 8.5 in ODDC = 6.5 in L = 600 ft

8.5 in

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Pressure Drop in DC/HOLE Annulus

Power-Law Constant (n):
n dca R 100 = 0 . 657 log R 3

DHOLE = 8.5 in ODDC = 6.5 in L = 600 ft

20 = 0 . 657 log 3 = 0 . 5413

Fluid Consistency Index (K):

K dca 5.11R100 5.11 * 20 dyne sec n = = = 6.336 n dca 0.5413 170 .2 cm 2 170 .2

Average Bulk Velocity in DC/HOLE Annulus (Va):

Vdca 0 . 408 Q = 2 2 D 2 D1 0 . 408 * 280 ft = = 3 . 808 2 2 8 .5 6 .5 sec
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Pressure Drop in DC/HOLE Annulus

Effective Viscosity in Annulus (ea):
ea 144 Va = 100 K a D D 2 1
na 1

DHOLE = 8.5 in ODDC = 6.5 in L = 600 ft

2na + 1 3n a

na

ea

144 * 3.808 = 100 * 6.336 8 . 5 6 . 5

0.5413 1

2 * 0.5413 + 1 3 * 0 . 5413

0.5413

= 55.20 cP

Reynolds Number in Annulus (NRea):

NRea = 928 (D2 D1 ) Va ea = 928 (8.5 6.5) * 3.808 * 12.5 =1 ,600 55.20
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Pressure Drop in DC/HOLE Annulus

NOTE: NRe < 2,100 Friction Factor in Annulus (fa):
fa = 24 NRe a = 24 = 0 .01500 1,600
2

DHOLE = 8.5 in ODDC = 6.5 in L = 600 ft

fa Va dP = dL a 25.81(D 2 D1 )

0.01500 * 3.808 2 * 12.5 psi = = 0.05266 25.81(8.5 6.5 ) ft

Pdc / hole

dP L dc / hole = dL dc / hole

= 0 .05266 * 600

So,

Pdc/hole = 31.6 psi

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Pressure Drop in DP/HOLE Annulus

q = 280 gal/min

= 12.5 lb/gal
DHOLE = 8.5 in ODDP = 4.5 in L = 11,400 ft

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Pressure Drop in DP/HOLE Annulus

Power-Law Constant (n):
n dpa R 100 = 0 .657 log R 3

DHOLE = 8.5 in ODDP = 4.5 in L = 11,400 ft

20 = 0 .657 log 3 = 0 .5413

Fluid Consistency Index (K):

K dpa =

5.11R100 170.2
ndpa

5.11* 20 dyne secn = = 6.336 0.5413 170.2 cm2

Average Bulk Velocity in Annulus (Va):

0.408Q Vdpa = 2 2 D2 D1

0.408* 280 ft = = 2.197 2 2 8.5 4.5 sec

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Pressure Drop in DP/HOLE Annulus

Effective Viscosity in Annulus (ea):
ea 144Va = 100 K a D D 1 2
na 1

2na + 1 3n a

na

ea

144 * 2.197 = 100 * 6.336 8 .5 4 . 5

0.5413 1

2 * 0.5413 + 1 3 * 0.5413

0.5413

= 97.64 cP

Reynolds Number in Annulus (NRea):

NRea 928 (D2 D1 ) Va = ea 928 (8.5 4.5) * 2.197 * 12.5 = =1 ,044 97.64
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Pressure Drop in DP/HOLE Annulus

NOTE: NRe < 2,100 Friction Factor in Annulus (fa):
fa = 24 NRe a = 24 = 0 .02299 1,044
0.02299 * 2.1972 * 12.5 psi = = 0.01343 25.81(8.5 4.5) ft

fa Va dP = dL a 25.81(D2 D1 )
2

Pdp / hole

dP = L dp / hole dL dp / hole

= 0 . 01343 * 11,400

So,

psi psi Pdp/hole = 153.2

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Pressure Drop Calculations - SUMMARY PPUMP = PDP + PDC + PBIT NOZZLES + PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN + PHYD PPUMP = 665 + 227 + 1,026 + 32 + 153 + 0

PPUMP = 1,918 + 185 = 2,103 psi

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PPUMP = PDS + PANN + PHYD

2,103 psi

PDS = PDP + PDC + PBIT NOZZLES = 665 + 227 + 1,026 = 1,918 psi PANN = PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN = 32 + 153 = 185 PHYD = 0

P = 0

PPUMP = 1,918 + 185 = 2,103 psi

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What is the BHP?

BHP = PFRICTION/ANN + PHYD/ANN BHP = PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN + 0.052 * 12.5 * 12,000 = 32 + 153 + 7,800 = 7,985 psig

2,103 psi

P = 0

BHP = 185 + 7,800

BHP = 7,985 psig

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"Friction" Pressures
2,500
"Friction" Pressure, psi
DRILLPIPE

2,000 1,500 1,000 500

2103

DRILL COLLARS BIT NOZZLES ANNULUS

0 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

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Distance from Standpipe, ft

Hydrostatic Pressures in the Wellbore

9,000
Hydrostatic Pressure, psi

8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 0 5,000

DRILLSTRING

BHP

ANNULUS

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000
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Distance from Standpipe, ft

Pressures in the Wellbore

10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 0

Pressures, psi

CIRCULATING

2103

STATIC

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000
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Distance from Standpipe, ft

Wellbore Pressure Profile

0 2,000
2103

DRILLSTRING
4,000

Depth, ft

6,000

ANNULUS
8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
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(Static) BIT

Pressure, psi

Pipe Flow - Laminar

In the above example the flow down the drillpipe was turbulent. Under conditions of very high viscosity, the flow may very well be laminar.
NOTE: if NRe < 2,100, then Friction Factor in Pipe (fp):
Then
16 fp = NRe p

and

dP = dL dp 25.81D
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fp Vp
2

Annular Flow - Turbulent

In the above example the flow up the annulus was laminar. Under conditions of low viscosity and/or high flow rate, the flow may very well be turbulent.
NOTE: if NRe > 2,100, then Friction Factor in the Annulus:
log na + 3.93 a= 50
b= 1.75 log na 7
2

Then

a fa = b N Rea

and

fa Va dP = dL a 25.81(D2 D1 )
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Critical Circulation Rate

Example The above fluid is flowing in the annulus between a 4.5 OD string of drill pipe and an 8.5 in hole. The fluid density is 12.5 lb/gal. What is the minimum circulation rate that will ensure turbulent flow?
(why is this of interest?)
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Critical Circulation Rate

In the Drillpipe/Hole Annulus:
NRea 928 (D2 D1 ) Va = ea

Q, gal/min 280 300 350 400 450 452

V, ft/sec 2.197 2.354 2.746 3.138 3.531 3.546

Nre 1,044 1,154 1,446 1,756 2,086 2,099

452.1

3.547

2,100
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Optimum Bit Hydraulics

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Under what conditions do we get the best hydraulic cleaning at the bit?
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maximum hydraulic horsepower? maximum impact force?

Both these items increase when the circulation rate increases. However, when the circulation rate increases, so does the frictional pressure drop.
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41

n = 1.0

dpf f v = dL 25.8 d

_ 2

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Importance of Pipe Size

Eq. 4.66e

dp f v = dL 1800 d 1 . 25
0 . 75

_ 1 . 75

0 . 25

or,

dp f q = 4 . 75 dL 8 , 624 d
0 . 75 1 . 75

0 . 25

*Note that a small change in the pipe diameter results in large change in the pressure drop! (q = const.)
Decreasing the pipe ID 10% from 5.0 to 4.5 would result in an increase of frictional pressure drop by about 65% !!
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pf = 11.41 v 1.75 turbulent flow

pf = 9.11 v laminar flow

44 Use max. pf value