0% found this document useful (0 votes)
44 views

FEA - Lecture Notes

The document presents the formulation of the weak form of a boundary value problem using the finite element method. It introduces the weak form which requires finding a function that satisfies the differential equation when integrated against test functions over the domain. Integration by parts is used to move derivatives from the unknown function to the test functions. This results in terms involving both the unknown function and its derivatives multiplied by the derivatives of the test functions. Boundary terms involving only the test functions or their traces are also obtained. Homogeneous boundary conditions allow these boundary terms to be neglected, resulting in the weak form of the problem.

Uploaded by

abhisheks5987
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
44 views

FEA - Lecture Notes

The document presents the formulation of the weak form of a boundary value problem using the finite element method. It introduces the weak form which requires finding a function that satisfies the differential equation when integrated against test functions over the domain. Integration by parts is used to move derivatives from the unknown function to the test functions. This results in terms involving both the unknown function and its derivatives multiplied by the derivatives of the test functions. Boundary terms involving only the test functions or their traces are also obtained. Homogeneous boundary conditions allow these boundary terms to be neglected, resulting in the weak form of the problem.

Uploaded by

abhisheks5987
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 83

SLAN Mfle 2oiS

i~t~: (1) iD
(2 )

iD

,~I

.i L

f tnc1

i S LA 0
-v----

tl

'X-=- 0

'-

Ll (o): l\ o

~ +kt (OY\Shruhv-E.- te1Rh 0 ,1:

dx
1

1 r

t- 0

D (}

&L-\
,-x.

h ll ow1r:j

-1~~

+h.tt.r

()=

-rlt\tS

In

1~ OUY

d~ fK I '( t.! l t\ I <c~ : (' "J ll

'1

'(lt

'l'\

'

. , Co) .,

\A o

''~
(;

f.:

t
OJ W ct~S ~0 \d~

1
'"' 11 C'11101l\
I
~

L\(L)=-

u5

-OJZ-

cr(!-)=t

L
\Jc on{?. or
\'At o\ h..Q v-.

\'vH'\ ~ (~

(j)

v(o)- ~o

*
o
1 t I~V.IY'O

!?:>.c.)

(ov b{ thOV\
,,,

f.':oi1CI(t,

(r"r~J.:",'

>

df\\'J(I..h.IC,

S.--Q(_I(LI

f..~~

v. (o) ~

to +~

QV(.Jiied.

r '.(1 (Y' ,._.;

, .
"\ e '('\

:~

.
(1!-

1,\1)

1!--~--

.-

I-

">7..

~"'

CI\N Be (trHCt-L

~l V'J f. 'Y '> f\

~f:>'(\.'L[I ('l~ 1JCVtAANN

DI~I(H .f\ ~G

@, \.\ (o)

E..c,.

WE Po N.__
0 I (ON S 1 DE~<.. 1\ ( {\ '.. r;..

t ~n

Cf~

0.G. f.\t<E NCur--'~Nt-J .' (~Qdh.c..vcnJ)

;3ot1

!J( G)

\J J -

..;..

C>

)..-(,

r
C

rr-(t..)-

U, X:

tl-

X,

\..

. . ( . c n. t' C\
I

( q ll (l h c I) .
d~
dx

_,_.l-

t {-

}x (E

1A 1

r(y_)

+-

-x)

{\

(c

\..'.

i (- -

',''i(\(1

:w (

o
Cz

-==:7

f1 \

rz_ \ ""'
n-t 1 r r
"''=""'

r1
/',
n
n
:::VILA
((A..tl t (' 'v
1,:\

_r .':

==i NQumcunl B.G.<>


\ \t'Y\.t

Cdc~u

-dept ndtld- ,Q) 0.$'1(,!

con ~-t r:i~~cihcd

h--J p) :' bLtl"11 (1'1"\j~

~~ 'ow n9\'~ ll(..vv 1 ~'.e o'e utll~


~!'),
't./""

\: (

,.

~ \),

oo,...
d' ry

rr

I(\

\..Q.. \

t 1Y.;

)~J

'"'
.L
\..\..r'QL\.(
S:C'IL\.110r1:

:~\(:,

t'lv,.pc~ i)()\ic., Poe r)

ic;

S\-{o/ys:~ok
( tic-,f-: c.. PDf s)

fiJns,oJYif1J

r 0'1' ~('{~ of eIOS htdlJ

[\ Jl.

J d.u~':'h-JfllYlChofl

(I{)~

r ' 'f f....\


I

tr!..fYVo.\.

(~v,,p\\oJ 1~"0..1 ~~\t


Lt.~-wt~t1

(\r,\Y'O 1n

x--o

~ x- L ) {~u ~\:
I "'-.C. PV'.J po tVS 0 l-

(t, L)

L ~ ~U.H'~C'' :c:..)

-11

r-

~. c.:s 1ctkt cetr(


I ~'( :.t. ~ \ t'1~ S '"V\.C

( d Kn d(nct-rd b~
=- un)
0

p~ot1LC 1'1 v\J ~ lA \d G~


( J{ V

CG) 1St Y(l iN d

h< '{.:1) va'

clc:('J.

ot ~)

'

\D (SrO-'O.X) ''(\JC\X ~'f->tlG

lvtt

IV CIS~ \-ycun~,f-crt.

I4

( {_

('.:r-....(S\,,-e.,

1,

( n-t1 flC '( 0. 1 tA I~Q_

;::\l"o

pv\JH-rm oJ~o tYic,atl~ ~s.o+- cr-

\Cl): (o>L)

ti

+-

v3-vl< 1

l;\t> 0-.11d

()_-xn

0-X' ~

l cY' S~1~

H-.t

Lt fl \,Q

rc Icchurl
~f.o,t-

.-

J-=--ku,-x, ~-~h t\'c.d'1lo

~luY ,'~~)'_

'V\J ~ oJi \I'C

I -

c I-

c\ .Jt\ s-<- il'~' ~a y


o\ \ll ' '',L}
.ft vt 'X. Sov, ~DI-\

-f-(-x)

l(\

'"'

'

-)

t< ~ ( Cl'J 1) \\-\ON~ :

\;\ (()) - '-''o & 1l}(t.j-=

V\j

-0~-

~0 tA-l'\ dcdt". ~
- 1 ( ~ lA \'\_, {t. YU~ p \ {. ':

I IV)

~ ( L-} = - -~

pi J

~r

I1

'\

:,1(' 1 1

~(!..)- -~.

T-:.\Lc~J

~~~ ';{'ron~

~..( ClJ \ ~ ~ lt \ 't aJ- 'Y - L .


C'~ a hNOr PDt;- of ,pnc- ~t}P'./ tn Oru dit'Y\.~.J'1S\ort.

tl>fn'l

F 1t1J

~ (-x) ~\v-cn V.~ 1 Vj

or<- t- > Cx) o. F'o t:t\.C Cons-.hhthA:.,

V.C \ o..h D \
\;::

su <..Vl

r U
t:;

>)(.

F~

t-~cU-

.- - t do-

d"?

1\t\.\ S. ' s. cC\.1 1-e J I\U.


-'~ ( 1)\'\c\.\ tiCn

\}.

~L) ~

lAj

()(L)-:

t-

-0 R.-

$TR DN C, f 0 ~' " \ 0 ~ -t w c ct


MV\ ~~ no' 6 Cl\.t E v( f2 'I po t n.-'"".

t'

cd 1 r" .

--;

J { ~ ~ )' t .1-

d--x

d~

=- 0

NOI~ ~ \l S\01.)\A\~
(i.<.
\J\IQ

rcqvt.u"t'
~~\f

5.twYj

'Q~ 0. h.H1diDr1

2>1A<.~ t'r"cd -\~0 JQ..V\Jeth-tfJ

~~(O)'dilll.-llh.({).

V\()

Slf2.oNl\ CaNDtnDN~
~

'VYY'

t1os

ohNtJ_

o~

Sn1cot~u\f!:.<' cr1

Spo.h(l' aQV\vO-hvf~.

~ llf.C\tiHCttt1~ 0-t:IV lf

f!i'' Y~ f,J,,)
J

ed

\IJ~:YL ~

~0 \ t.\..nO{l

[ 0 1 t-l

be lc"@S +o

t- LD \L l

=)

o- (j)-

Qr{ pussi\-;Ul

o-(

o)- -- J+Jx
~

Jf d~.
0

~ d~ i

dX

?.

j ~ ~~ \

f diA
Jy 0:r.

)
0 0

ft,J

~ I

lAb OR_ --<:v rr r..Q J

\t?lj

~.G. @ l_

~((x)

1C'(Ot'.st

8o~

Th-e. Weak
Fn''d

t:.:.. u. \ ,'!(ir ~ 1iph<.- voG- i~'

FonYl

tA C:i)

co >po.c..c oC..

di\Mr~lo-,1-

Gt\Q

-h\vx.h~Yl:

s r), \. "(") ~ .,.1


~

(1)"'

tC\ I 1\ s Glt I

V\ $.1.,.\ U/1

1.-!rOv-\-

\J ( 0 )-::. !) 0

~C\S\cC\lli- ~Q \o(Jk_~ \n ~~ '.)irrc.~lct

S\AlVl

-tno___+ {\)(

w\ w

b..c.\DV1t}\f\&\ -to

\} \N

c 1'\j::

I f..{.~~ IS

'N-1\l'r 012. t-'1

tJ.vJnr;l~,\ {hr n'vcvC C'tjvto..hcd 4-ltlvV\t\j~l


lA-t P.,(Y-), n eo 1~ va\un~P 1\'"\H.=s ol~.
L.

1\ (X)

Jx - ( \fl ~ 1\ (")dy
j
\..._...-.~

'\......--'"y---.../

n-tf

FtNir

GLc Mf.NI

11-\ IS, \N f-1\ t

\\- \~ oJS.6

rN

\1-..1 s~'l\~ f"ofm

y-

t
J

~ovn~C\I'tj
~ (}({j_.

N\E-ntuD

ro ~M .

\?O.~f~ of oH\..CY VOYill~lut\(t"q i;(l.:.cJ


1

OX\d

WQG,l

r-ovrv) Ctrc

-.J

4 (po.c1

.Q \.QIIW: v\,-J.

_,

't l ( L) PI ()<.) .

\f0\\1\n"(

\J () l 'v\ JYU.
\: \ CrhQ 11\.

___
\l.ol\

\-

tMp\~~ -lw oHur)

r~ lttiv t\\--e~J- ~

6.C ..

do- + ( - 0
-t -

dx

( 0 L)

In

'

~((o)-=

8.G. ~

\;\~>

t-

" ( L) ~

lnrroJIAo.

11=

'II (-;

i w\

w~cre

w(c),

()- ( u,)(

of

W; '>J\1Ql9~'-ht"~ ThVI<.hDYl

tv\vJhyi~ Sh~ro. torn"~ lAf w a-hd

Sw

Atx) J.u
clX

:-------

..,

\\1

..

dX ~

'N (\ { ;<)

+J

lo, L)

::: ()

___.)

>y

~ (,_) (i)(

0
...

\+e~(cd-c ovev

) w,," ~~~)dx..:.

\N

~~~)f~'l

j '~'~,") o- 1\!v.l Jv ~ J w ~ l~l f Av

....

~y---.-'

J'N [\(~} ~ dx
i)

+-

\T(L) 7 t-

'N(L) t- t.~l-)

ttOrll OCJfH.Q QlA)

D1r 1 ck~tL-

~\

Find

'1\1

S =-

f-

f '-'\)= ~ \JIJ

u \ ~lfo)-

'N :o)~ t'

1.\o}

svrh 1\(1.1-

{'

cr- b. l'f) o X-=-

\f\J l '/.

' '

A('j;J .( r\ 'I

\\J ( L)

-\-

( l-)

r\ ( L)

v--- _/

~ ln~r o.l c b~ pcu h


L

f ~-;

\'! {, C X

1/\J CJ

A \ L - _\IN
()

do-

- - 'N
d~

r
t

~'

c:

A(t..)

'

A(x) J )t } 'N (G) cr ( L)

IJ(~..-)0'

0u\

JA
lfJ

(X)

fJ.r,;

f d'I ~

\' J (:...) ( t ) {; (L)

J
L

j \J'IA')() [- f-

do-

d~

\f' 1

A (x)

~i j ;X

1
cl )(

W ( L)

A ( ~( L)

W(L)A (o-(t..)-t)

- -t )

~D

1h 1 <;. lnDl ds \f W

f: \T =

~\so ~ o\c\ <:. fur

-i

V 1 (x)

W / W {o) o

--

cP {x) (- ~ x- t /

vv V\.9 i"( C1 {t) ) o -hv -- f- f::- ( o 1 L-)


0 ()<.) =- c o. . t-- X-;:- t n, L l

~--t - /1!

.!

't

'

'

.rr .

(_)

L-

-=-)

(
,
(fn. . ) .

) cp (-x:) ( _

o-;,- - 1

A1

[)

elY

l)

- o-

) l:

.I

A(f

) 0

X .- 0

'-----v---------\1'~ 1..( ~~

TYUS
i~ /o

>o

(Of f:,.,. ~

VI Levie< OlJW'O

1(1

bv

s1r-t9.
l. IS ()..
S ~ tA ().

\} V\J
0

\\ {

r.e. .

-v:-

L) A( L) ( G"" ( L) -- {: ) - (_)
II

./

\J( c) -

t-

~I Eu "-~ A f\J N
(~ii\(L

'-JI(L)

c. ! /

& (\(1...)/b)

\-.l Oft-. l~c 'NCC\k:. f~'{TI' (l1Yr~r1 / ~-(\~ ~~ Plf\Cl1\-Ct i?oLu1Jo1~


(.O{Idt~Dfl \Jo~J in.

(2.o.LJ
1hf. Str:i 'l ~ 'Noes~

J J.

--1...-

v=- r J
'

\\Jf f.\~ r r r-- r-A :


-

r, (\ J
l

-OlT
dx

.l.

f-

tJio)~

Vo

')
' (I J -

+-

.....

l"

\(i

' --)

St' (

V\

&

s-: r l
u

u ([") =- \1

ltl +\ '\Ct t-

;.J

E '- 'l-

('

~ JL Vv

'

iV l (;) -- 0

r-

;-

Jw,-x CJA dx = )"'1-f-Acix. + 'NfL)tl

- f\ rf'{t~Yi (Y' C h :-'(!~


~\!\-{> ~ v1(, ds

fJ~

i(\Q,~ h

i'Y'.)..'vi ~ 00 .
..J

ConStntc:t- Opp(l)'XfrYlCL~Cn.:.
~-~: ~-x,)) Y1~o)l
~S)-y\(,1-- ih.C

..,

\.

01

Soll,.JJtwl SpaLl

-G'r ~c-ckN." f.c~'o. i fv. /\c hoY' S:.plU~ .


~ 'NO.j~}-l('J -~v Y'C~10tl

3DaJC

fln6 L(~)

s~

E;

( sv,b3JJ-

c. g

<kn cro ~c ('


; )'I

0 ??il)X( m o,Ji Cf\

of LA [ u''s~.q::J' k)

J' lc ==- f v."" e


.S\AU..1
' \ ) 'o

y, (o, 1...) \ ,/' (oJ= v"1

-r \f\1~

\I

-H, od-

\\J h

(:;

f \V\\k- D\fY\t 1\)iona \


--\N.QC\ l ror((1.

c:;

vu

'A-;-\<~
C
u

~' ( o, L)

'1\J v. [o)

=0

,,

(1 akr~in
'

rrviY''

\ VI

~o'Y

.!-

11

I>

- --

) w,.,
0

\_

IT

A JX

Nra ~

"

lJ\1

~ ~. J~

'N ( L

h-

rI V,ll'l( J 'f't '


(
I

~ 'r S -

I!

,..

MJ

v'' f.

((Cll\

~t f( tI

\I

<;; n fi_S..

lli.:-ir\C
P--

(v,Ytf"ICn
1u,V1c.hDt1 \j

H\f

I
I ~~"-... )I
hr('

J,_.:- [ u' E= 1-f (r,L) I u"'!c) = ll, r


t

C'DV'I. iJ.t r ()

1 : co~( f 1tr 'cr (

I : (o

+r

L)

\:21:: CUl

[/(._

L2-tLt~l(~l6r\.

i...

J
0

OX-

<

~i.e.

H'\.t

+~,~..~1chon ,~ boV\.t-1~(J

4 i.-e.

ihl

is L'- il

111 k'

\J(y)

o..._

hAY~tiio" v

gvcdJ LQ. .

ov" H\..0 tVlttvvCLO

i~

iS

sqv<Ar~

=:.

V(v..}==

L2-

\J(y)::

\1 (y) =-

hx- -x:.)
1
b.( I tC\ ttA~" di [H I

f:.-

L..

( o, ~__)

Or1 cetn \n

O:..c,HC 'f oJ

'-'

rk ~ ~tt

~ow a f.. :,a.+ cr.,,lrc~ cv"'f ~\\( du'ivcLhv~ o~ \J? ( R(jVviClv'+j)


I

v('I) e H- (o, L;
.

~~

j[\J'-+L,k,,'(\ Jx <

C<J

~
-to .er1sure cov~c.J. LHliJ$.

Rei\11 a~ k:: ~

bu Vi

has

ln 50' tv o..~

rrv J{ c.c 6. for d n $. l oJ pt fO~('


'/J
'J1 ~.
\'Y\. ( C' L) = L
) J . S f:)~th o.J cl\
\(I

q'Y\.()

CY\

l'n.Q vl)fo

d.:: \ fa-r I d\lh(l

1\t\.f

n.s t \ re

o{

H\C

C1cm Ct HL

\1 f

Jrv, (M(o,LJ)'- v,.._2.},Jx.

K'(o,L) if

C>

Nt w:

\Ah
u

-8 ~.

-, r-

\JW o,\"E

\f (O, LJ

~ I(0

L) \

I S.

wYl sh:u tl-

\(:o

\.::..

0 <.. 'Y

00

~ \f~

f \r~.:

\A~ ( >) ,--

~V\ ChOY\S

'I (1-.)::::

ctVlfYt \It 0_9 \1

I~ b0 t.;- h de. J 0, n d ~ o
"' 1nk2ro.hlc..
s.q~oJ-e..

\At..,

<.

--____,

c:1t V\\J e,~._-nv-e .

c J .:_ 1 u~ {:;

\J ("?) -=

__..,.~--

!...

I \rJ_o. .:r---_

iJ' ' ~

~ x.

'

- \ - - )X

7--!;)

I" r 'ctJ \: ~ lv. ~ oJex~n ( F\(\\k- 'D1 n\Cll;\o raJ/~


fi(\6
o.!

'>Me-\.,

11 11.

s"- = t ~"-E- ~I (o,c-) \

J (oAtoo 1Yl0
1.~
I

1-{...

+~o.cL+-

\,\(O)o

,jJQt\ l

V.o

t:"onvl.

c_ I. '
I!AnC.rlCl'

\j W" t:

'iJ-k =

{ \N '- &

HI (o, L) \ -N\o) ~ D

( 'N \,.

Vk = ~ lf..~x.

x ~

v}''( LJ t

f lX)

! : ' -\JIU~ IS ~\v.Vl I $:0


\'\o

t.

\Ne_

~W-d

tu

0-ffrt'<lrt"\(t)t. (

1..JO,I {i

tlt~'t(

e:siYi'\f.f,SICll

1(\.' ~ olso

H-ow do

j..

)
0

obt-cun "~"' ,

~\c \A> f~ -t > buJ


'J\l h

~ i r- ID caso..
C\ H-e vr"o..-t c (cf, f:;.. ;A;- h. ?
O\"

=l t='a.xh~oVl Co,_) itV-D ''f\Yl(tf e).(..r-,vu4s''


d1S k-o i h-t
S'.Jvbc~ovv1 cc i '<; D~ ( o l L).
1

Wh-ich.

o~

------r
--

-__ l

_n....._= (\ {) I !..._)
'1'

9en.e ~ cd JoMcnn
D

\01 :.; HoY\.Qo

JL

s
_

(I

.J _

L"'

:'f'v, u

Sv odoYnCLu ~ - L
I

+~ c)c~l!t"e./

_n_- J1U JJl

\.

ot

_f)_
tJo~A.noo.f~

e.

J1~

pot f\1 s c-~ Q.

(S O.VI

<;!At::

ootncti

' Q, _J

,_

X.e.. \ 'X.e~

---

t-- -

).
t-t
c

dor:.

l)

net- ri1!1tt1

' ht <;

\<; tVdcd poti'\~S.

on\ 'll'l \.

)(

1\1'< t>

'X' 1 j

-~

---- ()
~L

--,

_____ J

tl- -~~_/(~._~ _

..-

.,

7N ~

-+L

----...,_,r-----

N YO~C'J
1

-y

.v

"':=:..

'/'\I
f '
..,._
Qf.

\:j.Q~H\Q.

\oto...(

voS.t~

bos:\s

ttAn ch mts:' -

{\A.YKhOr'.S. OY1

o '~'<? (' -

(25- rt nd -\ ~ re for

\we ba~\~ ~t,lr\(~lOAS 0\JC?..r

J'Le.. ___ -(\(\\~

C. ."..

hArnbtr

J2 .

0 '/'e r

fc\'-11\C>''~''cSt) CC'rr,rAcfc.. \ (is;(

__( LQ

f.\- I ) L.
d~
Q
1\ f

.)...

\""f..,}

-=

rx.(L

NA(-x.) :
d~

h0

doJ

f I,U\ ch' 0 fl !;

t'IC)dCL~ d( 9\'--f>S o{ f~~d CIYI..

SifY\, \ ec r l'j

-For w~ (;t} !

w~ (-x)=-

'k

ba Sol ~

Nn <:.

L/',

n~l

o~

N"Cx) c~

\........---rVJO<).- iS

.J

\ Bltbnov- GoJ{J k.\n ~~\l \ ~~:dny~cz_

~.(

'

"'< -( r

.( ('(--f' C'l ()I'Y\.

IS. dt( ["Ct-evt+.

- - - - - - - -

{'I

'X

6\- u. n,J- d o VYlCA-i n

(a ko
dv..c lu t V..t
_..

)..,-...

"'

t\j C--x- c ~ '1 J

N' (>'--) =

I\"'-C1

IV1Cd l--\.Q rr leU ' r cJ'1

J o t'Y) c \, ' )

fP'- n ~

:::=

~\2tx) ~ I \2-{'X( ~))-==N ( ~)


1

--f (

"'\2 Cf{) - 1-t-'F


~-\

==- \ -

2..

f'j' (-I) = l

I~

[\J

C-

~::I

r.'Il..

sA~

:::.

A- B
O 1 f f\ 1 P.~

i~

\./'0"--

k rt .tc kt r ch lt f\

HI(~ ) +-''\
~

.....l

'.;..)

r.......

....

-.
~ ~-

-I-

......

.)

V)

.......

8_-

~ ~

'- ...::5

N2

(~)

""

1-,_~ +

1
[

I)= 0

(\f2 ( -l) ": 0


N 2 (r)~ I

~mu.r~: l1u

\0(01

<kht1lhon o~ bo~tS ful'lctioY1S. {foJs

~ 0 ~~ 0 t;c.d \;u h) ;l<t he honL a~o cia k


With COIYtpa.d St.-t.pf>o(+ '"

P I

_\ L:-

d w1Hc. .o och n oJs, y ~


1

Ct..no

_()_..

Le
---

___ _..

~'"A_.(: I I

-+------~z.."

. l

r \ )'It" "-r

~ ~e

(\

d~ ~

'( "

rx~- 'X-~
'){' f-1

()

~ 1-

'f;- I
(

't; ::- I

_Q~

o - - -- - -

~(.

: {. clf\

1 \1 (r.. 1\ L \ '0\tV ~

\.( 1\:f-

\.,{ S

TD

.c I'~~ l L

HJ\ \) E

' tJ "l'?

~NO

I"J
I
t?O I 1

"12. ('.,

.c

i
I

...

,o

r
cJ
, ..,I
. ,_

n
~-

f~

I '--

..., ..,.
" I ...

.
~

,..'r

,.,~,

j_

r. -;: :; k.J3 r;.


(~ ' )~' )

rrv c

-+ k~l"(
\1\J ~ (

(J)-=

\(- 1\0
{J

-:::-)

'2- .' n\
V-J

~.

nQ.

/,frl-~l-

0\f(' '(

I:_

h~

\'f. _
a l-

A.

t 12 G~ .

(iZ)

_,

i- 'f.

N'(~}::

R-e CoJ(:

=-?

\ ,\

.r.; -:

) 2'1

2.

' \2 - ~
) f.
2. .

-:2\

\ .I
'

'

2_({\

1-

<"' C,.,' r~
'

.I

r I

\'\~

~I

_''<JJ
4- .,

<Ge_Gel
\ -

--

~ -C.l\h-Q

(!

"4 ('!

r2

-~
~

,...,

r ')

'

1 1 (1 }11' k ~

.'

l
('('

2.

r'

\:11

J 011 'r
l f! J

1 ------I

I
,,,....; () ~. A' CIX

J'X

-;- J -t h d
V'lh

X,

e
c~~-1\i
r ,, \

...n_e

_@
;
.

...---

L
e.

'j( -

;:>i ()'\.( Vl s \1)1, Cl (

~'.J.C'Ct !c.

".

,~ 0 ")(

V 1 ._ ,

'

(~ (-\
hi

nA

"

II

,..-

o, ,
I

__ _....
0 I

--

({)~tr ~~Ldiml

( t>Vlh \\;t,t h () Yl
t hr
t c}

~<'-L

' j ( I

h fi~Y'

~(

- ___;

t+ ~ \, c ( \\\ nr n1s1

frt'\Y' f ~.: n \.C \ ~+\

C.

..t

"L r,

VltZ.t

'~\'"'e ( 1)

Z
e

I \=-, -~) c -~

-I

....
('

( f' (' () 1

t=
I () }

~-I~:"~

J' c

c_Q

"' p\ Y' S" lL

1 z(

S' r

Jl"-

CD

cz

-:::

-aoJ H\.( '"''J


-clcl\L(Jt-

'

h~"",.

,~

QV\\tA CQrrQ<. v.f

t'fYVl

t' 1 '

'

!\ I }

' 'I Q)

--I

\__-~

~AI

""
"'( 2) o.1L !J ~
Q

::

S..o :.{. noYl

">\

'2

1--=-

L 0 "-.a
A ,.-,L

Oe_,

S\ fY\ \\ a y\v :
-'

kvor1rr ~9 v- ~~ lic1 pro ?<--Y ~ o~


V\O~t{.'
I c_,

'tO l 'II.(,

4, lv. Q.Cfl

d.uy-ees o- . . r.?eoom

ox

t~

Y1 tl

drS:. ~

1~

01

t4ENE ~L\..'{

NOT

~z

~}'!__ \/: :

\d

'oLd

1-Y~AQ.

iw

'

''~ ~(,- 'l~rf-o rs .

~ 1 0-:iQ.. ~).llr'.(.<Q('

NOIT:

(}(

,J

tocoJ

\VI

1)'\~... 1 \ f- ~

(?, !1-.

'
01
J"2I

d,

-=-

-=-

I+ I - I

dr

:::=.

orv -

\~'2-1

12

0 r-~Q

S\iY\1 I

o..r I~:

~~-

c.,

IJ I.!.

::.

(".)r?1.'('

c~ =

"('0:)-

~-

0.2-

0,('~

--

cQ.+A-1

c.,

1'\-" 0 i" I

\I

02.
12

o,

~-

d:L

I'

Dr,v

..z

J2
II

02
6
I

03

-.
\

oh~Q

chc

C1, ~.\,'\ 1-

-==-

r '. t

2'
C.(/

r- ('

--

f:"[.S';
"

2..

(: ( 1 ~

I-

j_

\I
..J

r,n i ~ ~ 1-(>r(\e\'J~ ~$.QX'r ~ lj :


1
\

--hi
I

(\
'
C2 C'~ C"'
"' ""ettl I

<

-'
1,.-._1

tf!:-

'
-I

J--V\~

-1

h2.

'

)
I
I

(\fJ_

l.. ' )

')

<cz.

C:h ..

CnQ.Q c\'\.(.Qi-1

()
()

<c

_I !_L

'

C3 ... Cn~ Cn~+ 1 ;f~

~I

1 '

h"l.
I

_.L

h'l.

<cL c......
c
1

h~

+ <c

~~

c3 ,,. cn~ c n.e.1 ~

b
,

0
0

[~.0~ lhi
I"'

Re0u.QJ:

;. cn.Ql~. '> r !-\ r.~-h

l_l~
fq '

h-z.

.
-

~"L

-'Vh.
i
\
-.t-

vh

~3

_ _L
VI~

'

__,_ _

2lJ

(_(l

I
r,
...
J?

-tA
7

- \

- \

'

-I

".U

'l '' , f -I !
i
.I('

2...

--\

- \

'/r--/

'

9,,v'

\ ..Q ~'\ t

\lr.r11

(] ,..

tA

--~

--

~\. 1

,..
(

{~hQ

<c2

1'1

l,~ . ,

c~".Q.I

'\

'.

) ......

....

b.

..

c.-r

[A

'(

V\~

l~AJ

('

,}.o

0
0
.....

QI ~ 9. ::. Q~ r
toco~:

;lo-

..{- NrAJYi'I - ~HI (;'{ \N (i C\ k fo-nYI

f l

,-

/..

Cc
'
s -:.

"

~- I

--

c .r

(~)

~ ~ h~

f -

...._

7, f I
, . lr ,
. .
I

\ ~ j

\~

'' V' ctG\tlu:J' &r\ /(Jt' oo.~

::::::. 0 In t W..
L

II \

t?_ :-

I -

d~ (.
~H'{ ~
_-:::=...

Cfl ~0

'
!Ylo::l,
,.._

-t

--

;'

-r '/

~-

( --

J";\rt

..Qh-,G

\ l

")

'\

\
\Lo-o

r (

\ ~ --

k ..

\.:- c-

d '~ 0.
,_
J.f-o .

_,

I ~
~{..

L_

\C

(')

t" 1(.
~ d E; \i(_YI

L..

IJ

Sv

\<;,

'

J,

Jo

LCV'S\

oc Y1'0

.. ~

---

'J
.--..

~'

- -

&

"'('

~~

_Q'

~~

w~=' ~ N2 (~) c~~!


' r J2.

~
SL1

"2.

c,

~ /~-1
.r.e.,
. "

:_

') ' )

.
')

r f\

l -

v,

' I

\/1:) ")

U(LJ =

')~

.J

n!2.9-'

)L <c<1 c~ rA h'l2.
7- )

n-,.,

l(

I+

J
1

r A-~~
C,I' Q
T
J-

\;:--

1-\ i 9r~ < - Ou~R r f b \ '1 Y\ ovvwJ


-

'6a <;, i c, { \il V\ 0-1 on S

____ ...

---

.
L

.,...,

------~-------~ ~
~='

~/'Q_

-=-

hln.(J~

NB ( 'X ( ~ )J c ~

B:::-t

t J '(~)~ -~(\- ~)
2

N~(~-~::

1-~2

IJO!~) = ~ (i ~~)
(~

k'f DYl~ c~ J;_( tc{


prop.e (~

. -- - ~-~-=-----

f'=--1

~-o
"(

(IQ.,

,..___.

~-=\

(I

'Y,

~-= - \

-;--I

l
r
,~_
B)
N ( ~ ) :: 1T ( f, -- ~
b'-
1.

fT (1i"1J
g- '
.~~I

::(c_)
-1-1

~l '5) v
~ '~~

---

NV\~

l\ ( 0 ~ -~6)
~.,.\

e.-.~~

ck \tc{

~(f)'f\.i!ck.,

it/

N(l~

IT

(~A- ~B)

\?>=I

BtA

~ (f- f')r:
P.,

?YO VC 'f ~'{ ~

TVll~ +Crty) I~
~

0 for e,-:: (..,

\f I~(\ \)YVC\L-tC 4 .
-ihl V\J 1110 l~ pV\)dJ d- i~ 0 <:\()(,(

'0-1 p.,
NV'~

Tf

(;<'"'A

cl -

cr

3.)

1.;- I

BtP.

L 1'f\ (~) -: \
~

+-

\f./' r L-) - t-

~
\)l (

,(}1\.L{-- Ne~Amo.hn

Pr.J -o 1..rvt .

W 1s.

-:>w s. or

~~~Js ~rrn

-'L-

R9 coJ!-C .

-i +~
N~ ~ ~
[:1.o ~

ID

dJ'i ( ~\ ~
t

I)~ ) " ~ " ~

compvc'-t ~ 1 ~

'te (

>:i)
:'

v.>.c

+~

nvtr h6i lttvJ

~ 1~- x

mo.pp 1"3

""') N.. (-e'\


4 J

=- L

f\ ::: 1

Y (J
"'

noooJ coordn,aJ-e~
1r. pV1~s i(ru domCiiP

iSDpo.Y' O.r\'"\o+n c.

IYl

O-?f'

(lf) .

~-o

-x, ~ :
:::::::;

Y\fi.id s-\~ ~od-L

'Y~ =

r ~ - --vie.
2_

1an3~ ~\if-

)f
r~O

__j,!...

IAJ

~'l

[ /).

U x

J'X

-=::

o~ H tt

g.c OYY..dY'tc JV1Ct pp, n3

1~

( DVlS i-cuJ-.

A(htl.L fY'clpp;n3

00z NJ~

) (A

J2 ..Q

A ( 2 ) - CJ ) (

he-

A ( "')
'l
L

/V ;;

)s:

( 2. )

1f

J1'
e

i
oX

_,
'

-,

-I

'2.

.\

-.

y>

N '~ NJ~Ol:J

l~ . }~

'.0

oC.

~
\D
l't

'
I

'

'

l.'}o.CJ
'I

Oe_

-I

'

j N.~ ~~ ~ ~ - ~J' 2~ -1)\19


r

-1

==

-I

"-

-1

-1

_,SN;C: N~~ n~ =-

~-:4~'-- -\ ;+'./a'>>{~ ~>, 1]

SM2~- 1)h'1; )JJ;

~ 'I) I
= i~ ~ ~

=-

_,

t-

_,

- (
:

-~- I~

_,

-- -'
~

L~- 01 ) NQ1~. (Cfll i d.t(' ~ w' ~ t\ h


_fl..:

lGY1\~d-tY

t
6

l;\~(1~

A 0)~

-e..

g
-~2

~ -P.,.V.JY\.C td

Sl-'l(h'-r~c:

jc~ N~~i~);i Jx "-' 2c.t


A ' _\)'s;1

JLe

Lt ~'\,\
1

hY 1)\.

-- -lo

0~ _5l.~

J2 ~(~-I) d~

- L_~~A~~ I ~~~d~
h.:.t
l.... _,
"'
Mo.;tY\x v~ cl-c< Not-a.h Ort:

il

-I

"' <.0 ~

C'e

C: ) ~

(l. A"
2

~~ f\1: J~
JN2J~

I(~\
z
J t~ rt J ""'~
f

'1)

..o

l'h

~t~Y~

~s~(l_mbl\,} of ~\oloo__Q

rt\C

tr\'(

-\JfcJx

(iiV'l}loY1s

L_ J 'N\o-~ ~d"J(,.. ZJw11 hh


~

SL

V__oc~IL(:

-\- '"""'qt A

n~

f{){ D\dc\~~t- Ntt.tn'\Ct..Vln

\A'v.lo)== lAd= 0

t>ft:liolo.nr

o,

) \f\l"(o)=-

r.d

<c). c2 /2(/\

L4''"
/~o

~I

......____--

-- <r}'

iflf j

I
1\'h
-' 2..

-413

-4/3

7/lo

+
d~

Z/c2~-~

\1~

. H,- ~<tf
2..

en

e t.P'MJ.J-

he-

1/lo -

4 I~

---...
l
h~

- 4 .3

2f3

-v,

+-

~~(~

I~ 2Q-'

c.

2~1

(.,

e=2.
13

4/j
1/-...

'

eV'~ q

-,

'3

d2Q-I

j ~~!1

7~j

c- - ______;
f)

--

- Lj I

'

'l b

c2Qo~'/2(A.

e:.:z...

u----\S>l

0
o-

~13

:1

""J \'QSI .

-c (\.

(%

,~. }1

) W1~{. I

.cJ

(.

~-

- 4f?
IJb

~,,_

- 1l~

- 4/3

(-rfto _,. lb)


- 4t:;

yb

4:(?:>
9[~

-4:/3

.' .

YW?

-4/3.
7(~r

...
0

---+71, -v~ ~b

= <(} C c4 Cs ..
1

rf"'- C?ru.!l

CLn,i I

>(f~~cj

)
. -QY 0 J_ /')

--'\{?

't/s

Yro

-4;,

:z>W-1

d 2t1~

13

12,-J'

~
IJ

4/3

V3+ '!3

4:{?,

'(QTF
-

-\-

Yl.QJ.

(
d'

-~';

- 4(3

-41

Czv'ltlrt,
/

u
0

f{c

Bf?> -4/2>

/ro -4i~

<(... -. G'3 ..

I 1

7/~

2~'o/ I

~ <c? c?) ,, . c?,(\ ~

J2- \

J1

c'

- <c

"1

..., \Ao -'+13

c ':) / ..

CLt'l.(.(\

1-

- 2Qci'

'h,

h /

(~

y3

tA

5o,

c~T ~ ~__: ~I J
:

Q.Q0)fY\tt t ~~.
t:(?-\

1"1\o.J {i 'f

(OvY1fUKdS

\?oY'Jw ,J \-\.-,

~ua-J V tA--h

or 'f ;yul'rX
G

\:<1>

-\

c\ 1\ kt< I 'C\\f:

lo V1t'f

.f'IV r(\

\iN' (l Y

(1\~C.

G; do -\u ~ 0~

QO -\'. ~V ~"G f-; OY1S.

~ tJ.,d-~~ n~M s
dv--

<:~)~

V\o.Vf

1M u.\:..Q.

o~

I'

_f 1ec~r
Q.uod ,- cc-tic.. 'Bal/IS. flA"'C. h flY'S.

ill_o/" co,-.-tv\l::u;ho-11

Con<tld.tY +~ \)<Ao~ D\nckltf

fin~

3\.1~~-~

( y.d

frvio\..QJ'v\.

Sh C J) J h_ { uh t- H' (S2) I~l"(o) ll.y"CL)' v


'ctt \} w" E- u--1- 'V, u\ i wIE::~ '(.52.) I /o)' OJ w'Y~}l

\Ah f.
j.

W0

2 -\)

J
/-

c.' c~~- ~

)-o

-ov--

-1

'lVi

:,j c l I; - -'-'

-:)

\L--J - -r

-=-

'f::.- I ~

'f'ru bk 11")

~~ :: F +- S.ftA.V'dcor d ~ r11 f-o c

d
-

l Pure)

AI\( l, VI+

hf\C cy- p~D ~J\c n/1 s

dd)ll I j-\' Sotu_h llY> 0 f

i" oddl

f' t'b blt f1-, _

(\ iot

wQ:

w~ = 2-

Q:. I

'c

c,

Beco.~tSR.
~~
t

Jg(~

_,
=
, ..

a (~)-:
cot'St.
1

)d tj ~

;:_

'J ( 1od+.)
(on~+-

f j (;!j,) '~_t

W.c?.

(' {.l Yt

I rd('

-" x:c~d l tJ._

~ 2 ( (Onlt:)

f) y- cJ C..

( 0 t, rt(t.rr/S

\'") \i\
. }::

\1\,\

V\ \(I~ --

=- 2,

3)

~( I - D

w,- 2
)

i : _,/
l'
~)

\AJ l :: l

R\A.l(\ from

f( 2. :- ; ~{ 3 )

\Nz. -= \

~nu )~ia'()

<tl . -=

-J3rs-

Qv 0 c! vC\.-ft\ r'{) ,

\tJ I = ~/1

~1-: D

Efq

w"l-:

~ '1 : J:)/s-

VJ - -?

?j~

~ClUSSICl\1 Qvu.(_\ \ a:h,d'(' ~<u1t \.,\,\~~


\Atf~y((J-fS fb\t.JltiOVV1ietVi

Ofcln

Ot

\ if\.Oa. f

())..0! (

-----

v-~nt 1cS

,
<

M Ci t1\ ~1-v\Q' r\nl~

d i f'r'\.C.'<' ~ i on cd
(' ." INI'-f
'vI}

.!-y\ cJl

5c(t-\.hofl .
.;:---

,,

o. = 2 r \ o e- -

I~

I "

flo

to Y'l ~ r VI ol) s. !
Y
G0 (SL)
v-v-----

s Le__

W :,o G(tA.f' ~ Q Fo L~ no rn.1 oJ1

B>o~ \ ~
r:::.,I\/1\...DD'YIS 'r.ovt \oc:..~h c~nJm;c~-cJ
~
~ ~ DV\ui- e, S2.) . rolI

() (

c"'(n) hr
\.

Y\>O -

). ~

'X-

(OV''-1(1.AvU~

i '0

.52-0..

co(SL~)
11:-

I'Y' (}.) ~ \ Q VV\ C\..t-1

c..

to 50-4 M Y\C \- COV'h .. .AOvS

\}"JO..(

,s,

.- r

tIN clOI'r'C\ f1 j

You might also like