1.0 Introduction of CNC Turning Machine

1.
0 INTRODUCTION OF CNC TURNING MACHINE

CNC turning refers to the automated machining process of shaping material, such as metal,
wood or plastic, using a computer numeric control (CNC) machine. In contrast to traditional
turning utilizing a lathe, which usually requires continuous operator attention, CNC turning
allows for multiple cutting actions to be completed under computer control. During the CNC
turning process, a piece of material (wood, metal or plastic) is rotated and a cutting tool is moved
parallel to the axis of rotation to produce precise diameters and depths. CNC turning can be
performed on the outside of the work piece or the inside (also known as boring) to produce
tubular components to various geometries.
There are two types of CNC turning machine which are have two axes and 3 axes. Two axes
of CNC turning is the most common type of CNC lathes and the most popular. The work holding
device, usually a chuck, is mounted on the left side of the machine. The cutting tools turret that
can hold four, six, eight, ten, twelve and more tools. Many such lathes also have two turrets.This
machine have 2 axes that are X axes and Z axes. The another types of CNC turning which is
have 3 axes that stand for X,Y and Z axes. This machine is designed for electronic connectors,
computer, food, car, hardware accessory and the others. It enhanced options for productive
efficiency, as to be a reprocessing machine. This type can promote processing efficiency and
machines stability, linear sliding rail and lead screw, the leading mechanism of ball screws for
precision linear guide way is operated by nut and sliding block to get precision position and high
structure function.
There are two basic axes that commonly used which are X axes and Z axes. X axis usually
controls the diameter of the part. The X axis is normally programmed with diameter rather than
the radius value (actual position of the tool would be radial distance from the centerline).When
the cutting tool moves in cross direction to the longitudinal axis of the work piece, this is called
movement along X axis. Then, the another axes is Z axis which control the length of the Z axis
part origin or zero position can be either at the right end of the part or a position located near the
spindle of the machine.When the cutting tool moves toward and backward the machine spindle,
this is called movement along Z axis.
The work is held and rotated on its axis while the cutting tool is advanced along the lines of a
desired cut. Cutting operations are performed with a cutting tool fed either parallel or at right
angles to the axis of the work. The cutting tool may also be fed at an angle relative to the axis of
the work for machining tapers and angles. CNC turning has come into widespread use. With
these machines, the cutting tool movements are controlled by a computer controlled program to
perform a sequence of operations automatically on the work piece once the machine has been set
up.
1.2 Sequence Process of CNC Turning Machine (Programming Procedures) :

a) Start Up Procedures:
i)
Commands or functions that is necessary at the beginning of the program.
ii)
A standard start up procedure usually involves cancellation of tool compensation,
absolute or incremental programming, standard or metric, and the setting of the
work plane axis.
Example:
N0001 G90 - Absolute programming
N0002 G20 G40 - Inch unit, tool nose radius compensation cancel
b) Tool Change And Tool Call Block
i)
The T-code or tool code is sufficient to tell the control which tool turret
ii)
position the tool is in.

These offsets are used for offsetting the tool path to accommodate for tool
wear. Such an example for N0001 T0101 - the first two numbers call for tool
iii)
#1, the second two number calls for offset number 1.

We correspond the tool offsets number and the tool number to reduce mistakes
iv)
in machining and damage to equipment.

Geometry offset to define as the actual distance measured from the tool
v)
reference point to the program zero.

Wear offset is an offset measured to fine turning dimension.
Geometry offset distance from tool reference point to zero

c) Work piece Coordinate Setting:
i)
The spindle or work-piece center is the location of the X0 position, and the Z0
ii)
position is typically the right end of the work-piece or the chuck face.
This would be the distance from the tool tip at the machine home position to
iii)
the right end and center of the work piece.

Because each tool differs in length and shape, every new tool used in the
program must be accompanied by its own work piece coordinate setting.
Work piece Coordinate Setting

d) Spindle Start Block
i)
Turning centers have the capability to speed up and slow down as the part
ii)
diameter changes, called constant surface speed control.

Is important for efficient use of cutting tools, tool life, and proper surface
iii)
finish.
Constant surface speed is controlled with a G96 code should be the proper
surface footage per minute (SFPM), set with an S.
Example: N0010 G96 S450 M03 - Would set constant surface speed control
to 450 SFPM and start the spindle in a clockwise direction.
e) Tool Motion Blocks

i)
The tool motion blocks are the body of the program. The tool is positioned and
the cutting takes place in these blocks.
f) Home Return
i)
The tool needs to be returned to home or a fixed position before a tool change
takes place. Most machine control use a G28 command to rapid position the tool
to home.
Return to home position command

g) Program End Block
i)
There are a number of difference ways to end the program: Turn off the coolant
ii)
and spindle with individual M codes.

End the program, reset the program, and turn off miscellaneous functions, all with
an M30 code.
1.2.2 Canned Cycle For Turning Centers:

Canned or fixed cycles are used to simplify the programming of repetitive turning
operations, such as rough turning, threading, and grooving.
a) Canned Cycle for Turning (G71): Remove stock by horizontal cutting, primarily along
the Z axis, typically from the right to the left. It comes in two formats:
i)
a one-block format
ii)
a double block format (depending on the control system)
Roughing Turning Cycle

b) Canned Cycle for Facing (G72): Remove stock by vertical cutting, typically from the
large diameter towards the spindle center line X0. It comes in two formats:
i)
a one-block format
ii)
a double block format (depending on the control system)
Multiple repetitive cycles
c) Finishing Cycle (G70): The finishing cycle is called with a G70, followed by a letter
address P for start line and letter address Q for the end line of the part profile. A finishing
feed rate can also be included in this block. When the finish cycle is commended, it reads
the program blocks designated by the P and Q and formulates a finishing cycle.
2.0 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE CNC TURNING
Advantages
High Repeatability and Precision
Disadvantages
The cost of machine tool is much high.
Example : Aircraft parts

Volume of production is very high
Cost and skill of the people required to operate

a machine is generally high.
Complex contours/surfaces need to be
Need computers, and programming knowledge
machined.
person to set up and make the programmed.
Example : Turbines
Flexibility in job change of tool, automatic
Maintenance too difficult and need more time
tool settings and less scrap of tool.
to finish and requires higher investments for
Safer, higher productivity, better quality of
maintenance
Special training needed to the personnel
surface finish.
manning the CNC turning machine tools.
Less paper work, faster prototype

production, reduction in lead time.
The automatic operation machine implies

relatively higher running cost.
3.0 COMPARISON BETWEEN CNC TURNING MACHINE AND CONVENTIONAL

TURNING MACHINE
CNC
Allows doing complex machining with less
Conventional
It takes time and a lot of work to become an
experience because the computer controls the
expert at using a lathe, and this can lead to
machine in order to make complicated cuts.
wasted time and materials if your initial efforts

do not pan out.
The exact same programmed instructions and
It takes a lot of skill to make several parts that
follows the same cutting path each time for
are exactly the same accuracy and consistency
parts that are exactly the same accuracy and
using a manual lathe.
consistency repeatedly.
Process much easier, cutting highly accurate
Careful measuring and cutting of process takes
pieces faster because all dimensions have
a long time and a lot of attention.
already set up.

Spindle speed and feed rate can set up just a
Spindle speed and feed rate should set up when
time even for many parts.
to make the new same part .
Less wasted materials because your parts will
A slight bit of variation is acceptable but low
be created correctly the first time and high
quality and it can be tough of material cost and
quality of part.
time consuming to create again by manually.
4.0 PROGRAMMED FOR CNC TURNING MACHINE

4.1 Drawing:
4.2 Coding :
N10 T0101 G97 S800 M03
N20 G00 X45 Z2 G42
N30 G71 U2 R1
N40 G71 P50 Q120 U0.25 W0.1 F0.25
N50 G00 X19.8
N60 G01 X23.8 Z-2 F0.2
N70 G01 Z-25

N80 G01 X28.07
N90 G01 X34 Z-33
N100 G01 Z-48
N110 G01 X42
N120 G01 Z-58
N130 G00 X100 Z100
N140 G92 S1200
N150 T0303 G96 S150 M03
N160 G00 X45 Z3
N170 G70 P50 Q120
N180 G00 X100 Z100
N190 M30

1.0 Introduction of CNC Turning Machine

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1.0 Introduction of CNC Turning Machine

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1.

0 INTRODUCTION OF CNC TURNING MACHINE

1.2 Sequence Process of CNC Turning Machine (Programming Procedures) :

position the tool is in.

#1, the second two number calls for offset number 1.

in machining and damage to equipment.

reference point to the program zero.

Geometry offset distance from tool reference point to zero

the right end and center of the work piece.

Work piece Coordinate Setting

diameter changes, called constant surface speed control.

e) Tool Motion Blocks

Return to home position command

and spindle with individual M codes.

1.2.2 Canned Cycle For Turning Centers:

Roughing Turning Cycle

Multiple repetitive cycles

2.0 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE CNC TURNING

Example : Aircraft parts

Cost and skill of the people required to operate

Complex contours/surfaces need to be

Need computers, and programming knowledge

person to set up and make the programmed.

Maintenance too difficult and need more time

tool settings and less scrap of tool.

to finish and requires higher investments for

Safer, higher productivity, better quality of

manning the CNC turning machine tools.

Less paper work, faster prototype

The automatic operation machine implies

3.0 COMPARISON BETWEEN CNC TURNING MACHINE AND CONVENTIONAL

experience because the computer controls the

expert at using a lathe, and this can lead to

machine in order to make complicated cuts.

wasted time and materials if your initial efforts

The exact same programmed instructions and

It takes a lot of skill to make several parts that

follows the same cutting path each time for

are exactly the same accuracy and consistency

parts that are exactly the same accuracy and

using a manual lathe.

Careful measuring and cutting of process takes

pieces faster because all dimensions have

a long time and a lot of attention.

already set up.

Spindle speed and feed rate should set up when

time even for many parts.

to make the new same part .

Less wasted materials because your parts will

A slight bit of variation is acceptable but low

be created correctly the first time and high

quality and it can be tough of material cost and

time consuming to create again by manually.

4.0 PROGRAMMED FOR CNC TURNING MACHINE

N70 G01 Z-25

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