dEI;wVj dh ifjHkk"kk %&

dEI;wVj ,d Electronic Machine gSA blds }kjk Mathematical or Non Mathematical work
fd;k tk ldrk gSA dEI;wVj gkMZfo;j vkSj lkVfo;j ls feydj cuk gSA
dEI;wVj dh fo"kskrk,sa %&
1.
SpeeddEI;wVj cgqr rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrk gSA bldh xfr dks
gV`Zl esa ukik tkrk gSA
2.
AutomaticdEI;wVj vius dk;Z dks vius vki djrk gSA bls ,d ckj
funsZk djus ds ckn og dk;Z dHkh Hkh djk ldrs gS vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj
ls dk;Z djkus ds fy;s fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh fuxjkuh dh vko';drk ugha
gksrh gSA
3.
Accuracy ('kq/nrk):- dEI;wVj vius dk;Z dks 100 % 'kq)rk ds lkFk djrk
gSA ;fn ogh dk;Z ekuo ds
}kjk fd;k tk; rks mlesa xyrh gks ldrh gSA dEI;wVj ds ifj.kke esa ;fn
dksbZ xyfr gksrh Hkh gS rks og ekuo }kjk fn;s x;sa funsZk esa
gksrh gSA bls GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out) vFkkZr dpjk nkssxs dpjk
feysxk ds fl)kr ls le>k tk ldrk gSA
5.
Mamory- dEI;wVj dh ;kn j[kus dh {kerk cgqr T;knk gSA dEI;wVj dh
eseksjh dks vko;drk ds vuqlkj de ;k T;knk dj ldrs gSA tcfd ekuo dh
eseksjh esa ;g fo"kskrk ugha gSA ekuo dsoy egRoiw.kZ ckrksa
dks gh ;kn j[krk gSA
Weakness (dfe;kW) :1.
NO IQ- dEI;wVj ds vUnj lkspus le>us dh {kerk ugh gksrh gSA tksfd
ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA
2.
No Feeling-- dEI;wVj ds vUnj Hkkouk;sa ugh gksrh gSA tksfd ekuo ds
vUnj gksrh gSA
laf{kIr fodkl dze dEI;wVj dk fodkl dze 3000 o"kZ iqjkuk gSA phu esa igys x.kuk ;a=
vcsdl dk vfo"dkj fd;k Fkk
17oha krkCnh esa Qzkal ds xf.krK Cyst ikLdy us ,d ;kaf=d vadh;
x.kuk ;a= lu~ 1645 esa fodflr fd;k A bl ekhudks ,fMax ekhu dgrs
gSA D;ksafd ;g ekhu dsoy tksM ;k ?kVk ldrh Fkh Cyst ikLdy
ds bl ,fMax e'khu dks ikLdykbu dgrs gSA tks lcls igyk x.kuk ;a=
Fkk A vkt Hkh dkj ;k ckbZd ds LihMksehVj esa ;gh ;a= dk;Z djrk
gSA
1801 esa Qzkalhlh cqudj tkslsQ tsdkMZ us diM+s cquus ds fy;s
iap dkMZ dk vfo"dkj fd;k
vaxzst xf.krK pkYlZ cScst us ,d ;kaf=d x.kuk ekhu dk 1822 esa
fuekZ.k fd;k ml ekhu dk uke fMQjsUl baftu j[kk x;kA 1833 esa
pkYlZ cScst us fMQjsal baftu dk fodflr :Ik ,d ,ukfyfVdy baftu rS;kj
fd;k A ;g ekhu dbZ izdkj ds x.kuk dk;Z djus esa l{ke Fkh A blesa
funsZkksa dks laxzfgr djus dh {kerk Fkh vkSj blds }kjk Lopfyr :Ik
esa ifj.kke Hkh Nkis tk ldrs FksA CkScst dk dEI;wVj ds {kS= esa

cgqr ;ksxnku jgk A cScst dk ,sukfyfVdy baftu vk/kqfud dEI;wVj dk

vk/kkj cuk vkSj ;gh dj.k jgk gS fd pkYlZ cScst dks dEI;wVj dk firkeg
dgk tkrk gSA
,Mk vkWxLVk us ,sukfyfVdy baftu esa x.kuk ds funsZkksa dks
fodflr djus esa enn dh A blh dj.k ,Mk vkWxLVk dks igys izksxzkej
dk Js; tkrk gSA
lu~ 1890 esa vesfjdk dh tux.kuk dk dk;Z fy;s gksysfjFk us ,d ekhu
cukbZ ftlesa iapdkMZ dks fo|rq ds }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk FkkA ml
ekhu dh lgk;rk ls tux.kuk djus esa dsoy rhu o"kZ dk le; yxk tks fd
cgqr gh de FkkA lu~ 1886 esa gksysfjFk us iapdkMZ ;a= cukus
VscqysfVax ekhu dEIkuh cukbZ A lu~ 1911 esa bl dEiuh dk uke
cnydj dEI;wVj VscqysfVax fjdkWMhZx dEiuh gks x;kA lu~ 1924
esa bl dEiuh dk uke cnydj IBM (baVjuskuy fctusl ekhu) gks x;kA
tks dh vkt foo dh dEI;wVj fuekZ.k djus ckyh lcls cMh dEIkuh gks
x;h gSA
1944 esa ,d ekhudks fodflr fd;k vkSj bldk vkf/kdkfjd uke Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator j[kk ckn esa bl ekhudk uke ekdZ &1 j[kk
x;kA ;g foo dk lcls igyk Electromechanical Computer FkkA
The ENIAC (1993-46):- bl dEI;wVj dk iwjk uke Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator gSA
The EDVAC (1946 - 52):- bl dk iwjk uke Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer FkkA ;g igyk fMftVy dEI;wVj FkkA
The EDSAC(1947-49):- bldk iwjk uke Electronic Delay Automatic Calculator
FkkA ;g igyk dEI;wVj Fkk ftl ij izksxzke dks ju fd;k x;k FkkA
The UNIVAC-I(1951):- bldk iwjk uke Universal Automatic Computer FkkA ;g
igyk fMftVy dEI;wVj tks O;kikj esa iz;ksx gqvkA
dEI;wVj dks rduhdh (Technology)ds vk/kkj ij ikWp ih<+h;ksa esa
ckWVk x;k gSA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

First Generation (1945-1955)

Second Generation (1955-1964)
Third Generation (1964-1975)
Fourth Generation (1975-1989)
Fifth Generation (1989 To Present)

dEI;wVj dh izFke ih<+h dh 'kq#vkr 1945 ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl tujsku esa
Vacuum Tube Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA blesa ekhu Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k FkkA blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; Vsi ,oa iapdkMZ dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk FkkA
f}rh; ih<+h dh 'kq:vkr 1956 ls 1964 rd ekuh tkrh gS A bl ih<+h esa
Transistor dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ftldk fodkl Willom Shockly us 1947 esa fd;k
FkkA bles vLksEcyh ,oa gkbZ ysfcy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
dEI;wVj dh rhljh ih<+h dh 'kq:vkr 1964 ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl tujsku esa
IC(Integrated Circuit) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ftldk fodkl 1958 esa Jack Kilby us fd;k
FkkA bUgsa ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs FksA

dEI;wVj dh pkSFkh ih<+h dh dh 'kq:vkr 1975 ls 1989 rd ekuh tkrh gSA

blesa IC ds fodflr :i VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bl
vkbZ lh fpi ij nl ls chl gtkj Components dks ,d fpi ij yxk;k Fkk ftl ds dkj.k
budh xfr rhljh ih<+h dh vkis{kk cgqr vf/kd Fkh
dEI;wVj dh iape ih<+h dh dh 'kq:vkr 1989 ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl tujsku
esa vkbZ lh dh vk/kqfud rduhdh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA IC dh ;g
rduhdh ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) gSA bl vkbZ lh fpi ij nl djksM ls
vf/kd Components dks ,d fpi ij yxk;k Fkk ftl ds dkj.k budh xfr PkkSFkh
ih<+h dh vkis{kk cgqr vf/kd Fkh
Type of Computers(dEI;wVj ds izdkj)
vyx vyx vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA
A. Type of Computer Base on Application :

vuqiz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj

rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer
1. Analog Computer:- ,ukykWx

dEI;wVj os dEI;wVj gksrs gS A tks HkkSfrd

ek=kvksa dks ukius dk dk;Z djrs gSA tSls rki ] nkc]
yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkfn eki dj muds ifj.kke vadks esa
O;Dr djrs gSA ;g dEI;wVj nks ifjekiksa ds chp rqyuk Hkh
dj ldrs gSA tSl FkEkkZehVj dksbZ x.kuk ugh djrk
fdUrq ;g ikjs ds lacaf/kr izlkj dh rqyuk dj rkieku crkrk
gSA
2. Digital Computer : ;g dEI;wVj vadks dh x.kuk djrs gSA fMftVy dEI;wVj
MkVk ,oa izksxzke dks 0]1 esa ifjoZfrr djds mudks
elelctronic :Ik esa ysrk gSA vf/kdkkar% dEI;wVj fMftVy
dEI;wVj fMfyVy dEI;wVj gh gksrs gSA
3. Hybrid Computer: os dEI;wVj tks ,ukykWx ,oa fMftVy dEI;wVj nksuksa dk
dk;Z djrs gSA Hybrid Computer dgykrs gSA mnkgj.k Petrol
Pump ;g Petrol vkfn dks ukirk gS vkSj mlds ewY; dh x.kuk
Hkh djrk gSA
B. Type of Computer Base on Purpose :

gksrs gSA
1. General Purpose computer
2. Special Purpose Computer
1. General Purpose computer :- ;g

mns; ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj nks izdkj ds

os dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ftlls lekU; dk;Z fd;s

tkrs gSA tSls i= ys[ku MkVkcsl ls lacf/kr dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx ?
kjksa ,oa nqdkuksa fd;k tkrk gSA
2. Special Purpose Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj foks"k dk;Z ds fy;s rS;kj fd;s tkrs
gSA buds lhih;w lekU; dEI;wVj dh vkis{kk eagxs gksrs gSA vFkkZr~ ;g
eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA budk iz;ksx fuEu {kS=ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA

TkSls ekSle foKku ] d`f"k foKku ] ;q} ,oa varfj{k vkfn foKku esa bldk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Type of Computer Base on Size and work power:-

ij dEI;wVj fuEUk izdkj ds gksrs gSA

vkdkj ,oa dk;Z djus ds vk/kkj

1. Micro Computer
2. Work Station Computer
3. Mini Computer
4. Mainframe Computer
5. Super Computer
1. Micro Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj

vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVj esa

ekbdzks izkslslj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA blfy; bUgsa ekbZks
dEI;wVj dgrs gSA ;g otu esa gYds ,oa lLrs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA bu
dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx ?kjksa ,oa NksVs O;olk;ksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA bu
dEI;wVjl dks PC Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
PC dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa ckWVk x;k gSA
a. Desktop Computer
b. Laptop Computer
c. Palmtop Computer
d. Notebook Computer
e. Tablet Computer
Desktop Computer:Desktop Computer os

dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ftudks Vsfcy ij j[kdj pyk;k tkrk

gSA ;g lkbZt esa FkksMs cMs gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ekWfuVj
dhcksMZ ekml vkfn gksrs gSA
Laptop Computer :Laptop Computer

os gksrs gSA ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk

gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVjl dks ,d LFkku ls
nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA
blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s
cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Palmtop Computer:-

;g dEI;wVj Laptop Computer ls NksVs gksrs gSA ftudks gFksyh esa

j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs ,oa ctu esa gYds
gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVjl dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk
ldrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml
,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ysiVkWi ls FkksMh de gksrh gSA

Notebook Computer :Notebook Computer Laptop Computer

ds leku gh gksrs gSA ftudks xksnh

esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs gksrs gSA bu
dEI;wVjl dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA ;g
eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk
gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Tablet Computer :-

2.

3.

4.

5.

;g dEI;wVj cgqr gh NksVs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ;g eksckbZy ls FkksMs

cMs gksrs gSA ;g VpLdzhu gksrs gSA
Workstation Computer:- Workstation Computer dk iz;ksx NksVs O;kikj esa
loZj ds :Ik esa fd;k tkrk gSA budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ekbZdzks
dEI;wVj dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ;g
vkdkj esa ekbZdzks dEI;wVj ls cMs gksrs gSA
Mini Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks cMh cMh dEIkuh;ksa ,oa ljdkjh
vkWfQl esa loZj dEI;wVj ds dk;Z ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA budh
dk;Z {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA bl dEI;wVj ij ,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj
ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA budh eseksjh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA
budk gkMZos;j lekU; dEI;wVj ls cMk gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ?kjksa
esa iz;ksx gksus okys dEI;wVj ugh gksrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj
gksrs gSA budk iz;ksx dEiuh ds MkVkcsl dks j[kus ds fy;s ,oa dEiuh
ds vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s bl dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA PDP-8 First Mini Computer ftldk fodkl 1965 esa fd;k x;k Fkk A
bldk vkdkj fQzt ds cjkcj FkkA bldh dher 18000 Mkyj FkhA ftls DEC
Company us cuk;k FkkA DEC dk iwjk uke Digital Equipment Corporation gSA
Mainframe Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks cMh cMh dEIkuh;ksa ,oa
ljdkjh vkWfQl esa loZj dEI;wVj ds dk;Z ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA
budh dk;Z {kerk Mini Computer ls cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA bl dEI;wVj
ij ,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj dk;Z dj ldrs gSA budk gkMZos;j ehuh dEI;wVj ls
cMk gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ?kjksa esa iz;ksx gksus okys dEI;wVj
ugh gksrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVjl esa
ekbZdzks dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx Clinent ds rkSj ij fd;k tkrk gSA dqN
Mainframe Computer fuEu gSA
IBM 4381, ICL 39,CDC Cyber etc.
Super Computer:- lqij dEI;wVj

foks"k izdkj ds dEI;wVj gksrs gSA budk

fuekZ.k foks"k dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nqfu;k ds lcls rst vkSj
cMs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVj esa vusd lhih;w dks ,d lekUrj
dze esa yxs jgrs gSA ftl ds dkj.k budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk cgqr
vf/kd gksrh gSA Hkkjr dk igyk lqij dEI;wVj ije gSA foo ds izFke
Supercomputer dk uke CDC 6600 FkkA izeq[k Supercomputers esa fVugs2]
VkbVu] ehjk vkfn gSA fVugs foo dk lcls rst lqij dEI;wVj gSA
lqij dEI;wVj ds dk;Z %&
varfj{k ;k=k ds fy;s
ekSle foKku dh tkudkjh Kkr djus ds fy;s
high resolution and action Movie cukus ds fy;s
;q} ds fy;s

Computer System

Data-

bls dPpk eky

Information-

gSA
Input Unit-

Output Unit-

CPU-

dh dk;Zfof/k:-

dgkW tkrk gSA

ds ckn Data dk :i lwpuk ds :i esa iznfkZr fd;k tkrk

(Raw Fact)

Processing

os Hkkx ;k ;a= ftudh lgk;rk ls Data dks iznku fd;k tkrk gS Input
Unit dgykrs gSA Keyboard, Mouse, Light Pen, Scanner, Joystic, vkfn Input
Unit ds vUrxZr vkrs gSA
Processed Data ;k Information dks iznfkZr djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s
tkus okys ;a=ks dks Output ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA Monitor,
Printer, Plotter vkfn Output ;a=ks ds vUrxZr 'kkfey fd;s tkrs gSA
CPU dk iwjk uke Central Processing Unit gSA bls Computer dk fnekx
dgk tkrk gSA lhih;w fuEu ;wfuV ls feydj cuk gksrk gS& Control

Unit, Airthmatic and Logical Unit, Storage.

1. CU- bldk iwjk uke Control Unit gSA blds

}kjk iwjs dEI;wVj flLVe dks

fu;af=r djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA
2. ALUbldk iwjk uke Airthmetic Logical Unit gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh
izeq[k ;qfuV gksrh gSA blds }kjk dEI;wVj esa lHkh xf.krh; ,oa
Logical dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA ;g Processor ds vUnj gksrh gSA
3. Storage- izkjfEHkd fn;s x;s Data vkSj ifj.kke blds vUrxZr laxzfgr fd;s
tkrs gSA
CPU dks Microprocessor ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
80386, 80486, Pentium 1,2,3,4, Dul Core, Core Do Due, Core i3, Core i5, Cerlon
iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys fofHkUu Processors gSA
Procesor dh xfr dks Hzs (Herzs) esa ekik tkrk gSA xfr ds vuqlkj ;g Mega
Hzs, GiGa Hzs gks ldrh gSA
CPU dh xfr dks dbZ fo}ku clock Speed ls Hkh ekirs gS bl :i esa xfr dks
MIPS (Million Instructions per Scond) ls Hkh ekik tk ldrk gSA
Input Devices

Key board(dhcksMZ)

;g ,d lcls T;knk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh vkuykbZu buiqV fMokbl gSA ;g

QWERTY (vesjhdu VkbijkbZVj) ds fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gSA blls text ,number,
symbol vkfn dks dEI;wVj ds vanj buiqV fd;k tkrk gSA ,d LVsaMZ dh cksMZ
esa 101&104 dh gksrh gS multimedia key board esa blls vf/kd dh gksrh
gSaA
dhcksMZ dh dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ckWVk x;k gSA
Function key: - ;s F1 ls F12 (12) Keys gksrh gS izksxzkeks esa budk iz;ksx
foks"k dk;ksZ ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Alfa Numeric keypad:- bu ls vYQkosV ,oa U;wesfjd uEcj ds lkFk foks"k
fpUgksa dks dEI;wVj esa buiqV fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy;s bUgsa vYQk
U;wesfjd dh dgk tkrk gSA blls A TO Z ,a TO z, 0 TO 9 ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( )
Special key:- budh la[;k dh cksMZ esa de gksrh gS buls dEI;wVj ds
special dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA tSls screen printing , scroll lock, insert, power

button ,home ,End, Insert etc.

Control Keys- Esc, Alt, Ctrl, Shift
Navigation KeyPGDOWN

;s

Cursor Movement

ds fy;s dk;Z djrh gS

PGUP,

VsduksykWth ds vk/kkj ij dh cksMZ nks izdkj ds gksrs gS

1. Wired keyboard :- bl dhcksMZ dks dEI;wVj ls connect djus ds fy;s rkj dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl fy;s bls wired keyboard dgk tkrk gSA
2. Wireless keyboard:- bl dhcksMZ dks dEI;wVj ls connect djus ds fy;s rkj dk
iz;ksx ugh fd;k tkrk gSA bl fy;s bls wireless keyboard dgk tkrk gSA bl dh
cksMZ dks dEI;wVj ls tksMus ds fy;s ,d fjlhoj dh vko;drk gksrh gS ftls
lhihiw ls tksMk tkrk gS ;g dh cksMZ radio Frequency ds ij dk;Z djrs gSA
Mouse(ekml)
;g GUI interface esa lcls T;knk iz;ksx gksus okyh pointer input device gSA bldk
fodkl 1980 ds nkd ds ckn fd;k x;k FkkA gS bldk vkdkj ekml ds leku
gksus ds dkj.k bls ekml dgk tkrk gSA blesa dqy rhu cVu gksrs gSA Left
and Right Button vkSj chp esa ,d Scroll button gksrk gSA
ekml rhu izdkj ds gksrs gS
1. Mechanical Mouse
2. Optical Mouse
3. Wireless Mouse
Scanner (LdSuj)

LdSuj ,d vkWuykbZu buiqV fMokbl gSA blls ge lwpuk ,oa MkVk dks
dEI;wVj ds vUnj lh/ks buiqV dj ldrs gSA blls fdlh Hkh fdrkc QksVks ,oa
vU; MkVk dsk i<dj mls dEI;wVj esa QksVks ds :Ik esa lso djrk gSA blls
ge gkMZdkWih dks soft dkWih esa ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA LdSuj ds iz;ksx dk
lcls cMk ykHk ;g gS fd blesa ;wtj dks lwpuk dks Vkbi djus dh vko;drk
ugha gksrh gSA ;s fofHkUu :Ikks esa iz;ksx gksrs gS&
MICR (Megnatic Ink Character Reader)
MICR dk iz;ksx cSafdax esa vf/kd

fd;k tkrk gSA cSad esa vf/kd la[;k esa

pSd tkapus esa budk iz;ksx gksrk gSA MICR Technology esa pSd ij foks"k

pqEcdh; L;kgh }kjk dSjsDVj Nkis tkrs gSA MICR jhMj pSd ij Nkis dSjsDVj
dks pqEcdh; dkW;y ds laosnu ls i<+rk gSA buesa izdkkh; fof/k ls dksbZ
izdkk dSjsDVlZ ij ugha Mkyk tkrk gSA
OMR(Optical Mark Reader)bldk iwjk uke Optical Mark Reader

gSA ;g ,d ,slh fMokbl gS tks OMR Sheet ij

isfUly ;k isu ds fpUg dh mifLFkfr vkSj vuqmifLFkfr dks tkWprh gSA vktdy
bldk iz;ksx Competitive examination dh answer book dks Check fd;k tkrk gSA
blds iz;ksx ls de le; esa lgh ifj.kke vk tkrs gSA
OCR (Optical Character Reader)bldk iwjk uke Optical Character Recognition

gSA bldh lgk;rk ls igys ls Nis

dSjsDVjlZ ds ijLij QdZ ns[kdj OCR ekud dSjsDVjlZ ls igpku dh tkrh gSA
OCR ds QkWUV dEI;wVj esa LVksj jgrs gSA ftUgsa vkslhvkj LVS.MMZ dgrs
gSA blesa letter , Number and special symbol gksrs gSA budk iz;ksx Postal Order
dbZ cSad vius Cheque vkfn esa djrh gSA
BCR (Bar Code Reader)Barcode ekhu }kjk i<fu;

og Code gksrk gS tks Lines ds Group ds :i esa fn;k

tkrk gS ftudh eksVkbZ muds e/; ds fjDrLFkku vkfn ds ek/;e ls ml mRikn
dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA bu Barcodes dks i<us ds fy;s Handhold Scanner dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftls Barcode Reader dgk tkrk gSA
Joystick

bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa xsEl [ksyus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA tkW;fLVd ds
ek/;e ls Ldzhu ij mifLFkr vkd`fr dks vklkuh ls ewo fd;k tk ldrk gSA blij
Buttons cus gksrs gS ftUgs Trigger dgk tkrk gSA
Trackball
;g ,d pointer device

gSA ;g ekml ds leku dk;Z djrh gSA blesa ,d mHkjh

gqbZ xsan gksrh gSA vkSj nks
;k rhu cVu gksrs gS bldh xsan dks vaxqfy;ksa ;s ?kqek;k tkrk gSA ;g
ysiVkWi esa ekml dk dk;Z djrh gSA
Light Pen

YkkbZV isu dk iz;ksx dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij dksbzZ fp= ;k dk vkd`fr dk

fuek.kZ djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Hkh ,d ikabVj fMokbl gSA ykbZV isu
esa ,d QksVks lsy gksrk gSA tc ge ykbZVisu ls dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij dksbZ
fp= cukrs gSA rks bldh iYl Ldzhu ls transmit gksdj dEI;wVj esa lso gks
tkrh gSA ykbZVisu dk iz;ksx ehuw vkIku dks pquus Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vktdy bldk iz;ksx CAD(Computer Added Design) ds dk;ksZ esa vf/kd gks jgk
gSA
Touch Screen
Touch Screen

dk iz;ksx vktdy cSafdax] jsyos ] ,;jiksV ,oa ykbczsjh esa

dSVykWx Qkby dks <w<us esa fd;k tk jgk gSA iwjs Vp Ldzhu ekWfuVj
esa ,d lsulhfVo Ldzhu gksrh gSA tks cgqr lkjs fcUnqvksa ls feydj curh
gSA ftUgsa ge Vp IokWbUV dgrs gSA blesa ,d dhcksMZ Hkh gksrk
gSAftlls MkVk dks dEI;wVj ds vUnj buiqV fd;k tk ldrk gSA;g rduhdh ;wtj

QzsUMyh gksrh gSA bldks pykuk vklku gksrk gSA blesa ekml dk dk;Z
vkWxqyh
djrh gSA ftl vkWIku dks flfyDV djuk gksrk gSA mls vkWxqyh ls Vp djrs
gSA
Digitizing tablet or Graphic table
Digitizing tablet ,d drawing lrg gksrh

gSA blds lkFk ,d isu ;k ekml gksrk gSA

bl Vsfcy ij irys rkjksa dk tky gksrk gSA ftl ij isu pykrs gh ladsr dEI;wVj
esa pys tkrs gSA blds ij ,d LdSafuax gsM yxk jgrk gSA ftls id dgrs gSA
bldk iz;ksx v{kj dks bfPNr xzkfQdy fLFkfr esa ikus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
bldh lgk;rk ls xzkQ dk fuek.kZ Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy;s bls xzkQ Vsfcy
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Voice recognition

bldh lgk;rk ls ge MkVk dks dEI;wVj esa cksydj buiqV djk ldrs gSA ,oa
dEI;wVj dks Hkh vkijsV dj ldrs gSA blls MkVk dks buiqV djrs le; vkus
ckyh ijskkuh;ksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa ,d microphone dh vko;drk
gksrh gSA bl rduhdh ls MkVk dks dEI;wVj esa buiqV djuk vklku gks x;k A
blesa dEI;wVj ;g tkWp djrk gSA fd dkSu cksy jgk gS vkSj D;k cksy jgk
gSA vkSj mlds }kjk cksys x;s dekaM
;k MkVk dks Electronic Signal esa cny nsrk gSA
fMftVy dSejk
;g ,d vkWQ ykbZu buiqV fMokbl gS bldk iz;ksx QksVks [khpus ,oa LVksj
djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA blesa
,d Ldzhu gksrh gS ftl ij ge [khps x;s QksVks ns[k ldrs gSA bldks ,d LFkku
ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls
ys tk ldrs gSA
buiqV fMokbl nks izdkj dh gksrh gSaA
1. Online
2. Off line
Online input device:

os fMokbl tks dEI;wVj ls

djus dk dk;Z djrh
gSaA vkuykbZu buiqV

connect

gksdj MkVk dks buiqV

fMokbl

dgykrh

gSaA

tSls

Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joy strick, Track ball, Digiting tablet

Off line input device os fMokbl tks dEI;wVj ls plug fd;s fcuk MkVk dks collect

djds dEI;wVj esa buiqV djrh gSA vkWQ ykbZu buiqV

fMokbl dgykrh gSA dSejk ,d vkWQ ykbZu buiqV fMokbl
gSA

Output Device

nks izdkj ds gksrs gS&

(A) Hardcopy Device- buds vUrxZr ifj.kke dks Printed form esa iznku fd;k tkrk
gSA
(B) Softcopy Device- blds vUrxZr ifj.kke dks dsoy iznfkZr fd;k tkrk gS Nqvk
ugh tk ldrkA
Output Device

Monitor

,d vkmViqV fMokbl gSA bldks fotqvy fMLIys ;wfuV Hkh

dgk tkrk gSA ;g ns[kus esa Vhoh dh rjg gksrk gSA EkkWuhVj ,d
lcls egRoiw.kZ vkmViqV fMokbl gSA blds fcuk dEI;wVj v/kwjk
gksrk gSA ;g vkmViqV dks viuh Ldzhu ij Soft Copy ds :Ik esa
iznfkZr djrk gSA ekWfuVj }kjk izfnkZr jaxksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g rhu
izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1 Monochrome Monitor
Monitor

2 Gray
3. Color Monitor:-

bl izdkj ds ekWuhVj RGB (Red, Green, Blue) jaxksa ls

vkmViqV iznfkZr djrs gSA
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)Monitor- ;g rduhdh lLrh ,oa jaxhu vkmViqV nsus esa
l{ke gSA blesa fiDpj V;wc ,yhesaV gksrk gSA tks iwjkus Vhch lsV ds rjg
gksrk gSA
TFT (Thin Film Transistor)- ;g ubZ rduhdh ds ekWuhVj gSaA bls vkosfkr
jlk;uksa vkSj xSlksa dks dkWp dh IysVksa ds e/; la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA ;s
iryh fMLIys fMokblst Flat Panel Display dgykrh gSA orZeku esa ysIkVkWi LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display )Technology dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA vkt dh ubZ rduhdh LED
gSA ftldk iwjk uke Light emitting diode gSA
Characteristics of a Monitor(ekWuhVj ds eq[; y{k.k):1. Resolution (jstksywku):bldk lEcU/k fp= dh Li"Vrk gksrk gSA
ekWuhVj esa fp= dk fuek.kZ NksVs NksVs
fcUnqvksa ls feydj gksrk gS ftls fiDlsy dgk tkrk
gSA jstksywku vf/kd gksxk rks fp= dh Li"Vrk
vf/kd gksxhA
2. Refresh Rate:ekWuhVj yxkrkj dk;Z djrk jgrk gS ekWuhVj ij Image ds
cnyus dh nj dks Referesh Rate dgkW tkrk gSA ekWuhVj
esa fjQzsk jsV dks gVZt esa ukik tkrk gSA
3. Dot Pitch:nks fiDlsy ds e/; horizontal vUrj ;k nwjh Dot Pitch dgykrh
gSA
Monitor Standard- CRT Monitors ds Resolution vkSj muds }kjk iznfkZr
fd;s tkus okys Colors dh lW[;k ds vk/kkj ij bUgs rhu Hkkxks esa
ckWVk tkrk gS&
VGA= Video Graphics Array
XGA= Extended Graphics Array
SVGA=
Supper Video Garphics Array

bldk iwjk uke Video Graphics Array blds }kjk 256 dyj dks
izfnZkr fd;k tkrk FkkA bldk jstksywku 640X320 FkkA High Color okys
xse]fQYe]fofM;ks vkfn fMLkIys ugh fd;k tkrk FkkA
XGA vedio Standard : bldk iwjk uke Extended Graphics Array blds }kjk 16 fefy;u
dyj dks izfnZkr fd;k tkrk Fkk A bldk jstksywku 800X600 and 1024X768
FkkA
SVGA vedio Standard :- bldk iwjk uke Supper Video Garphics Array blds }kjk 16
fcfy;u dyj dks izfnZkr fd;k tkrk Fkk A bldk jstksywku 1024X768 and
1600X1200 FkhA
VGA vedio Standard :-

Printer

,d vkWu ykbZu vkmViqV fMokbl gSA blls vkmViqV dks dkxt ij

Nki dj izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA dkxt ij fy;s x;s vkmViqV dks hard copy dgk
tkrk gSA blds }kjk dEI;wVj ds ladsrksa dks izkd`frd Hkk"kk (English ,
Hindi) esa ifjofRkZr djds gkMZ dkWih ds :Ik esa Nirs gSaA Printering
Technology ds vk/kkj ij fizaVlZ nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
(a)
Impect Printer;g os fizVaj gksrs gS tks fizfVax djrs le;
vkokt djrs gSA ;s Printing esa nckc dk iz;ksx djrs gS blfy;s buesa
Printing esa Carbon Copy yh tk ldrh gSA Impact printer nks izdkj ds gksrs
gSA
Printer

1. Dot Matrix printer

2. Solid printer
Dot Matrix printer:-

;g ,d bEiSDV fizVaj gksrs gSA buds fizVa gSM esa fiuksa dk ,d eSfVDl
(matrix) gksrk gSA bu fiuksa ds fjcu ls VDdjkus ls dkxt ij fizafVax gksrh
gSA budh fizfVax xfr 30 ls 600 v{kj izfr lSdsaM gksrh gSA ;g fizVaj
nksuksa fnkk esa fizafVax djrs gSA ;g fizVaj fizfVax xq.koRkk ds
vk/kkj ij nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

Solid Printer
Daisy Wheel printer:-

;g ,d Bksl eqnzk&v{kj (Solid Font Printer) impact printer gSA bldk uke Msth
Oghy blfy;s iMk gS D;ksafd blds fizfVax gSM vkd`fr xqycgkj Qwy
(Msth) ds leku gksrk gSA Msth Oghy fizaVj /kheh xfr dk fizaVj gS
ysfdu bldh fizafVax Quality vkSj Li"Vrk vPNh gksrh gSA blfy;s bldk
iz;ksx i= Nkius ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA blds fizafVax gSM esa ,d pdz
(Wheel) gksrk gS A ftlds izR;sd rkus ij ,d v{kj mHkjk jgrk gS bles ,d
NksVk gSej gksrk gS tks rkus ls Vdjkrk gS vkSj rku fjcu ls fjcu ds ihNs
dkxt gksrk gS ftl ij v{kj Nki tkrk gSA Oghy /kweus ls fizafVax gksrh
gSA

Line Printer

ykbZu fizaVj os fizaVj gksrs tks ,d ckj esa ,d ykbZu dks fizaV djrs gSA
;g bEiSDV fizaVj gksrs gS A ;g rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1. Chain Printer:- bl fizaVj esa ,d pSu gksrh gSA ftls fizafVax pSu dgrs
gSA bl ij Bksl v{kj fpids jgrs gSA blesa gSej gksrs gSaA tks dEI;wVj

ds }kjk fu;f+=r gksrs gSA pSu ds ckj iwjk /kweus ls ,d ykbZu fizaV
gks tkrh gSA buls Li"V ,oa rst fizafVax gksrh gSA
2. Band Printer:- bl fizaVj esa ,d csaM gksrk gSA ftls fizafVax cSaM dgrs
gSA bl ij Bksl v{kj fpids jgrs gSA blesa gSej gksrs gSaA tks dEI;wVj
ds }kjk fu;f+=r gksrs gSA cSaM ds ckj iwjk /kweus ls ,d ykbZu fizaV
gks tkrh gSA buls Li"V ,oa rst fizafVax gksrh gSA
3. Drum Printer:- bl fizaVj esa ,d Me gksrk gSA bl ij Bksl v{kj fpids jgrs
gSA blesa gSej gksrs gSaA tks dEI;wVj ds }kjk fu;f+=r gksrs gSA bl
fizaVj esa Me ds ckj iwjk /kweus ls ,d ykbZu fizaV gks tkrh gSA buls
Li"V ,oa rst fizafVax gksrh gSA

(B) Non Impect Printer

Non Impect Printer os

fizaVj gksrs gSA tks fizafVsasx djrs le; vkokt ugha

djrs gS A ukWu bEiSDV fizaVj dgykrs gSA budh fizafVax xfr ,oa Li"Vrk
bEiSDV fizaVj ls vf/kd gksrh gSA Non Impect Printer nks izdkj ds gksrs
gSA
1. Ink Jet Printer
2. Leaser Printer
Ink Jet Printer
Ink jet printer ,d non impact printer

gSA ftlesa ,d uksty ls dkxt ij L;kgh dh

cawnksa dh ckSNkj djds dSjsDVj vkSj fp=ksa dh NikbZ dh tkrh gSA
jaxhu badtSV fizaVj esa L;kgh ds pkj uksty gksrs gSA uhye] yky]
ihyk] dkyk blfy;s bldks CYMK fizaVj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Leaser Printer

;g ukWu baEiSDV ist fizaVj gksrs gSA budh fizafVax xfr ,oa DokfyVh
cgqr vPNh gksrh gSA ystj fizaVj tsjksxzkQh rduhdh ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z
djrk gSA blesa ,d vkosfkr inkFkZ dk ysiu ;qDr Me gksrk gSA ;g Me
QksVks laosfnr gksrk gSA blds }kjk dkxt ij vkmViqV dks Nkik tkrk
gSA ystj fizaVj esa fizafVax ystj fdj.k ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS
Pinters esa fizaV dh xfr vkSj Quality dks DPI (Dot Per Inch) ls ekik tkrk gSA
Plotter

;g ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gS blls fp= ,oa xzkQ dks fizaV fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
3D printing Hkh dj ldrs gSA blds }kjk cSuj ]iksLVj vkfn dks fizaV fd;k
tkrk gSA

Sound Card & Speaker

,d Extension board gksrk gSA ftldk iz;ksx lkmUM dks Edit djus
,oa output djus esa gksrk gSA dEI;wVj esa xkus lquus] fQYe ns[kus ;k
fQj xse [ksyus ds fy;s bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk vko;d gksrk gSA vktdy ;g
lkmUM dkMZ Mother board esa inbuit gksrk gSA lkmUM dkMZ ,oa
Lihdj ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSaA lkmUM dkMZ dh lgk;rk ls gh Lihdj
/ofu mRiUu djrk gSA
Memory
Computer esa Data dks laxzfgr djus ds fy;s iz;ksx dh tkus okyh bdkbZ dks
Memory dgkW tkrk gSA
Memory dh bdkb;kW&
Sound card

Bit ;s 1 ;k 0 gks ldrh gSA

1Nibble 4 bit
2 Nibble
=
1Byte
=
8bit
1024 Byte
=
1Kilo Byte
1024 KB
=
1Mega Byte
1024 MB
=
1Giga Byte
1024 GB
=
1Tera Byte (TB)
Computer esa nks izdkj dh eseksjh gksrh gSA
A. Primay Memory
B. Secondary Memory

Primary Memory

:- bl eseksjh dks Main Memory Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g

nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

A.
RAM
B.
ROM
RAM (Randam Access Memory)
bldk iwjk uke Randam Access Memory

gSA bldh fuEu foks"krk,W gksrh gSA

1. bldks dEI;wVj dh eq[; ;k vLFkkbZ eseksjh ;k Volatile Memory dgk tkrk
gSA blesa LVksj MkVk dEI;wVj can gksus ij fMfyV gks tkrk gSA
ftldk iqu% izkIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSAblh ls gksdj MkVk Secondary
Storage Device or Processor ds ikl tkrk gSA ;g ,d Semiconditor or Filp Flop ls
feydj cuh memory gksrh gSA
SRAM:- bldk iwjk uke Staic Randam Access Memory gSAbldh data Accessing
Speed vU; jse dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA
DRAM:bldk iwjk uke Dyanamic Ramdam Access Memory gSA ;g
eseksjh tYnh tYnh fjQsk gksrh gSA Refresh dk eryc Electronic
Charge or Dischage ls gksrk gSA ;g ,d second esa gtkjks ckj Refresh
gksrh gSA vr% bldh Speed slow gksrh gSA ;g vU; jse dh vis{kk
lLrh gksrh gSA

ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM dk iwjk uke Read Only Memory

gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh Primary Memory gksrh

gSA ;g LFkkbZ eseksjh gksrh gSA blesa dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ djus okys
izFkkfed izksxzke ,oa Setting gksrh gSA ;g dEI;wVj ds enjcksMZ ij
LFkkbZ :Ik ls yxh jgrh gSA
;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. PROM 2. EPROM 3. EEPROM
1. PROM:
bldk iwjk uke Programble ROM

2. EPROM:

3. EEPROM:

gSA bl fpi esa ,d ckj izksxzke

LVksj fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ;fn izksxzke esa =qfV (Error) gksus ij
mlesa dksbZ lq/kkj ugh fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
bldk iwjk uke Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA bl fpi
esa LVksj izksxzke esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk FkkA fpi esa lq/kkj
djus ds fy;s fpi dks cksMZ ls fudky dj ijkcSxuh (ultraviolet Ray )
ds lkeus j[kk tkrk FkkA ftlls fpi esa LVksj izksxzke vkSj MkVk
dks fMfyV fd;k tkrk FkkA blds ckn iqu% izksxzke dks LVksj
fd;k tkrk FkkA tks ,d dfBu ,oa eagxh izfdz;k FkhA
bldk iwjk uke Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA
bl fpi us EPROM dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k gSA bl fpi esa LVksj

izksxzke ,oa MkVk esa lq/kkj djus ds fy;s fo/kqr dk iz;ksx fd;k
x;k FkkA blds fy;s fpi dks enjcksMZ ls fudkys dh vko;drk ugh
gksrh gSA ;g ,d ljy ,oa lLrh izfdz;k gSA vktdy ds enjcksMZ
esa blh jkse dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
Secondary Storage Device

dks Auxiliary Storage Device Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g

dEI;wVj dk Hkkx ugh gksrh gSA bldks dEI;wVj esa vyx ls tksMk tkrk gSA
blesa tks MkVk LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA Secondary Storage esa Data dks File ds :i
esa laxzfgr fd;k tkrk gSA Files dks Storage ij O;ofLFkr Store djus ds fy;s
Folders (Direcotry) dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA ,oa MkVk dks iqu% izkIr (Access)
djus fd xfr Primary Memory ls /kheh gksrh gSA
MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus ds vk/kkj ij ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
Secondary Storage Device

1. Sequential Access Storage Device:bl fdz;k esa Storage Data dks mlh

dze esa ,sDlsl fd;k tkrk gS ftl dze esa

LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA bl ,sDll fdz;k dks lhfj;y ,sDll fdz;k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
budk iz;ksx mu laLFkkuksa esa gksrk gSA tgkW ij vf/kd ek=k esa MkVk
dks LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj mldks mlh dzekuqlkj dke es fy;k tkrk gSA
iqjkus le; esa iz;ksx gksus okyh vkWfM;ks vkSj fofM;ks Vsi dSflV esa blh
esFM dk iz;ksx MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA pqEcdh; Vsi
blh dk mnkgj.k gSA
2. Index Sequential Access Method:- blesa MkVk dks sequential Access method ls gh
MkVk dks ,sDlsl fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu bles MkVk dks LVksj djrs le; ,d
baMsDl rS;kj dj fy;k tkrk gSA bl baMsDl esa ml MkVk dk lgh irk ekStwn
gksrk gSA ftldh lgk;rk ls bldks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fdrkc esa baMsDl
ist dh rjg gksrk gSA blls MkVk dk irk [kkstus esa T;knk le; u"V ugh gksrk
gSA Harddisk, Floppy esa blh Method dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
3. Direct Access Method :- blesa MkVk dks fdlh Hkh dze esa ,sDlsl fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ,oa fdlh Hkh dze esa MkVk dks LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gS Abldh ,sDlsl xfr
flfj;y ,sDlsl dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA
Type of Storage device:1. Magnetic Tape:Magnetic Tape ,d LFkkbZ f}rh;d LVksjst fMokbl gSA
blesa ,d IykfLVd ds Vsi ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ (Magnetic oxside) dk ysiu
jgrk gSA LkHkh Vsi blh izdkj ds gksrs gSA pkgs oks vkWfM;ks ]
fofM;ks ;k dEI;wVj dh LVksjst Vsi gksA
2. pqEcdh; fMLd (Magnetic Disk)pqEcdh; fMLd esa MkVk dks LVksj
djus {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA buesa Metal Plats dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
blfy;s bUgs Hard disk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA gkMZfMLd dk pqEcdh; fMLd ls
feydj cuh gksrh gSA blesa MkVk dks i<+us ,oa fy[kus ds fy;s ,d gsM
gksrk gSA fMLd dh IysV esa Track and Sector gksrs gSA lsDVj esa MkVk
LVksj gksrk gSA ,d LksDVj esa 512 ckbV MkVk LVksj gksrk gSA MkVk
dks LVksj ,oa i<+us ds fy;s rhu rjg ds le; yxrs gSA tks fuEu gS&
Seek Time:
fMLd esa MkVk dks jh< ;k jkbZV djus okys Track rd igqp es
yxk le; lhd Vkbe dgykrk gSA

Letancy time:-

Track

VkbZe dgykrk gSA

esas MkVk ds

Sector

rd igqp es yxk le; ysVsalh

esa MkVk dks fy[kus ,oa i<us esa tks le; yxrk gSA
mls Transfer Rate dgk tkrk gSA
Floppy Disk:- Floppy Disk dks fMDdsV ;k dsoy Floppy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
bldks ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk Fkk A Floppy Disk
ek;yj inkFkZ dh cuh gksrh gSA bldh lrg ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ (Magnetic Oxide )
dk ysiu jgrk gSA blesa track and Sector gksrs ftlesa MkVk dsk LVksj fd;k
tkrk gSA bldks IYkkfLVd ds doj ds vUnj j[kk tkrk gS rkfd blds ?kweus ij
[kjksap ls cpk;k tk ldsA blds fy;s ,d drive dh vko;drk gksrh gSA ftls floppy
drive dgk tkrk gSA ;gk vkdkj ,oa lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. Mini Floppy :- ;g vkdkj esa 5 inch dh gksrh gSA budh laxzg.k {kerk 1.2
MB gksrh gSA
2. Micro Floppy:- ;g vkdkj esa 3 bap dh gksrh gSA budh laxzg.k {kerk 1.44
MB gksrh gSA
Transfer Rate:-

Sector

Unit IV
Use of Communication and IT, Communication Process, Communication Types- Simplex,
Half Duplex, Full Duplex, Serial And Parallel Communication, Types Of Network - LAN,
WAN, MAN ,Internet,Topologies of LAN - Ring, Bus, Star, Mesh And Tree Topologies,
Components of LAN -Media, , World Wide Web and Applications and Internet Services.
Communication:-,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa data, hardware ds share djus ds fy;s

communication dgk tkrk gSA dEI;wVj esa communiation djus ds fy;s

muds chp networking gksuk
pkfg;s vFkkZr~ mudks vkil esa fdlh uk fdlh ek/;e ls tqMk gksuk pkfg;sA
nks dEI;wVjl dks vkil esa tksMus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr component gksuk
vko;d gSA
1. Two pc with Networking Operating System
2. Network interface card (NIC) or LAN Card
3. Protocol (Rule of Networking)
4. Media
blds ckn lHkh midj.k vkil esa tksMdj mu dEI;wVjl ds chp communication
djk ldrs gSaA
Data Transmission Technology :;g Technology rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSaA
1. Simplex Commuication :- bl communication esa ,d End dsoy
data(Signal) Hkstrk gSA
vkSj nwljk End only singnal reci ve djrk gSA simplex Communication
dgykrk gSA
bldk mnkgj.k TV, Radio gSaA
2. Half Duplex Communication:- bl Commuication esa nksauksa End
Singnal dks Hkst ldrs
gSA vkSj signal dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA nksauksa ,sa.M ,d gh le; ( ,d
LkkFk) uk Signal send dj
ldrs gSA vkSj uk flaXuy dks izkIr dj ldrs gSA tc ,d ,sa.M flaXuy Hkstrk
gSA rks ml le; nwljk
,saM flaXuy dks fjlho djrk gSA half duplex dgykrk gSA ;fn nksauksa
,.M ,d LkkFk flaxuy Hkst
nsrs gSaA muds chp VDdj gks tkrh gSA vkSj flxuy u"V gks tkrs gSaA
tSls walky talky bldk mnkgj.k gSA
3. Full Duplex Communication:- bl Commuication esa nksauksa End
Singnal ,d gh le; esa
signal Hkst ,oa fjlho dj ldrs gSA Full duplex Commuication dgykrk gSA
tSls ekscby baVjusV pSfVax vkfn A
49

Data Communication Technique:- ;g rduhdh rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA

Unicaste:- ;g ou Vw ou communication gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ,d le;
esa ,d gh dEI;wVj ls
communication fd;k tkrk gSA unicaste Communication dgykrk gSA

 Multicaste:- ;g ou Vw esuh (group) communication gksrk gSA

vFkkZr~ ,d le; esa ,d lewg ls
communication fd;k tkrk gSA malticaste Communication dgykrk gSA
Broadcaste :- ;g ou Vw vky communication gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ,d le;
esa lHkh dEI;wVjl ls
communication fd;k tkrk gSA Broadcaste Communication dgykrk gSA
Toplogy
Computers dks vkil esa tksMus ,oa mlesa MkVk Flow dh fof/k
VksiksykWth dgykrh gSA
;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. Physical:- bl VksiksykWth esa computers or devices dks Physical :Ik
ls tksMk tkrk gSA
2. Logical:- Network esa MkVk Flow gksus dh izfdz;k ykftdy
VksiksykWth dgykrh gSA
3.
Type of Topology
Bus Topology:- Bus Topology esa ,d csdcksu dsfoy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA ftlls LkHkh dEI;wVj ,oa
usVodZ fMokbl dks tksMk Tkkrk gSA lHkh fMokbl ,d flfj;y dze esa twMh
jgrh gSaA dsfoy ds izkjaHk ,oa var esa
,d foks"k izdkj dk midj.k yxk jgrk gSA ftls terminator dgrs gSA ;g flaxuy
dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
blesa csdcksu dsfcy ds :Ik esa coxial Cable dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
Data dks send djus ds fy;s
Half Duplex and Broadcaste Technology dk iz;ksx djrh gSA
ykHk%&
bldks LFkkfir djuk vklku gksrk gSA
blesa de dsfoy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
blesa usVodZ leL;k dks vklkuh ls gVk;k tkrk gSA
dksbZ ,d fMokbl [kjkc gksus ij usVodZ dke djrk jgrk gSA
gkfu%&
back bone cable [kjkc gksus ij iwjk usVodZ dke djuk can dj nsrk gSA
blesa Broadcasting dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls performance izHkkfor
gksrk gSA
cMk usVodZ ugh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
blesa vf/kdre 10Mbps speed gksrh gSA tks cgqr de gSA
50

Star Topology:- bl VksiksykWth esa lHkh dEI;wVj dks ,d gksLV

dEI;wVj ;k usVodZ fMokbl dh lgk;rk ls
vkil esa tksMk tkrk gSA
YkkHk%&
bldh ykxr de gksrh gSA

 ,d dEI;wVj (Node) [kjkc gksus ij iwjk usVodZ [kjkc ugh gksrk gSA
bldh data transfer speed rst gksrh gSA
blesa u;s dEI;wVj dks vklkuh ls tksM ldrs gSA
bldk j[k[kko vklu ,oa lLrk gksrk gSA
gkfu%&
gksLV dEI;wVj [kjkc gksus ij iwjk usVodZ [kjkc gks tkrk gSA
Mesh Topology:- bl VksiksykWth esa dEI;wVj ;k usVodZ fMokbl dks vkil
esa dbZ baVjdusku ls tksMk
tkrk gSA blesa ,d uksM dks vU; lHkh uksM ls tksMk tkrk gSA esk
VksiksykWth dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx loZj
lkbZM fd;k tkrk gSA
ykHk%&
blesa usVodZ dHkh Mkmu ugh gksrk gSA
gkfu%&
;g eagxk usVoVZ gksrk gSA
;g complex network gksrk gS bldks LFkkfir djuk dfBu gksrk gSA
51

Tree Topology:- ;g ,d fefJr VksiksykWth gSA ;g nks ;k nks ls vf/kd

VksiksykWth ls feydj gksrk gSA
bles ,d back bone cable gksrh gSA ftlls lHkh usVodZ dks tksMk tkrk gSA
bldk vkdkj o`{k dh rjg gksus
ls bldks tree topology dgk tkrk gSA
YkkHk%&
blls cMs usVodZ dks tksMk tkrk gSA
gkfu%&
bldks cuuk dfBu gksrk gSA
;g eagxh gksrh gSA
bldks lq/kkjuk dfBu gksrk gSaA
Ring Topology:- blesa lHkh dEI;wVjl dks fjax vkdkj esa tksMk tkrk gSA
blesa tks dEI;wVj iz;ksx fd;s tkrs
gSA blesa nwljh vU; usVodZ fMokbl dk iz;ksx ugh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g NksVs
usVodZ esa iz;ksx gksrh gSA
YkkHk%&
blesa MkVk lqjf{kr jgrk gSA
;g ,d ljy ,oa lLrh VksiksykWth gSA
52

gkfu%&
bldh xfr /kheh gksrh gSA
blls cMs usVodZ dks rS;kj ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
blesa MkVk Hkstrs le; VDdj gksus dk Mj jgrk gSA
Type of Network
Physical ,oa HkkSxksfyd {kS= ds vk/kkj ij usVodZ rhu izdkj ds gksrs
gSA

 LAN
WAN
MAN
LAN Network:bldk iwjk uke Local Area Network gSAblls nks ;k nks ls vf/kd dEI;wVjl ,oa
vU; fMokbl dks vkil
esa tksMk tkrk gSA ;g ,d dejs ;k ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer jgrk gSA ;g ,d csfld
usVodZ gksrk gSA ysu
usVodZ esa dEI;wVj dks vko;drk ds vuqlkj vkil esa fofHkUUk izdkj ls
tksMk tkrk gSA dEI;wVj dks vkil esa
tksMus dh izfdz;k dks VksiksykWth dgk tkrk gSA
foks"krk,sa%&
;g ,d dejs ;k ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer jgrk gSA
Bldh MkVk transfer speed rst gksrh gSA
blesa ckgjh usVodZ dks fdjk; ij ugh ysuk gksrk gSA
blesa MkVk lqjf{kr jgrk gSA
bldks Maintane djuk vklku gksrk gSA
53

WAN Network:bldk iwjk uke Wide Area Network gSA ;g {kS=Qy dh n`f"V ls cMk
usVodZ gksrk gSA ;g usVodZ ,d
fcfYMax rd lhfer ugh gksrk gSA gSAblesa nwljh daiuh dh ykbZu dks
fdjk;s ij fy;k tkrk gSA ;g eagxk
usVodZ gksrk gSA ;g ysu usVodZ ls feydj curk gSA blds }kjk nks vyx
vyx vkWfQl dks vkil esa tksMk
tkrk blesa MkVk dks lqjf{kr Hkstk ,oa izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
foks"krk,W%&
;g VPN connection ds }kjk vkil esa tqMs jgrs gSA bldk iwjk uke
Virtual Private Network
gksrk gSA
MAN Network:bldk iwjk uke Metropolitan Area Network gSA bl usVodZ ls ,d 'kgj dks
nwljs 'kgj ;k ,d nsk ls
nwljs nsk dks vkil esa tksMk tkrk gS A ;g mPp xfr okyk usVodZ gksrk
gSA ;g ysu ,oa osu usVodZ ls feydj
cuk gksrk gS bles mixzg ,oa Qkboj vkiVhdy dsfoy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa
blesa usVodZ dks vkil esa
tksMus ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj dh usVodZ fMokbl dk iz;kdx fd;k tkrk gSA
bldk j[kj[kko dfBu gksrk gSA
tks fofHkUUk daiuh;ksa ds lg;ksx ls gksrk gSA
Component of LAN
Computer

 NIC (Network Interface Card) or LAN Card

Protocol
Media (Cable or Connector)
Computer:- : LAN esa dEI;wVjl dks vkil esa tksMk tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;g
usVodZ dh eq[; ;wfuV gksrh gSA
NIC:- bldk iwjk uke Network Interfacr card gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ,d dEI;wVj
dks nwljs dEI;wVj dks
dsfcy ls tksMk tkrk gSA ;g usVodZ dk lcls egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gksrk gSA
Protocol:- Computer esa fofHkUu usVodZl esa vkil esa dE;wfudsku
djkus ds fy;s dqN fu;e gksrs gSA ftls
izksVksdkWy dgk tkrk gSA ;g fu;e software ds :Ik esa gksrs gSA
Media:- fefM;k dk eryc usVosdZ esa dsfcy ,oa connter ls gksrk gSA
54

Unit - V
Software and Its Need, Types of Software - System Software,
Application Software,
System Software - Operating System, Utility Program, Programming
Languages,
Assemblers, Compilers And Interpreter, Programming LanguagesMachine, Assembly,
High Level, 4GL, Their Merits And Demerits, Application Software and
its Types Word- Processing, Spreadsheet, Presentation Graphics, Data Base
Management Software,
Characteristics, Virus-Working Principles, Types of Viruses, Virus
Detection and
Prevention Methods .
Computer Software
System Software Application Software
Utility Software
Need of Software :- Computer Hardware and Software ls feydj curk
gSA dEI;wVj esa gkMZos;j
dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s dEI;wVj esa mlds dk;Z dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk iMrk gSA
rkfd og vius dk;Z dks vPNh
rjg ls dj ldsA blds dk;Z dks Software ds ek/;e ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx
djus ds Software dh vko;drk gksrh gS A dEI;wVj esa fdlh dk;Z dks djus
ds fy;s ,d software dh
vko;drk gksrh gSA
dEI;wVj esa hardware and Software ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSA
Software :- Computer dksbZ Hkh dk;Z vius vki ugh djrk gSa mlls dk;Z
djuk ds fy;s mls igys

ifjHkkf"kr djuk iMrk gSA ftlds fy;s Computer language dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA vFkkZr~
Software Commands dk lewg gksrk gSA ftlesa dekWMl dks rkfdZd dze
esa tek;k tkrk gSA software
dgykrk gSA
Software nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
System Software
Application Software
55

System Software:- ;g ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd izksxzke dk lewg gksrk gSA bl

software ds }kjk dEI;wVj
,oa mlds gkMZos;j dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA System Software dgykrs
gSA
buds }kjk fuEufyf[kr dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA
1. ;g ;wtj ,oa gkMZos;j ds chp interface dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA
2. ;g Application Software dks execute djus ds fy;s IysVQkeZ miYkC/k
djrs gSA
3. Uk;s gkMZos;j dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s lg;ksx iznku djrs gSA
4. ;g dEI;wVj dks esUVsUl dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
5. ;g dEI;wVj dks fu;af=r djrs gSA
dqN egROkiw.kZ System Software fuEufyf[kr gSA
Operating System:- izR;sd Computer esa vkWijsfVax dh vko;drk
gksrh gSA fcuk blds dEI;wVj
dks iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ;wtj ,oa dEI;wVj ds chp bUVjQsl dk
fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA
Programming Language Translators:- Computer language esa tks
Translator iz;ksx gksrs
gSA og flLVe software gksrs gSA tks dEI;wVj Hkk"kk dks ekhu Hkk"kk
esa cnyrs gSA vkSj ekhu Hkk"kk dks
dEI;wVj Hkk"kk esaA
Communication Software :- vktdy ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa
MkVk dks Transfer fd;k
tkrk gSA ftlesa System Software dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Utility Software:- bu Software dh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj dk j[kj[kko fd;k tkrk
gSA ;wfVfyVh
software dgykrs gSA tSls Defregmenter, diskcleanup, backup, system
restore vkfnA
Application Software:- ;g os izksxzke gksrs gSA ftudk iz;ksx ;wtj vius
Daily ruten ds dk;Z djrk
gSA ;g izksxzke flLVe software ds ij fuHkZj jgrs gSA budk fuek.kZ
dEI;wVj Hkk"kk esa fd;k tkrk gSA

vktdy gtkjksa Application Software miyC/k gSA ftudh lgk;rk ls vkius

dk;Z dks vklkuh ls fd;k
tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k%& Word prossing software, Database software, Graphic
Software vkfnA
56

Computer Languages
Machine Language Assembly language High level Language
Language:- Hkk"kk dk eryc gksrk gSA ftl ds ek/;e ls ge vius fopkj O;Dr
djrs gSA 'kCnksa ds lewg dks
Hkk"kk dgk tkrk gSA dEI;wVj ls dk;Z djkus ds fy;s ftl Hkk"kk esa vius
fopkjksa dks O;Dr djrs gSA vFkkZr
dEI;wVj ftl Hkk"kk dks le>rk gS dEI;wVj Hkk"kk dgykrh gSA
dEI;wVj ds fodkl ds vk/kkj ij ;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. Machine Language:- ;g og Hkk"kk gksrh gSA tks dEI;wVj le>rk gSA
bls ckbujh Hkk"kk Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k x;k Fkk A blesa
izksxzkfeax djuk dfBu gksrk gSA
blesa fy[ks x;s izksxzke rhoz xfr ls ju gksrs gSA D;ksa fd bl ij lh/ks
izkslsaflax dh tkrh gSA bldk dk
vkmViqV Hkh blh Hkk"kk esa vkrk gSA blesa izksxzkfeax djuk dfBu
gksrk gSA blesa error Finding dfBu
gksrk gSA ;g ekhu ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk gksrh gSA
01010101010101010111100000
2. Assembly Language :- Machine language dh deh;ksa dks nwj djus ds
fy;s vklsEcyh Hkk"kk
dk fodkl fd;k x;k A blesa ckbZujh Hkk"kk ds LFkku ij Numanic code dk
iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
ftudks ;kn j[kuk vklku Fkk A bu dksM dks ekkhu Hkk"kk es cnyus ds
fy;s vklsEcyj dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk Fkk tks ,d flLVe Software gSA
bl Hkk"kk esa izksxzkfeax djuk ljy gksrk gSA ekhu Hkk"kk dh vis{kkA
blesa error Finding ljy gksrk gSA ,oa izksxzke esa lq/kkj djuk ljy gksrk
gSA
bldk iz;ksx f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVj esa fd;k x;k FkkA
buds izksxzke dks igys ekhu Hkk"kk esa cnyk tkrk FkkA ftlls budh xfr
ekhu Hkk"kk ls de gksrh gSA
;g ekhu ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk gksrh gSA blds fy;s nwljs software dh
vko;drk gksrh gSA
Code :- HLT, ADD , CLA , SUB, STA vkfnA
3. High Level Lanuage:- Assembley Language dh deh;ksa dks nwj djus
ds fy;s gkbZ ysfoy

Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k x;k A blesa dksM ds LFkku ij dEI;wVj esa vaxzth
Hkk"kk esa funsZk fn;s tkus yxsA
ftl ls izksxzke dks le>uk ,oa fy[kuk vklku gks x;k gSA ;g ekhu ij vk/kkfjr
Hkk"kk ugh gksrh gSA
blesa izksxzke dks ekhu Hkk"kk esa cnyus ds fy;s compiler and
Interperter dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
57

vktdy dEI;wVj esa izksxzkfeax djus ds fy;s blh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk
jgk gSA bl Hkk"kk dks dk;Z ds
vk/kkj ij nks oxksZ esa ckaVk x;k gSA
1. Prosesser oriented language 2. Object oriented language
YkkHk%&
1. Machine Indepentent :- bl Hkk"kk esa izksxzkfeax djus ds y;s fdlh
foks"k dEI;wVj dh vko;drk
ugh gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj ij izksxzke cukdj fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj ij pyk
ldrs gSA
2. fl[kuk ,oa iz;ksx djuk vklku%& bl Hkk"kk esa vaxzth dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA ftlls bldks fl[kuk
,oa iz;ksx djuk vklku gksrk gSA
3. Fewer Error:- blesa cgqr de xyrh gksrh gSA ;fn gksrh gSA rks mudks
vklkuh ls nwj dj fy;k tkrk
gSA
4. blesa izksxzkfeax djuk lLrk gksrk gSA D;ksafd blesa dksbZ foks"k
gkMZos;j dh vko;drk ugh gksrh gSA
5. Better documentation :- blesa izksxzke dk Documentation djuk ljy
gksrk gSA
dEkh%&
Lower Efficiency
Less flexibility
Some High level Languages:1. ForTran:- bldk iwjk uke Formula Translation Lanuage gSA bldk fodkl
IBM
Company ds Engineer John Backus ds }kjk QkewZyk dks Translate djus
ds fy;s lu~
1958 fd;k x;k FkkA
2. COBOL:- bldk iwjk uke Common Busssinus oriented language gSA
bldk fodkl
1959 esa O;kikfjd dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA
3. BASIC :- bldk iwjk uke Beginer all purposes symbolic instruction code
gSA bldk
fodkl lu~ 1964 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
58

4G Languages

os Hkk"kk;sa ftudk iz;ksx pkSFkh ih<+h ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k x;k mUgsa
4G Language dgk tkrk gSA tSls java,
.net etc. ;g Hkk"kk,sa ekhu ij fuHkZj ugha gksrh gSA ;g vkWCtsd
vksfj;UVfMM gksrh gSA
buesa izksxzkfeax djuk ljy gksrk gSA
Compiler
Compiler ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks
gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk ds izksxzke dks
ekhu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA vkSj blds ckn ekhu Hkk"kk ds dksM dsk
izkslsflax ds fy;s Hkstk tkrk gSA izkslsflax ds
ckn tks ifj.kke vkrk gS mls ;wtj Hkk"kk esa cnyk tkrk gSA ;g iwjs
izksxzke dks ,d LkkFk ekhu dksM esa cnyk
tkrk gSA
High level Language input Output Machine Language
Source Program One to Many Corrospmdance Object Program
Interpreter
Interpreter ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks
gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk ds izksxzke dks
ekhu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA ;g ,d ,d LVsVesaV esa ekhu Hkk"kk esa
cnyrk gSA ,oa mldks ju djds mlds
ifj.kke dks rqjar izfnsZkr djrk gSA ;g Compiler ls /khek gksrk gSA ;g
eseksjh esa de txg dks ?ksjrk gSA
blesa dksM dks repeat djus ds vko;drk ugh gksrh gSA
High level Language input Output Machine Language
Source Program Statement to Staement Result of Program Excution
Assembler
Assembler ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks
assembley Hkk"kk ds izksxzke
dks ekhu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA vkSj ekhu Hkk"kk dks Assembley
language esa cnyrk gSA
Assembly Language input Output Machine Language
Compiler
Interpreter
Assembler

59

VIRUS
VIRUS dk iwjk uke Vital Information Resource Under Seze gSA ok;jl
dEI;wVj esa NksVs & NksVs
izksxzke gksrs gSA tks autoexecute program gksrs tks dEI;wVj esa
izosk djds dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks
izHkkfor djrs gSA ok;jl dgykrs gSA
ekuo 'kjhj esa ok;jl izosk djds ftl rjg ekuo 'kjhj dks izHkkfor djrs gSA mlh
rjg dEI;wVj ok;jl

dEI;wVj esa izosk djds dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor djrs gSA
ysfdu ;g ekuo 'kjhj ok;jl ls fcYdqy
fHkUu gksrs gSA
bfrgkl %&
dEI;wVj esa ok;jl 'kCn dk iz;ksx lcls igys dsyhQksfu;k foofo/kky; ds ,d
Nk= QsM dksgsu (Fred
Cochen) us vius 'kks/k i= esa fd;k Fkk A bl 'kks/k i= esa ;g nkkZ;k x;k
FkkA dh fdl izdkj izksxzke fy[kk
tk; fd tks dEI;wVj esa izosk djds mldh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor djs A ftl
izdkj ekuo 'kjhj esa ok;jl
izosk djds ekuo 'kjhj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
lu~ 1980 ds nkd esa ok;jl ds ckjs esa dksbZ ugh turk FkkA
vk/kqfud ok;jl C Brain dks dgk tkrk gSA bldk fuek.kZ 1986 esa ikfdLrku
ds nks HkkbZ;ksa ckflr ,oa vetn
us fd;k FkkA ;g nksuksa dEI;wVj software dk O;kikj djrs FksA C Brain
Virus us foo es Hkkjh uqdlku
fd;k FkkA blds ckn dbZ ok;jl dk fuek.kZ fd;k x;k A tks vyx vyx izdkj ls
dk;Z djrs gSA
y{k.k%&
1. Computer dh xfr /kheh gks tkrh gSA
2. Dh cksMZ dh dh dk dk;Z cny tkrk gSA
3. blesa QkbZy dh lkbTk de ;k T;knk gks tkrh gSA
4. Ldzhu ij csdkj dh lwpuk;sa vkus yxrh gSA
5. fMLd dks QkWesZV dj nsrk gSA
6. QkbZYk ,oa QksYMj dk fuek.kZ djrk gSA vkSj mlds 'kkVZdV dk
fuek.kZ djrs gSA
7. dEI;wVj esa vko;d lwpukvksa dks u"V dj nsrk gSA
8. dEI;wVj jhLVkVZ gksus yxrk gSA
9. dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dks de dj nsrk gSA
10. izksxzke ju gksus ls jksdrk gSA
60

ok;jl QSyus ds dkj.k %&

1. pksjh ;k udyh software dk iz;ksx djus ls%& tks Software xSj dkuwuh
rjhds ls izkIr gksrs gSA
Pirated Software dgykrs gSA;g software virus gks ldrs gSA
2. Network ls%& dEI;wVj usVodZ esa ,d dEI;wVj esa ok;jl vkus ls iwjs
usVodZ ds iwjs dEI;wVjl esa
ok;jl QSy tkrk gSA
3. CD and Pen Drive ls%& ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa MkVk dkWih
djus ds fy;s lhMh ;k isu
drive dk iz;ksx djrs gSA ftlls ok;jl QSyus dk Mj cuk jgrk gSA ftl dEI;wVj ls
MkVk dks dkWih

fd;k tk jgk gSA vkSj ;fn mlesa ok;jl gS nwljs dEI;wVj esa Hkh ok;jl QSy
tkrk gSA
4. Internet ls%& vktdy baVjusV dks ok;jl dk eq[; okgd ekuk tkrk gSA
ok;jl fuekZrk ok;jl dks
QSykus ds fy;s baVjusV dk iz;ksx djrs gSA tks ,d ljy ,oa lLrk ek/;e gksrk
gsA
Okk;jl ds izdkj (Type of virus):Okk;jl dks muds dk;Z ,oa fl}kar ds vk/kkj ij dbZ oxksZ esa ckWVk x;k
gSA tks fuEu gSA
Boot Sector Virus:- ;g ok;jl fMLd ds cwV lsDVj ,sfj;k esa lso jgrs gSA
vkSj tc dEI;wVj dks
LVkVZ fd;k tkrk gSA rks ;g dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ gksus ls jksdrs gSA vkSj
dEI;wVj dk;Z esa ck/kk mRiUu
djrs gSA ;g ogqr [krjukd ok;jl gksrs gSA
Partition table virus:- ;g ok;jl fMLd dh partition table dks uqdlku
igqpkrs gSA blls MkVk
dks dksbZ uqdlku ugh gksrk gSA ;g jse dh {kerk dks de dj nsrs gSA ,oa
buiqV ,oa vkmViqV fMokbl
es problem djrs gSA
File Virus:- ;g ok;jl fdz;kafor gksus okyh QkbZyksa ds lkFk tqMdj
dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kyh dks
izHkkfor djrs gSA
Stealth Virus (xqIr ok;jl ):- ;g ok;jl vius uke ds vuqlkj viuh igpku
Nqikus dh dksfkk
djrs jgrs gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA
Polymorphic Virus:- ;g ok;jl vius vki esa ckj ckj cnys dh {kerk j[krs
gSA rkfd ;g vius
vkidks dEI;wVj esa dkQh fnuksa rd lqjf{kr j[krs gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dks
uqdlku igqpkrs gSA vkSj budk
irk yxk ikuk dfBu gksrk gSA D;ksafd ;g gj ckj fcYdqy u;s :Ik esa gksrs
gSA
Macro Virus:- ;g foks"k izdkj dh QkbZyksa dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA ;g
MS Office Files ds MkVk
dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA vkSj ;g esdzks izksxzke ds :Ik esa fNis jgrs gSA
61

dqN egRoiw.kZ ok;jl dk ifjp; fuEu gSA

Ekkbdy ,saftyks ok;jl %& ;g ok;jl ekbdy ,saftyks ds tUe fnol 6
March dks dEI;wVj dks
uqdlku igqpkrk gSA bl fnu nqfu;k esa vf/kdkak dEI;wVj can jgrs gSA ;g
ok;jl dsoy ,d fnu gh
dk;Z djrk gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dks Hkkjh uqdlku igqpkrk gSA

 Disk washer :- ;g ok;jl fMLd dks Format djds MkVk dks gVkrk gSA
vkSj ckn esa ,d eSlst
NksMrk gSA Disk washer with Love blds bl eSlst ds vk/kkj ij bldk ;g uke
iMkA
Bomb :- ce lkekU; izksxzke esa fNik gqvk ,d dk;Zdze gksrk gSA ce
fdlh dzksf/kr deZpkjh ds }kjk
dk;ZfUor fd;k tkrk gSA lkWQVos;j esa ce Hkh Mkyus ds mnkgj.k feyrs
gSA rkfd ;fn pksjh dh gqbZ
software dk iz;ksx fd;k tk; rks ce ml izfr dks gkMZ fMLd ls feVk nsA ;g
ok;jl rFkk Trojans
dh rjg gh ;wtj ce dh mis{kk djrs gSA
Trojans:- ;g ,slk izksxzke gSA tks dqN mi;ksxh rFkk ykHkdkjh dk;Z
djus dk nkok djrs gSA rFkk oLrq%
fdz;kfUor fd;s tkus ij flLVe dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA dqN bl izdkj ds ok;jl
ladzfer gksrs dh
viuk dk;Z ugha djrs cfYd ,d foks"k fnukad vkus ds ckn lfdz; gksrs gSA
rFkk dEI;wVj dks uqdlku
igqpkrs gSA tSls gkMZfMLd dks QkWjesV djuk A
Worms(okWe)%& okWe ,d izdkj ls ok;jl ls lekurk j[krk gSA D;ksafd ;g
Hkh ok;jl dh rjg vius
vki dks nqxuk djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA ijUrq ;g fdz;kUo;u ;ksX; Qkbyksa
dks ladzfer ugha djrk gSA
;g vius dksM dks rsth ls nqgjkrs gq;s gkMZfMLd dks Qqy djus dh
dksfkk djrk gSA
Email Hoaxes(besy gksDl)%& ;g ok;jl bZ esy dh lgk;rk ls Hkstk x;k
ok;jl gksrk ;g ;wtj
dks ok;jl gksus dh lwpuk nsrk gSA vkSj ;g vius fe=ksa dks lwfpr djus
dks dgrk gSA tcfd okLro esa
,slk dqN Hkh ugh gksrk gSa ;g ok;jl ;wtj dk le; u"V djrk gSA vkSj
ekfuld :Ik ls ijskku djrk
gSA
Companions:- ;g ok;jl fdz;kUo;u ;ksX; QkbZyksa ds lkFk tqM tkrk gSA
vkSj Qkbyksa ds LFkku ij
vius vki dks ju djrk gS ftlls [krjukd ifj.kke vkrs gSA
Okk;jl ls Ckpko ,oa vfHkKku (Virus Prevention and Detection)
%&
Okk;jl ls cpko djuk dksbZ dfBu dk;Z ugh gSA blds fy;s gesa FkksM+h ls
tkudkjh ,oa dqN utility software
dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA dEI;wVj esa orginal antivirus dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s
A ;g oftware vius vki
fdz;kfUor gksdj ok;jl dk irk yxkrs gSA vkSj mldks dEI;wVj ls gVk nsrs
gSA le; le; ij antivirus dks

vkiMsV djrs jguk pkfg;s rkfd ;g u;s ok;jl dk Hkh irk yxk lds A vktdy cktkj
es dbZ daiuh;sa
antivirus dk fuek.kZ djrh gSA ftles ls viuh vko;rk ds vuqlkj antivirus
[kjhn dj iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s
AdqN yksdfiz; ok;jl izfrjks/kd fuEu gSa
McAfee Virus Scan, K5 Total Securirty, Nortron Anti Virus
vyx vyx antivius esa vyx vyx foks"krk,sa gksrh gSA