Interview Questions on Java

What if the main method is declared as private?

The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give "Main method not
public." message.

What is meant by pass by reference and pass by value in Java?

Pass by reference means, passing the address itself rather than passing the value.
Pass by value means passing a copy of the value.

If you’re overriding the method equals() of an object, which other method you
might also consider?

hashCode()

What is Byte Code?

Or

What gives java it’s “write once and run anywhere” nature?

All Java programs are compiled into class files that contain bytecodes. These byte
codes can be run in any platform and hence java is said to be platform
independent.

Expain the reason for each keyword of public static void main(String args[])?

public- main(..) is the first method called by java environment when a program is
executed so it has to accessible from java environment. Hence the access specifier
has to be public.

static: Java environment should be able to call this method without creating an
instance of the class , so this method must be declared as static.

void: main does not return anything so the return type must be void

The argument String indicates the argument type which is given at the command line
and arg is an array for string given during command line.

What are the differences between == and .equals() ?

Or

what is difference between == and equals

Or

Difference between == and equals method

Or

What would you use to compare two String variables - the operator == or the method
equals()?

Or

How is it possible for two String objects with identical values not to be equal
under the == operator?

The == operator compares two objects to determine if they are the same object in
memory i.e. present in the same memory location. It is possible for two String
objects to have the same value, but located in different areas of memory.

== compares references while .equals compares contents. The method public boolean
equals(Object obj) is provided by the Object class and can be overridden. The
default implementation returns true only if the object is compared with itself,
which is equivalent to the equality operator == being used to compare aliases to
the object. String, BitSet, Date, and File override the equals() method. For two
String objects, value equality means that they contain the same character
sequence. For the Wrapper classes, value equality means that the primitive values
are equal.

public class EqualsTest {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String s1 = "abc";
String s2 = s1;
String s5 = "abc";
String s3 = new String("abc");
String s4 = new String("abc");
System.out.println("== comparison : " + (s1 == s5));
System.out.println("== comparison : " + (s1 == s2));
System.out.println("Using equals method : " + s1.equals(s2));
System.out.println("== comparison : " + s3 == s4);
System.out.println("Using equals method : " + s3.equals(s4));
}
}

Output
== comparison : true
== comparison : true
Using equals method : true
false
Using equals method : true

What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?

Or

What if I do not provide the String array as the argument to the method?

Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error "NoSuchMethodError".

Why oracle Type 4 driver is named as oracle thin driver?

Oracle provides a Type 4 JDBC driver, referred to as the Oracle “thin” driver.
This driver includes its own implementation of a TCP/IP version of Oracle’s Net8
written entirely in Java, so it is platform independent, can be downloaded to a
browser at runtime, and does not require any Oracle software on the client side.
This driver requires a TCP/IP listener on the server side, and the client
connection string uses the TCP/IP port address, not the TNSNAMES entry for the
database name.
What is the difference between final, finally and finalize? What do you understand
by the java final keyword?

Or

What is final, finalize() and finally?

Or

What is finalize() method?

Or

What is the difference between final, finally and finalize?

Or

What does it mean that a class or member is final?

o final - declare constant

o finally - handles exception
o finalize - helps in garbage collection

Variables defined in an interface are implicitly final. A final class can't be

extended i.e., final class may not be subclassed. This is done for security
reasons with basic classes like String and Integer. It also allows the compiler to
make some optimizations, and makes thread safety a little easier to achieve. A
final method can't be overridden when its class is inherited. You can't change
value of a final variable (is a constant). finalize() method is used just before
an object is destroyed and garbage collected. finally, a key word used in
exception handling and will be executed whether or not an exception is thrown. For
example, closing of open connections is done in the finally method.

What is the Java API?

The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide
many useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI) widgets.

What is the GregorianCalendar class?

The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars.

What is the ResourceBundle class?

The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be

loaded by a program to tailor the program's appearance to the particular locale in
which it is being run.

Why there are no global variables in Java?

Global variables are globally accessible. Java does not support globally
accessible variables due to following reasons:

* The global variables breaks the referential transparency

* Global variables creates collisions in namespace.

How to convert String to Number in java program?

The valueOf() function of Integer class is is used to convert string to Number.

Here is the code example:
String numString = "1000";
int id=Integer.valueOf(numString).intValue();

What is the SimpleTimeZone class?

The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar.

What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement?

A while statement (pre test) checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the
next loop iteration should occur. A do while statement (post test) checks at the
end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should occur. The do
statement will always execute the loop body at least once.

What is the Locale class?

The Locale class is used to tailor a program output to the conventions of a

particular geographic, political, or cultural region.

Describe the principles of OOPS.

There are three main principals of oops which are called Polymorphism, Inheritance
and Encapsulation.

Explain the Inheritance principle.

Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another
object. Inheritance allows well-tested procedures to be reused and enables changes
to make once and have effect in all relevant places

What is implicit casting?

Implicit casting is the process of simply assigning one entity to another without
any transformation guidance to the compiler. This type of casting is not permitted
in all kinds of transformations and may not work for all scenarios.

Example

int i = 1000;

long j = i; //Implicit casting

Is sizeof a keyword in java?

The sizeof operator is not a keyword.

What is a native method?

A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java.

In System.out.println(), what is System, out and println?

System is a predefined final class, out is a PrintStream object and println is a

built-in overloaded method in the out object.

What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism

Or

Explain the Polymorphism principle. Explain the different forms of Polymorphism.

Polymorphism in simple terms means one name many forms. Polymorphism enables one
entity to be used as a general category for different types of actions. The
specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation.

Polymorphism exists in three distinct forms in Java:

• Method overloading
• Method overriding through inheritance
• Method overriding through the Java interface

What is explicit casting?

Explicit casting in the process in which the complier are specifically informed to
about transforming the object.

Example

long i = 700.20;

int j = (int) i; //Explicit casting

What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?

The Java Virtual Machine is software that can be ported onto various hardware-
based platforms

What do you understand by downcasting?

The process of Downcasting refers to the casting from a general to a more specific
type, i.e. casting down the hierarchy

What are Java Access Specifiers?

Or

What is the difference between public, private, protected and default Access
Specifiers?

Or

What are different types of access modifiers?

Access specifiers are keywords that determine the type of access to the member of
a class. These keywords are for allowing
privileges to parts of a program such as functions and variables. These are:
• Public : accessible to all classes
• Protected : accessible to the classes within the same package and any
subclasses.
• Private : accessible only to the class to which they belong
• Default : accessible to the class to which they belong and to subclasses within
the same package

Which class is the superclass of every class?

Object.
Name primitive Java types.

The 8 primitive types are byte, char, short, int, long, float, double, and
boolean.

What is the difference between static and non-static variables?

Or

What are class variables?

Or

What is static in java?

Or

What is a static method?

A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with
specific instances of a class. Each object will share a common copy of the static
variables i.e. there is only one copy per class, no matter how many objects are
created from it. Class variables or static variables are declared with the static
keyword in a class. These are declared outside a class and stored in static
memory. Class variables are mostly used for constants. Static variables are always
called by the class name. This variable is created when the program starts and
gets destroyed when the programs stops. The scope of the class variable is same an
instance variable. Its initial value is same as instance variable and gets a
default value when its not initialized corresponding to the data type. Similarly,
a static method is a method that belongs to the class rather than any object of
the class and doesn't apply to an object or even require that any objects of the
class have been instantiated.
Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the
type of the object, and static methods are attached to a class, not an object. A
static method in a superclass can be shadowed by another static method in a
subclass, as long as the original method was not declared final. However, you
can't override a static method with a non-static method. In other words, you can't
change a static method into an instance method in a subclass.

Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance.

What is the difference between the boolean & operator and the && operator?

If an expression involving the boolean & operator is evaluated, both operands are
evaluated, whereas the && operator is a short cut operator. When an expression
involving the && operator is evaluated, the first operand is evaluated. If the
first operand returns a value of true then the second operand is evaluated. If the
first operand evaluates to false, the evaluation of the second operand is skipped.

How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows?

It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type
allowed by the operation.

What if I write static public void instead of public static void?

Program compiles and runs properly.

What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable?

In declaration we only mention the type of the variable and its name without
initializing it. Defining means declaration + initialization. E.g. String s; is
just a declaration while String s = new String ("bob"); Or String s = "bob"; are
both definitions.

What type of parameter passing does Java support?

In Java the arguments (primitives and objects) are always passed by value. With
objects, the object reference itself is passed by value and so both the original
reference and parameter copy both refer to the same object.

Explain the Encapsulation principle.

Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that
operates on the data into a single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside
interface and misuse. Objects allow procedures to be encapsulated with their data
to reduce potential interference. One way to think about encapsulation is as a
protective wrapper that prevents code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by
other code defined outside the wrapper.

What do you understand by a variable?

Variable is a named memory location that can be easily referred in the program.
The variable is used to hold the data and it can be changed during the course of
the execution of the program.

What do you understand by numeric promotion?

The Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller numeric type to a larger

numeric type, so that integral and floating-point operations may take place. In
the numerical promotion process the byte, char, and short values are converted to
int values. The int values are also converted to long values, if necessary. The
long and float values are converted to double values, as required.

What do you understand by casting in java language? What are the types of casting?

The process of converting one data type to another is called Casting. There are
two types of casting in Java; these are implicit casting and explicit casting.

What is the first argument of the String array in main method?

The String array is empty. It does not have any element. This is unlike C/C++
where the first element by default is the program name. If we do not provide any
arguments on the command line, then the String array of main method will be empty
but not null.

How can one prove that the array is not null but empty?

Print array.length. It will print 0. That means it is empty. But if it would have
been null then it would have thrown a NullPointerException on attempting to print
array.length.

Can an application have multiple classes having main method?

Yes. While starting the application we mention the class name to be run. The JVM
will look for the main method only in the class whose name you have mentioned.
Hence there is not conflict amongst the multiple classes having main method.

When is static variable loaded? Is it at compile time or runtime? When exactly a

static block is loaded in Java?

Static variable are loaded when classloader brings the class to the JVM. It is not
necessary that an object has to be created. Static variables will be allocated
memory space when they have been loaded. The code in a static block is
loaded/executed only once i.e. when the class is first initialized. A class can
have any number of static blocks. Static block is not member of a class, they do
not have a return statement and they cannot be called directly. Cannot contain
this or super. They are primarily used to initialize static fields.

Can I have multiple main methods in the same class?

We can have multiple overloaded main methods but there can be only one main method
with the following signature :

public static void main(String[] args) {}

No the program fails to compile. The compiler says that the main method is already
defined in the class.

Explain working of Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?

JVM is an abstract computing machine like any other real computing machine which
first converts .java file into .class file by using Compiler (.class is nothing
but byte code file.) and Interpreter reads byte codes.

How can I swap two variables without using a third variable?

Add two variables and assign the value into First variable. Subtract the Second
value with the result Value. and assign to Second variable. Subtract the Result of
First Variable With Result of Second Variable and Assign to First Variable.
Example:

int a=5,b=10;a=a+b; b=a-b; a=a-b;

An other approach to the same question

You use an XOR swap.

for example:

int a = 5; int b = 10;

a = a ^ b;
b = a ^ b;
a = a ^ b;

What is data encapsulation?

Encapsulation may be used by creating 'get' and 'set' methods in a class

(JAVABEAN) which are used to access the fields of the object. Typically the fields
are made private while the get and set methods are public. Encapsulation can be
used to validate the data that is to be stored, to do calculations on data that is
stored in a field or fields, or for use in introspection (often the case when
using javabeans in Struts, for instance). Wrapping of data and function into a
single unit is called as data encapsulation. Encapsulation is nothing but wrapping
up the data and associated methods into a single unit in such a way that data can
be accessed with the help of associated methods. Encapsulation provides data
security. It is nothing but data hiding.

What is reflection API? How are they implemented?

Reflection is the process of introspecting the features and state of a class at

runtime and dynamically manipulate at run time. This is supported using Reflection
API with built-in classes like Class, Method, Fields, Constructors etc. Example:
Using Java Reflection API we can get the class name, by using the getName method.

Does JVM maintain a cache by itself? Does the JVM allocate objects in heap? Is
this the OS heap or the heap maintained by the JVM? Why

Yes, the JVM maintains a cache by itself. It creates the Objects on the HEAP, but
references to those objects are on the STACK.

What is phantom memory?

Phantom memory is false memory. Memory that does not exist in reality.

Can a method be static and synchronized?

A static method can be synchronized. If you do so, the JVM will obtain a lock on
the java.lang.
Class instance associated with the object. It is similar to saying:

synchronized(XYZ.class) {

What is difference between String and StringTokenizer?

A StringTokenizer is utility class used to break up string.

Example:

StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("Hello World");

while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {

System.out.println(st.nextToken());

Output:

Hello

World
General Java
1.What is the difference between procedural and object-oriented programs?- a) In
procedural program, programming logic follows certain procedures and the
instructions are executed one after another. In OOP program, unit of program is
object, which is nothing but combination of data and code. b) In procedural
program, data is exposed to the whole program whereas in OOPs program, it is
accessible with in the object and which in turn assures the security of the code.
2.What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism?- Encapsulation is the
mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates and keeps both safe
from outside interference and misuse. Inheritance is the process by which one
object acquires the properties of another object. Polymorphism is the feature that
allows one interface to be used for general class actions.
3.What is the difference between Assignment and Initialization?- Assignment can be
done as many times as desired whereas initialization can be done only once.
4.What is OOPs?- Object oriented programming organizes a program around its data,
i. e. , objects and a set of well defined interfaces to that data. An object-
oriented program can be characterized as data controlling access to code.
5.What are Class, Constructor and Primitive data types?- Class is a template for
multiple objects with similar features and it is a blue print for objects. It
defines a type of object according to the data the object can hold and the
operations the object can perform. Constructor is a special kind of method that
determines how an object is initialized when created. Primitive data types are 8
types and they are: byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean, char.
6.What is an Object and how do you allocate memory to it?- Object is an instance
of a class and it is a software unit that combines a structured set of data with a
set of operations for inspecting and manipulating that data. When an object is
created using new operator, memory is allocated to it.
7.What is the difference between constructor and method?- Constructor will be
automatically invoked when an object is created whereas method has to be called
explicitly.
8.What are methods and how are they defined?- Methods are functions that operate
on instances of classes in which they are defined. Objects can communicate with
each other using methods and can call methods in other classes. Method definition
has four parts. They are name of the method, type of object or primitive type the
method returns, a list of parameters and the body of the method. A method’s
signature is a combination of the first three parts mentioned above.
9.What is the use of bin and lib in JDK?- Bin contains all tools such as javac,
appletviewer, awt tool, etc., whereas lib contains API and all packages.
10.What is casting?- Casting is used to convert the value of one type to another.
11.How many ways can an argument be passed to a subroutine and explain them?- An
argument can be passed in two ways. They are passing by value and passing by
reference. Passing by value: This method copies the value of an argument into the
formal parameter of the subroutine. Passing by reference: In this method, a
reference to an argument (not the value of the argument) is passed to the
parameter.
12.What is the difference between an argument and a parameter?- While defining
method, variables passed in the method are called parameters. While using those
methods, values passed to those variables are called arguments.
13.What are different types of access modifiers?- public: Any thing declared as
public can be accessed from anywhere. private: Any thing declared as private can’t
be seen outside of its class. protected: Any thing declared as protected can be
accessed by classes in the same package and subclasses in the other packages.
default modifier : Can be accessed only to classes in the same package.
14.What is final, finalize() and finally?- final : final keyword can be used for
class, method and variables. A final class cannot be subclassed and it prevents
other programmers from subclassing a secure class to invoke insecure methods. A
final method can’t be overridden. A final variable can’t change from its
initialized value. finalize() : finalize() method is used just before an object is
destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection. finally : finally, a
key word used in exception handling, creates a block of code that will be executed
after a try/catch block has completed and before the code following the try/catch
block. The finally block will execute whether or not an exception is thrown. For
example, if a method opens a file upon exit, then you will not want the code that
closes the file to be bypassed by the exception-handling mechanism. This finally
keyword is designed to address this contingency.
15.What is UNICODE?- Unicode is used for internal representation of characters and
strings and it uses 16 bits to represent each other.
16.What is Garbage Collection and how to call it explicitly?- When an object is no
longer referred to by any variable, java automatically reclaims memory used by
that object. This is known as garbage collection. System. gc() method may be used
to call it explicitly.
17.What is finalize() method?- finalize () method is used just before an object is
destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection.
18.What are Transient and Volatile Modifiers?- Transient: The transient modifier
applies to variables only and it is not stored as part of its object’s Persistent
state. Transient variables are not serialized. Volatile: Volatile modifier applies
to variables only and it tells the compiler that the variable modified by volatile
can be changed unexpectedly by other parts of the program.
19.What is method overloading and method overriding?- Method overloading: When a
method in a class having the same method name with different arguments is said to
be method overloading. Method overriding : When a method in a class having the
same method name with same arguments is said to be method overriding.
20.What is difference between overloading and overriding?- a) In overloading,
there is a relationship between methods available in the same class whereas in
overriding, there is relationship between a superclass method and subclass method.
b) Overloading does not block inheritance from the superclass whereas overriding
blocks inheritance from the superclass. c) In overloading, separate methods share
the same name whereas in overriding, subclass method replaces the superclass. d)
Overloading must have different method signatures whereas overriding must have
same signature.
21.What is meant by Inheritance and what are its advantages?- Inheritance is the
process of inheriting all the features from a class. The advantages of inheritance
are reusability of code and accessibility of variables and methods of the super
class by subclasses.
22.What is the difference between this() and super()?- this() can be used to
invoke a constructor of the same class whereas super() can be used to invoke a
super class constructor.
23.What is the difference between superclass and subclass?- A super class is a
class that is inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the inheriting.
24.What modifiers may be used with top-level class?- public, abstract and final
can be used for top-level class.
25.What are inner class and anonymous class?- Inner class : classes defined in
other classes, including those defined in methods are called inner classes. An
inner class can have any accessibility including private. Anonymous class :
Anonymous class is a class defined inside a method without a name and is
instantiated and declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors.

26.What is a package?- A package is a collection of classes and interfaces that

provides a high-level layer of access protection and name space management.
27.What is a reflection package?- java. lang. reflect package has the ability to
analyze itself in runtime.
28.What is interface and its use?- Interface is similar to a class which may
contain method’s signature only but not bodies and it is a formal set of method
and constant declarations that must be defined by the class that implements it.
Interfaces are useful for: a)Declaring methods that one or more classes are
expected to implement b)Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without
forcing a class relationship. c)Determining an object’s programming interface
without revealing the actual body of the class.
29.What is an abstract class?- An abstract class is a class designed with
implementation gaps for subclasses to fill in and is deliberately incomplete.
30.What is the difference between Integer and int?- a) Integer is a class defined
in the java. lang package, whereas int is a primitive data type defined in the
Java language itself. Java does not automatically convert from one to the other.
b) Integer can be used as an argument for a method that requires an object,
whereas int can be used for calculations.
31.What is a cloneable interface and how many methods does it contain?- It is not
having any method because it is a TAGGED or MARKER interface.
32.What is the difference between abstract class and interface?- a) All the
methods declared inside an interface are abstract whereas abstract class must have
at least one abstract method and others may be concrete or abstract. b) In
abstract class, key word abstract must be used for the methods whereas interface
we need not use that keyword for the methods. c) Abstract class must have
subclasses whereas interface can’t have subclasses.
33.Can you have an inner class inside a method and what variables can you access?-
Yes, we can have an inner class inside a method and final variables can be
accessed.
34.What is the difference between String and String Buffer?- a) String objects are
constants and immutable whereas StringBuffer objects are not. b) String class
supports constant strings whereas StringBuffer class supports growable and
modifiable strings.
35.What is the difference between Array and vector?- Array is a set of related
data type and static whereas vector is a growable array of objects and dynamic.
36.What is the difference between exception and error?- The exception class
defines mild error conditions that your program encounters. Exceptions can occur
when trying to open the file, which does not exist, the network connection is
disrupted, operands being manipulated are out of prescribed ranges, the class file
you are interested in loading is missing. The error class defines serious error
conditions that you should not attempt to recover from. In most cases it is
advisable to let the program terminate when such an error is encountered.
37.What is the difference between process and thread?- Process is a program in
execution whereas thread is a separate path of execution in a program.
38.What is multithreading and what are the methods for inter-thread communication
and what is the class in which these methods are defined?- Multithreading is the
mechanism in which more than one thread run independent of each other within the
process. wait (), notify () and notifyAll() methods can be used for inter-thread
communication and these methods are in Object class. wait() : When a thread
executes a call to wait() method, it surrenders the object lock and enters into a
waiting state. notify() or notifyAll() : To remove a thread from the waiting
state, some other thread must make a call to notify() or notifyAll() method on the
same object.
39.What is the class and interface in java to create thread and which is the most
advantageous method?- Thread class and Runnable interface can be used to create
threads and using Runnable interface is the most advantageous method to create
threads because we need not extend thread class here.
40.What are the states associated in the thread?- Thread contains ready, running,
waiting and dead states.
41.What is synchronization?- Synchronization is the mechanism that ensures that
only one thread is accessed the resources at a time.
42.When you will synchronize a piece of your code?- When you expect your code will
be accessed by different threads and these threads may change a particular data
causing data corruption.
43.What is deadlock?- When two threads are waiting each other and can’t precede
the program is said to be deadlock.
44.What is daemon thread and which method is used to create the daemon thread?-
Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs intermittently in the back
ground doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system.
setDaemon method is used to create a daemon thread.
45.Are there any global variables in Java, which can be accessed by other part of
your program?- No, it is not the main method in which you define variables. Global
variables is not possible because concept of encapsulation is eliminated here.
46.What is an applet?- Applet is a dynamic and interactive program that runs
inside a web page displayed by a java capable browser.
47.What is the difference between applications and applets?- a)Application must be
run on local machine whereas applet needs no explicit installation on local
machine. b)Application must be run explicitly within a java-compatible virtual
machine whereas applet loads and runs itself automatically in a java-enabled
browser. d)Application starts execution with its main method whereas applet starts
execution with its init method. e)Application can run with or without graphical
user interface whereas applet must run within a graphical user interface.
48.How does applet recognize the height and width?- Using getParameters() method.
49.When do you use codebase in applet?- When the applet class file is not in the
same directory, codebase is used.
50.What is the lifecycle of an applet?- init() method - Can be called when an
applet is first loaded start() method - Can be called each time an applet is
started. paint() method - Can be called when the applet is minimized or maximized.
stop() method - Can be used when the browser moves off the applet’s page.
destroy() method - Can be called when the browser is finished with the applet.
51.How do you set security in applets?- using setSecurityManager() method
52.What is an event and what are the models available for event handling?- An
event is an event object that describes a state of change in a source. In other
words, event occurs when an action is generated, like pressing button, clicking
mouse, selecting a list, etc. There are two types of models for handling events
and they are: a) event-inheritance model and b) event-delegation model
53.What are the advantages of the model over the event-inheritance model?- The
event-delegation model has two advantages over the event-inheritance model. They
are: a)It enables event handling by objects other than the ones that generate the
events. This allows a clean separation between a component’s design and its use.
b)It performs much better in applications where many events are generated. This
performance improvement is due to the fact that the event-delegation model does
not have to be repeatedly process unhandled events as is the case of the event-
inheritance.
54.What is source and listener?- source : A source is an object that generates an
event. This occurs when the internal state of that object changes in some way.
listener : A listener is an object that is notified when an event occurs. It has
two major requirements. First, it must have been registered with one or more
sources to receive notifications about specific types of events. Second, it must
implement methods to receive and process these notifications.
55.What is adapter class?- An adapter class provides an empty implementation of
all methods in an event listener interface. Adapter classes are useful when you
want to receive and process only some of the events that are handled by a
particular event listener interface. You can define a new class to act listener by
extending one of the adapter classes and implementing only those events in which
you are interested. For example, the MouseMotionAdapter class has two methods,
mouseDragged()and mouseMoved(). The signatures of these empty are exactly as
defined in the MouseMotionListener interface. If you are interested in only mouse
drag events, then you could simply extend MouseMotionAdapter and implement
mouseDragged() .
56.What is meant by controls and what are different types of controls in AWT?-
Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your application and
the AWT supports the following types of controls: Labels, Push Buttons, Check
Boxes, Choice Lists, Lists, Scrollbars, Text Components. These controls are
subclasses of Component.
57.What is the difference between choice and list?- A Choice is displayed in a
compact form that requires you to pull it down to see the list of available
choices and only one item may be selected from a choice. A List may be displayed
in such a way that several list items are visible and it supports the selection of
one or more list items.
58.What is the difference between scrollbar and scrollpane?- A Scrollbar is a
Component, but not a Container whereas Scrollpane is a Conatiner and handles its
own events and perform its own scrolling.
59.What is a layout manager and what are different types of layout managers
available in java AWT?- A layout manager is an object that is used to organize
components in a container. The different layouts are available are FlowLayout,
BorderLayout, CardLayout, GridLayout and GridBagLayout.
60.How are the elements of different layouts organized?- FlowLayout: The elements
of a FlowLayout are organized in a top to bottom, left to right fashion.
BorderLayout: The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the borders (North,
South, East and West) and the center of a container. CardLayout: The elements of a
CardLayout are stacked, on top of the other, like a deck of cards. GridLayout: The
elements of a GridLayout are of equal size and are laid out using the square of a
grid. GridBagLayout: The elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a
grid. However, the elements are of different size and may occupy more than one row
or column of the grid. In addition, the rows and columns may have different sizes.

61.Which containers use a Border layout as their default layout?- Window, Frame
and Dialog classes use a BorderLayout as their layout.
62.Which containers use a Flow layout as their default layout?- Panel and Applet
classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.
63.What are wrapper classes?- Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive
types to be accessed as objects.
64.What are Vector, Hashtable, LinkedList and Enumeration?- Vector : The Vector
class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects. Hashtable
: The Hashtable class implements a Hashtable data structure. A Hashtable indexes
and stores objects in a dictionary using hash codes as the object’s keys. Hash
codes are integer values that identify objects. LinkedList: Removing or inserting
elements in the middle of an array can be done using LinkedList. A LinkedList
stores each object in a separate link whereas an array stores object references in
consecutive locations. Enumeration: An object that implements the Enumeration
interface generates a series of elements, one at a time. It has two methods,
namely hasMoreElements() and nextElement(). HasMoreElemnts() tests if this
enumeration has more elements and nextElement method returns successive elements
of the series.
65.What is the difference between set and list?- Set stores elements in an
unordered way but does not contain duplicate elements, whereas list stores
elements in an ordered way but may contain duplicate elements.
66.What is a stream and what are the types of Streams and classes of the Streams?-
A Stream is an abstraction that either produces or consumes information. There are
two types of Streams and they are: Byte Streams: Provide a convenient means for
handling input and output of bytes. Character Streams: Provide a convenient means
for handling input & output of characters. Byte Streams classes: Are defined by
using two abstract classes, namely InputStream and OutputStream. Character Streams
classes: Are defined by using two abstract classes, namely Reader and Writer.
67.What is the difference between Reader/Writer and InputStream/Output Stream?-
The Reader/Writer class is character-oriented and the InputStream/OutputStream
class is byte-oriented.
68.What is an I/O filter?- An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream
and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from
one stream to another.
69.What is serialization and deserialization?- Serialization is the process of
writing the state of an object to a byte stream. Deserialization is the process of
restoring these objects.
70.What is JDBC?- JDBC is a set of Java API for executing SQL statements. This API
consists of a set of classes and interfaces to enable programs to write pure Java
Database applications.
71.What are drivers available?- a) JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver b) Native API Partly-
Java driver c) JDBC-Net Pure Java driver d) Native-Protocol Pure Java driver
72.What is the difference between JDBC and ODBC?- a) OBDC is for Microsoft and
JDBC is for Java applications. b) ODBC can’t be directly used with Java because it
uses a C interface. c) ODBC makes use of pointers which have been removed totally
from Java. d) ODBC mixes simple and advanced features together and has complex
options for simple queries. But JDBC is designed to keep things simple while
allowing advanced capabilities when required. e) ODBC requires manual installation
of the ODBC driver manager and driver on all client machines. JDBC drivers are
written in Java and JDBC code is automatically installable, secure, and portable
on all platforms. f) JDBC API is a natural Java interface and is built on ODBC.
JDBC retains some of the basic features of ODBC.
73.What are the types of JDBC Driver Models and explain them?- There are two types
of JDBC Driver Models and they are: a) Two tier model and b) Three tier model Two
tier model: In this model, Java applications interact directly with the database.
A JDBC driver is required to communicate with the particular database management
system that is being accessed. SQL statements are sent to the database and the
results are given to user. This model is referred to as client/server
configuration where user is the client and the machine that has the database is
called as the server. Three tier model: A middle tier is introduced in this model.
The functions of this model are: a) Collection of SQL statements from the client
and handing it over to the database, b) Receiving results from database to the
client and c) Maintaining control over accessing and updating of the above.
74.What are the steps involved for making a connection with a database or how do
you connect to a database?a) Loading the driver : To load the driver, Class.
forName() method is used. Class. forName(”sun. jdbc. odbc. JdbcOdbcDriver”); When
the driver is loaded, it registers itself with the java. sql. DriverManager class
as an available database driver. b) Making a connection with database: To open a
connection to a given database, DriverManager. getConnection() method is used.
Connection con = DriverManager. getConnection (”jdbc:odbc:somedb”, “user”,
“password”); c) Executing SQL statements : To execute a SQL query, java. sql.
statements class is used. createStatement() method of Connection to obtain a new
Statement object. Statement stmt = con. createStatement(); A query that returns
data can be executed using the executeQuery() method of Statement. This method
executes the statement and returns a java. sql. ResultSet that encapsulates the
retrieved data: ResultSet rs = stmt. executeQuery(”SELECT * FROM some table”); d)
Process the results : ResultSet returns one row at a time. Next() method of
ResultSet object can be called to move to the next row. The getString() and
getObject() methods are used for retrieving column values: while(rs. next())
{ String event = rs. getString(”event”); Object count = (Integer) rs.
getObject(”count”);
75.What type of driver did you use in project?- JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver (is a
driver that uses native(C language) libraries and makes calls to an existing ODBC
driver to access a database engine).
76.What are the types of statements in JDBC?- Statement: to be used
createStatement() method for executing single SQL statement PreparedStatement — To
be used preparedStatement() method for executing same SQL statement over and over.
CallableStatement — To be used prepareCall() method for multiple SQL statements
over and over.

General Java
1 Q Why threads block or enters to waiting state on I/O?
A Threads enters to waiting state or block on I/O because other threads can
execute while the I/O operations are performed.
2 Q What are transient variables in java? A
Transient variables are variable that cannot be serialized.
3 Q How Observer and Observable are used? A
Subclass of Observable class maintain a list of observers. Whenever an Observable
object is updated, it invokes the update() method of each of its observers to
notify the observers that it has a changed state. An observer isany object that
implements the interface Observer.
4 Q What is synchronization A
Synchronization is the ability to control the access of multiple threads to shared
resources. Synchronization stops multithreading. With synchronization , ata time
only one thread will be able to access a shared resource.
5 Q What is List interface ? A List is an ordered collection of objects.
6 Q What is a Vector A Vector is a grow able array of objects.
7 Q What is the difference between yield() and sleep()? A
When a object invokes yield() it returns to ready state. But when an object
invokes sleep() method enters to not ready state.
8 Q What are Wrapper Classes ? A They are wrappers to primitive data types. They
allow us to access primitives as objects.
9 Q Can we call finalize() method ? A Yes.Nobody will stop us to call any method ,
if it is accessible in our class. But a garbage collector cannot call an object's
finalize method if that object is reachable.
10 Q What is the difference betweentime slicing andpreemptive scheduling ?A
In preemptive scheduling, highest priority task continues execution till it enters
a not running state or a higher priority task comes into existence. In time
slicing, the task continues its execution for a predefined period of time and
reenters the pool of ready tasks.
11 Q What is the initial state of a thread when it is created and started? A The
thread is in ready state. 12 Q Can we declare an anonymous class as both extending
a class and implementing an interface? A
No. An anonymous class can extend a class or implement an interface, but it cannot
be declared to do both
13 Q What are the differences between boolean & operator and& operator A
When an expression containing the & operator is evaluated, both operands are
evaluated. And the & operator is applied to the operand. When an expression
containing && operator is evaluated, the first operand is evaluated. If the first
operand returns a value of true then only the second operand is evaluated
otherwise the second part will not get executed.&& is also called short cut and.
14 Q What is the use of the finally block? A
Finally is the block of code that executes always. The code in finally block will
execute even if an exception is occurred. finally will not execute when the user
calls System.exit().
15 Q What is an abstract method ? A
An abstract method is a method that don't have a body. It is declared with
modifier abstract.
16 Q what is a the difference between System.err and System.out A
We can redirect System.out to another file but we cannot redirect System.err
stream
17 Q What arethe differences between an abstract class and an interface? A
An abstract class can have concrete method, which is not allowed in an interface.
Abstract class can have private or protected methods and variables and only public
methods and variables are allowed in interface. We can implement more than one
interface , but we can extend only one abstract class. Interfaces provides loose
coupling where as abstract class provides tight coupling.
18 Q What is the difference between synchronized block and synchronized method ? A
Synchronized blocks place locks for the specified block where as synchronized
methods place locks for the entire method. 19 Q How can you force garbage
collection in java? A
You cannot force Garbage Collection, but you can request for it by calling the
method System.gc().But it doesn't mean that Garbage Collection will start
immediately. The garbage collection is a low priority thread of JVM.
20 Q How can you call a constructor from another constructor ? A By using this()
reference. 21 Q How can you call the constructor of super class ? A By using
super() syntax. 22 Q What's the difference between normal methods and
constructors? A
Constructors must have the same name of the class and can not have a return type.
They are called only once,while regular methods can be called whenever required.
We cannot explicitly call a constructor.
23 Q What is the use of packages in java ? A
Packages are a way to organize files in java when a project consists of more than
one module. It helps in resolving name conflicts when different modules have
classes with the same names.
24 Q What must be the order of catch blocks when catching more than one exception?
A
The sub classes must come first. Otherwise it will give a compile time error.
25 Q How can we call a method or variable of the super class from child class ?A
We can use super.method() or super.variable syntax for this purpose.
26 Q If you are overriding equals() method of a class, what other methods you
might need to override ? A hashCode 27 Q How can you create your own exception ? A

Our class must extend either Exception or its sub class

28 Q What is serialization ? A
Serialization is the process of saving the state of an object.
29 Q What is de-serialization? A De-serialization is the process of restoring the
state of an object. 30 Q What is externalizable ? A
It is an interface that extends Serializable. It is having two different methods
writeExternal() and readExternal. This interface allows us to customize the
output.
31 Q Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory?
A
Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory.
It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage
collection. And there is no guarantee that Garbage Collection thread will be
executed.
32 Q What is a native method? A
A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java.
33 Q What are different type of exceptions in Java? A
There are two types of exceptions in java. Checked exceptions and Unchecked
exceptions. Any exception that is is derived from Throwable and Exception is
called checked exception except RuntimeException and its sub classes. The compiler
will check whether the exception is caught or not at compile time. We need to
catch the checked exception or declare in the throws clause.Any exception that is
derived from Error and RuntimeException is called unchecked exception. We don't
need to explicitly catch a unchecked exception.
34 Q Can we catch an error in our java program ? A
Yes. We can . We can catch anything that is derived from Throwable. Since Error is
a sub class of Throwable we can catch an error also.
35 Q What is thread priority? A
Thread Priority is an integer value that identifies the relative order in which it
should be executed with respect to others. The thread priority values ranging from
1- 10 and the default value is 5. But if a thread have higher priority doesn't
means that it will execute first. The thread scheduling depends on the OS.
36 Q How many times may an object's finalize() method be invoked by the garbage
collector? A
Only once.
37 Q What is the difference between a continue statement and a break statement? A
Break statement results in the immediate termination of the statement to which it
applies (switch, for, do, or while). A continue statement is used to end the
current loop iteration and return control to the loop statement.
38 Q What must a class do to implement an interface? A
It must identify the interface in its implements clause. Also it must provide
definition for all the methods in the interface otherwise it must be declared
abstract.
39 Q What is an abstract class? A
An abstract class is an incomplete class. It is declared with the modifier
abstract. We cannot create objects of the abstract class. It is used to specify a
common behavioral protocol for all its child classes.
40 Q What is the difference between notify and notifyAll method ? A
notify wakes up a single thread that is waiting for object's monitor. If any
threads are waiting on this object, one of them is chosen to be awakened. The
choice is arbitrary and occurs at the discretion of the implementation. notifyAll
Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor. A thread waits on
an object's monitor by calling one of the wait methods.
41 Q What does wait method do ? A
It causes current thread to wait until either another thread invokes notify or
notifyAll method of the current object, or a specified amount of time has elapsed.
42 Q What are the different states of a thread ? A The different thread states are
ready, running, waiting and dead. 43 Q What is the difference between static and
non static inner class ? A
A non-static inner class can have an object instances that are associated with
instances of the class's outer class. A static inner class can not have any object
instances.
44 Q What is the difference between String and StringBuffer class ? A
Strings are immutable (constant), their values cannot be changed after they are
created. StringBuffer supports mutable objects.
45 Q Which is the base class for all classes ? A java.lang.Object.
46 Q What is the difference between readers and streams? A
Readers are character oriented where streams are byte oriented.The readers are
having full support for Unicode data.
47 Q What is constructor chaining ? A
When a constructor of a class is executed it will automatically call the default
constructor of the super class (if no explicit call to any of the super class
constructor) till the root of the hierarchy.
48 Q What are the different primitive data type in java ? A
There are 8 primitive types in java. boolean , char, byte, short, int long, float,
double.
49 Q What is static ? A
static means one per class.static variables are created when the class loads. They
are associated with the class.In order to access a static we don't need objects.
We can directly access static methods and variable by calling
classname.variablename.
50 Q Why we cannot override static methods? A
Static means they are associated with a class. In static methods , the binding
mechanism is static binding. So it must be available at the compile time.
51 Q What is the difference between static and non static variables ? A
A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with
specific instances of a class. There will be only one value for static variable
for all instances of that class.Non-static variables take on unique values with
each object instance.
52 Q When does a compiler supplies a default constructor for a class? A
If there is no other constructor exist in a class, the compiler will supply a
default constructor.
53 Q What are the restrictions placed on overriding a method ? A
The overridden method have the exact signature of the super class method,
including the return type. The access specified cannot be less restrictive than
the super class method. We cannot throw any new exceptions in overridden method.
54 Q What are the restrictions placed on overloading a method ? A
Overloading methods must differ in their parameter list, or number of parameters.
55 Q What is casting ? A
Casting means converting one type to another. There are mainly two types of
casting. Casting between primitive types and casting between object references.
Casting between primitive numeric types is used to convert larger data types to
smaller data types. Casting between object references is used to refer to an
object by a compatible class, interface, or array type reference.
56 Q What is the difference between == and equals ? A
The equals method can be considered to perform a deep comparison of the value of
an object, whereas the == operator performs a shallow comparison.If we are not
overriding the equals method both will give the same result. == will is used to
compare the object references. It is used to check whether two objects are points
to the same reference.
57 Q What is a void return type ? A
A void indicates that the method will not return anything.
58 Q What will happen if an exception is not caught ? A
An uncaught exception results in the uncaughtException() method of the thread's
ThreadGroup, which results in the termination of the program.
59 Q What are the different ways in which a thread can enter into waiting state? A

There are three ways for a thread to enter into waiting state. By invoking its
sleep() method, by blocking on I/O, by unsuccessfully attempting to acquire an
object's lock, or by invoking an object's wait() method.
60 Q What is a ResourceBundle class? A
The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be
loaded by a program to create the program's appearance to the particular locale in
which it is being run.
61 Q What is numeric promotion? A
Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller numeric type to a larger numeric
type. In numerical promotion, byte, char, and short values are converted to
intvalues. The int, long and float values are converted to the desired types if
required.
62 Q What is the difference between the prefix and postfix forms of the ++
operator? A
The prefix form first performs the increment operation and then returns the value
of the increment operation. The postfix form first returns the current value of
the expression and then performs the increment operation on that value.
63 Q What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements? A
Synchronized methods are methods that are declared with the keyword synchronized.
A thread executes a synchronized method only after it has acquired the lock for
the method's object or class. Synchronized statements are similar to synchronized
methods. It is a block of code declared with synchronized keyword. A synchronized
statement can be executed only after a thread has acquired the lock for the object
or class referenced in the synchronized statement.
64 Q How can we create a thread? A
A thread can be created by extending Thread class or by implementing Runnable
interface. Then we need to override the method public void run().
65 Q What is the difference between a switch statement and an if statement? A
If statement is used to select from two alternatives. It uses a boolean expression
to decide which alternative should be executed. The expression in if must be a
boolean value.The switch statement is used to select from multiple
alternatives.The case values must be promoted to anto int value.
66 Q What is hashCode? A
The hashcode of a Java Object is simply a number (32-bit signed int) that allows
an object to be managed by a hash-based data structure. A hashcode should be,
equal for equal object (this is mandatory!) ,fast to compute based on all or most
of the internal state of an object, use all or most of the space of 32-bit
integers in a fairly uniform way , and likely to be different even for objects
that are very similar. If you are overriding hashCode you need to override equals
method also.
67 Q What is an I/O filter? A
An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another,
usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.
68 Q What is the difference between RandomAccessFile and File? A
The File class contains informationthe files and directories of the local file
system. The RandomAccessFile class containsthe methods needed to directly access
data contained in any part of a file.
69 Q What is final ? A
A final is a keyword in java. If final keyword is applied to a variable, then the
variable will become a constant. If it applied to method, sub classes cannot
override the method. If final keyword is applied to a class we cannot extend from
that class.
70 Q What is the difference among JVM Spec, JVM Implementation, JVM Runtime ? A
The JVM spec is the blueprint for the JVM generated and owned by Sun. The JVM
implementation is the actual implementation of the spec by a vendor and the JVM
runtime is the actual running instance of a JVM implementation
71 Q How is the difference between thread and process? A
A process runs in its own address space. No two processes share their address
space. Threads will run in the same address space of the process that owns them.
72 Q What is the difference between Vector and ArrayList ? A
Vector is synchronized, ArrayList is not. Vector is having a constructor to
specify the incremental capacity. But ArrayList don't have. By default Vector
grows by 100% but ArrayList grows by 50% only.
73 Q What is the difference between Hashtable and HashMap ? A
Hashtable is synchronized . but HashMap is not synchronized.Hashtable does not
allow null values , but HashMap allows null values.
74 Q What are the access modifiers available in Java. A
Access modifier specify where a method or attribute can be used. Public is
accessible from anywhere. Protected is accessible from the same class and its
subclasses. Package/Default are accessible from the same package. Private is only
accessible from within the class.
75 Q Why java is said to be pass-by-value ? A
When assigning an object to a variable, we are actually assigning the memory
address of that object to the variable. So the value passed is actually the memory
location of the object. This results in object aliasing, meaning you can have many
variables referring to the same object on the heap.
76 Q What do you mean by immutable ? How to create an immutable object ? A
Immutability means an object cannot be modified after it has been
initialized.There will not be any setter methods in an immutable class. And
normally these classes will be final.
77 Q What is class loader in java ? A
A class loader is a class that is responsible for loading the class. All JVM
contains one class loader called primordial class loader.
78 Q What is a weak reference ? A
A weak reference is the one that does nor prevent the referenced object from being
garbage collected. The weak reference will not keep the object that it refers to
alive. A weak reference is not counted as a reference in garbage collection. This
will make the memory use more effective.
79 Q What is object cloning? A
It is the process of duplicating an object so that two identical objects will
exist in the memory at the same time.
80 Q What is object pooling? A
Creating a large number of identical short lived objects is called object pooling.
This helps to minimize the need of garbage collection and makes the memory use
more effective.
81 Q What is garbage collection? A
Garbage collection is the process of releasing memory used by unreferenced
objects. It relieves the programmer from the process of manually releasing the
memory used by objects .
82 Q What is the disadvantage of garbage collection? A
It adds an overhead that can affect performance. Additionally there is no
guarantee that the object will be garbage collected.
83 Q What is a Dictionary? A
Dictionary is a parent class for any class that maps keys to values., In a
dictionary every key is associated with at most one value.
84 Q What is JAR file ? A
JAR stands for Java Archive. This is a file format that enables you to bundle
multiple files into a single archive file.A jar file will contains a manifest.mf
file inside META-INF folder that describes the version and other features of jar
file.
85 Q Why Java is not fully objective oriented ? A
Due to the use of primitives in java, which are not objects.
86 Q What is a marker interface ? A
An interface that contains no methods. Eg: Serializable, Cloneable,
SingleThreadModel etc. It is used to just mark java classes that support certain
capability.
87 Q What are tag interfaces? A
Tag interface is an alternate name for marker interface.
88 Q What are the restrictions placed on static method ? A
We cannot override static methods. We cannot access any object variables inside
static method. Also the this reference also not available in static methods.
89 Q What is JVM? A
JVM stands for Java Virtual Machine. It is the run time for java programs. All are
java programs are running inside this JVM only. It converts java byte code to OS
specific commands. In addition to governing the execution of an application's byte
codes, the virtual machine handles related tasks such as managing the system's
memory, providing security against malicious code, and managing multiple threads
of program execution.
90 Q What is JIT? A JIT stands for Just In Time compiler. It compiles java byte
code to native code.
91 Q What is java byte code? A
Byte code is an sort of intermediate code. The byte code is processed by virtual
machine.
92 Q What is method overloading? A Method overloading is the process of creating a
new method with the same name and different signature. 93 Q What is method
overriding? A
Method overriding is the process of giving a new definition for an existing method
in its child class.
94 Q What is finalize() ? A
Finalize is a protected method in java. When the garbage collector is executes ,
it will first call finalize( ), andon the next garbage-collection it reclaim the
objects memory. So finalize( ), gives you the chance to perform some cleanup
operation at the time of garbage collection.
95 Q What is multi-threading? A Multi-threading is the scenario where more than
one threads are running. 96 Q What is deadlock? A
Deadlock is a situation when two threads are waiting on each other to release a
resource. Each thread waiting for a resource which is held by the other waiting
thread.
97 Q What is the difference between Iterator and Enumeration? A
Iterator differ from enumeration in two ways Iterator allow the caller to remove
elements from the underlying collection during the iteration with well-defined
semantics. And , method names have been improved.
98 Q What is the Locale class? A A Locale object represents a specific
geographical, political, or cultural region 99 Q What is internationalization? A
Internationalization is the process of designing an application so that it can be
adapted to various languages and regions without changes.
100 Q What is anonymous class ? A An anonymous class is a type of inner class that
don't have any name. 101 Q What is the difference between URL and URLConnection? A
A URL represents the location of a resource, and a URLConnection represents a link
for accessing or communicating with the resource at the location.
102 Q What are the two important TCP Socket classes? A
ServerSocket and Socket. ServerSocket is useful for two-way socket communication.
Socket class help us to read and write through the sockets. getInputStream() and
getOutputStream() are the two methods available in Socket class.
103 Q Strings are immutable. But String s="Hello"; String s1=s+"World" returns
HelloWorld how ? A Here actually a new object is created with the value of
HelloWorld 104 Q What is classpath? A Classpath is the path where Java looks for
loading class at run time and compile time. 105 Q What is path? A
It is an the location where the OS will look for finding out the executable files
and commands.
106 Q What is java collections? A Java collections is a set of classes, that
allows operations on a collection of classes.
107 Q Can we compile a java program without main? A Yes, we can. In order to
compile a java program, we don't require any main method. But to execute a java
program we must have a main in it (unless it is an applet or servlet). Because
main is the starting point of a java program.
108 Q What is a java compilation unit. A
A compilation unit is a java source file.
109 Q What are the restrictions when overriding a method ? A
Overridden methods must have the same name, argument list, and return type (i.e.,
they must have the exact signature of the method we are going to override,
including return type.) The overriding method cannot be less visible than the
method it overrides( i.e., a public method cannot be override to private). The
overriding method may not throw any exceptions that may not be thrown by the
overridden method
110 Q What is static initializer block? What is its use? A
A static initializer block is a block of code that declares with the static
keyword. It normally contains the block of code that must execute at the time of
class loading. The static initializer block will execute only once at the time of
loading the class only.
111 Q How does a try statement determine which catch clause should be used to
handle an exception? A
When an exception is thrown , the catch block of the try statement are examined in
the order in which they appear. The first catch block that is capable of handling
the exception is executed. The remaining catch blocks are ignored
112 Q How parameters are passed to methods in java program ? A
All java method parameters in java are passed by value only. Obviously primitives
are passed by value. In case of objects a copy of the reference is passed and so
all the changes made in the method will persist.
113 Q If a class doesn't have any constructors, what will happen? A
If a class doesn't have a constructor, the JVM will provide a default constructor
for the class.
114 Q What will happen if a thread cannot acquire a lock on an object? A
It enters to the waiting state until lock becomes available.
115 Q How does multithreading occurring on a computer with a single CPU? A
The task scheduler of OS allocates an execution time for multiple tasks. By
switching between different executing tasks, it creates the impression that tasks
execute sequentially. But actually there is only one task is executed at a time.
116 Q What will happen if you are invoking a thread's interrupt method while the
thread iswaiting or sleeping? A
When the task enters to the running state, it will throw an InterruptedException.
117 Q What are the different ways in which a thread can enter into waiting state?
A
There are three ways for a thread to enter into waiting state. By invoking its
sleep() method, by blocking on I/O, by unsuccessfully attempting to acquire an
object's lock, or by invoking an object's wait() method.
118 Q What are the the different ways for creating a thread? A
A thread can be created by subclassing Thread, or by implementing the Runnable
interface.
119 Q What is the difference between creating a thread by extending Thread class
and by implementing Runnable interface? Which one should prefer? A
When creating a thread by extending the Thread class, it is not mandatory to
override the run method (If we are not overriding the run method , it is useless),
because Thread class have already given a default implementation for run method.
But if we are implementing Runnable , it is mandatory to override the run method.
The preferred way to create a thread is by implementing Runnable interface,
because it give loose coupling.
120 Q What is coupling? A Coupling is the dependency between different components
of a system
121 Q How is an interface? A An interface is a collection of method declarations
and constants. In java interfaces are used to achieve multiple inheritance. It
sets a behavioral protocol to all implementing classes.
122 Q What is an abstract class? A
An abstract class is an incomplete class. An abstract class is defined with the
keyword abstract . We cannot create an object of the abstract class because it is
not complete. It sets a behavioral protocol for all its child classes.
123 Q How will you define an interface? A
An interface is defined with the keyword interface. Eg:
public interface MyInterface { }
124 Q How will you define an abstract class? A
An abstract class is defined with the keyword abstract Eg: public abstract class
MyClass { }
125 Q What is any an anonymous class? A An anonymous class is a local class with
no name.
126 Q What is a JVM heap? A
The heap is the runtime data area from which memory for all class instances and
arrays is allocated. The heap may be of a fixed size or may be expanded. The heap
is created on virtual machine start-up.
127 Q What is difference between string and StringTokenizer? A
StringTokenizer as its name suggests tokenizes a String supplied to it as an
argument to its constructor and the character based on which tokens of that string
are to be made. The default tokenizing character is space " ".
128 Q What is the difference between array and ArrayList ? A
Array is collection of same data type. Array size is fixed, It cannot be expanded.
But ArrayList is a growable collection of objects. ArrayList is a part of
Collections Framework and can work with only objects.
129 Q What is difference between java.lang .Class and java.lang.ClassLoader? What
is the hierarchy of ClassLoader ? A
Class 'java.lang.Class'represent classes and interfaces in a running Java
application. JVM construct 'Class' object when class in loaded. Where as a
ClassLoader is also a class which loads the class files into memory in order for
the Java programs to execute properly. The hierarchy of ClassLoaders is:
Bootstrap ClassLoaders
Extensive ClassLoaders
System Classpath ClassLoaders
Application ClassLoaders
130 Q What is daemon thread? A
Theards which are running on the background are called deamon threads. daemon
thread is a thread which doesn't give any chance to run other threads once it
enters into the run state it doesn't give any chance to run other threads.
Normally it will run forever, but when all other non-daemon threads are dead,
daemon thread will be killed by JVM
131 Q What is a green thread? A
Native threads can switch between threads preemptively. Green threads switch only
when control is explicitly given up by a thread ( Thread.yield(), Object.wait(),
etc.) or a thread performs a blocking operation (read(), etc.). On multi-CPU
machines, native threads can run more than one thread simultaneously by assigning
different threads to different CPUs. Green threads run on only one CPU. Native
threads create the appearance that many Java processes are running: each thread
takes up its own entry in the process table. One clue that these are all threads
of the same process is that the memory size is identical for all the threads -
they are all using the same memory. The process table is not infinitely large, and
processes can only create a limited number of threads before running out of system
resources or hitting configured limits.
132 Q What is volatile variable? A
A volatile variable is not allowed to have a local copy of a variable that is
different from the value currently held in "main" memory. Volatile modifier
requests the JVM to always access the shared copy of the variable so the its most
current value is always read.
133 Q Why java does not support multiple inheritance? A
Because the multiple inheritance causes the redundancy. Also we cannot solve
diamond problem.
134 Q What is diamond problem? A
The diamond problem is an ambiguity that can occur when a class multiply inherits
from two classes that both descend from a common super class
135 Q How many JVM's we can run in a system? A
Any number of JVMs can run in a system. Whenever we issue the command 'java' a new
JVM will start.
136 Q Why Java is not 100% pure object oriented language? A Because java uses
primitives.
137 Q Why ArrayList is faster than Vector? A Because Vector is synchronized.
Synchronization reduces the performance.
138 Q What is the security mechnaism used in java? A Java uses sand box security
model.
139 Q What is sandbox? A
A sandbox is a security mechanism for safely running programs. The sandbox
typically provides a tightly-controlled set of resources for guest programs to run
in, such as scratch space on disk and memory.
140 Q What is phantom memory? A Phantom memory is the memory that does not exist
in reality.
141 Q What is reflection? A
Reflection is the process of finding out the different features of a class
dynamically.
142 Q What are the differences between JIT and HotSpot? A
The Hotspot VM is a collection of techniques, the most important of which is
called adaptive optimization. The original JVMs interpreted byte codes one at a
time. Second-generation JVMs added a JIT compiler, which compiles each method to
native code upon first execution, then executes the native code. Thereafter,
whenever the method is called, the native code is executed. The adaptive
optimization technique used by Hotspot is a hybrid approach, one that combines
byte code interpretation and run-time compilation to native code. Hotspot, unlike
a regular JIT compiling VM, doesn't do "premature optimization"
143 Q What are the advantages and disadvantages of reference counting in garbage
collection?A
An advantage of this scheme is that it can run in small chunks of time closely
linked with the execution of the program. These characteristic makes it
particularly suitable for real-time environments where the program can't be
interrupted for very long time. A disadvantage of reference counting is that it
does not detect cycles. A cycle is two or more objects that refer to one another.
Another disadvantage is the overhead of incrementing and decrementing the
reference count each time. Because of these disadvantages, reference counting
currently is out of favor.
144 Q How would you implement a thread pool? A
The ThreadPool class is a generic implementation of a thread pool, which takes the
following input Size of the pool to be constructed and name of the class which
implements Runnable (which has a visible default constructor) and constructs a
thread pool with active threads that are waiting for activation. once the threads
have finished processing they come back and wait once again in the pool.
145 Q What is the difference between throw and throws clause? A
throw is used to throw an exception manually, where as throws is used in the case
of checked exceptions, to tell the compiler that we haven't handled the exception,
so that the exception will be handled by the calling function.
156 Q What is JAR file? A
A JAR file (short for Java Archive) is a ZIP file used to distribute a set of Java
classes. It is used to store compiled Java classes and associated metadata that
can constitute a program
147 Q What is a classloader? A
A class loader is an object that is responsible for loading classes.
148 Q What is the difference between Comparable and Comparator ? A
The Comparable is for natural ordering and Comparator is for custom ordering. But
we can override the compareTo method of comparable interface to give a custom
ordering.
149 Q What is the difference between List, Set and Map? A
A Set is a collection that has no duplicate elements. A List is a collection that
has an order associated with its elements. A map is a way of storing key/value
pairs. The way of storing a Map is similar to two-column table.
150 Q What is the difference between Exception and Error ? A Error is
unrecoverable.
151 Q What is meant by Open Source ? A In general, open source refers to any
program whose source code is made available for use or modification as users or
other developers see fit. Open source software is usually developed as a public
collaboration and made freely available.
152 Q How do you send data from an applet to Servlet ? What are the steps involved
in it ?A
You can use the java.net.URLConnection and java.net.URL classes to open a standard
HTTP connection to the web server. The server then passes this information to the
servlet in the normal way. Basically, the applet pretends to be a web browser, and
the servlet doesn't know the difference. As far as the servlet is concerned, the
applet is just another HTTP client.
153 Q What is polymorphism? A
It is the ability of an object to behave differently on different situations for
the same message.
154 Q What is a class, member and local variable? A
Variables declared within a method are local variables. Variables declared within
the class are member variables. Variables declared within the class with static
modifier are class variables
155 Q How do I convert a numeric IP address like 66.29.36.130 into a hostname like
www.javacertificate.net? A
A String hostname = InetAddress.getByName("66.29.36.130").getHostName();
156 Q What is the difference between a constructor and a method? A
A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create objects of
that class. It has the same name as the class itself, has no return type, and is
invoked using the new operator. We cannot invoke a constructor directly. A method
is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own name, a return type
(which may be void), and is invoked using the dot operator.
157 Q What are the different inner classes types? A
There are mainly four types available. They are Member classes, Nested top-level
classes, Local classes,Anonymous classes
158 Q What is Nested top-level classes? A
A class declared within a class with static modifier is called nested top level
class. Any class outside the declaring class can access the nested top level class
with the declaring class dot nested top level class. Top-level inner classes have
access to static variables only .
159 Q What is Member classes? A
A class declared inside a class without static modifier is called member class.
Member classes are just like any other member methods or member variables.
160 Q What is Local inner classes ? A
Local inner classes are class declared inside a block of code. They are visible
only within the block of their declaration.
161 Q Can a top level class be private or protected? A
No. A top level class can not be private or protected. It can have either "public"
or no modifier.
162 Q How will you invoke any external process in Java? A
By using Runtime.getRuntime().exec(….)
163 Q What is a package? A To group set of classes into a single unit is known as
packaging. Packages provides wide namespace visibility.
164 Q What is the use of assert keyword A
Assert keyword validates certain expressions. It replaces the if block effectively
and throws an AssertionError on failure. The assert keyword should be used only
for critical arguments (means without that the method does nothing).
165 Q What is composition? A
Holding the reference of the other class within some other class is known as
composition.
166 Q What is aggregation? A It is a special type of composition. If you expose
all the methods of a composite class and route the method call to the composite
method through its reference, then it is called aggregation
167 Q What are the methods in Object? A clone, equals, wait, finalize, getClass,
hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString
168 Q What is the relationship between synchronized and volatile keyword? A
The JVM is guaranteed to treat reads and writes of data of 32 bits or less as
atomic. For long or double variable, programmers should take care in multi-
threading environment. Either put these variables in a synchronized method or
block, or declare them volatile.
169 Q What factors are used to decide using synchronized or volatile? A
You can make a variable synchronized or volatile under the following cases: 1) if
you are not updating many variables often in a multithread environment, consider
using volatile. 2) If you are updating many variables, consider using
synchronized, because using volatile might be slower.
170 Q What are the drawbacks of inheritance? A
Since inheritance inherits everything from the super class and interface, it may
make the subclass too clustering and sometimes error-prone when dynamic overriding
or dynamic overloading in some situation. In addition, the inheritance may make
peers hardly understand your code if they don't know how your super-class acts.
171 Q What is the difference between static synchronized and synchronized methods?
A
Both are synchronized methods. One is instance method, the other is class method.
Method with static modifier is a class method. That means the method belongs to
class itself and can be accessed directly with class name and is also called
Singleton design. The method without static modifier is an instance method. That
means the instance method belongs to its object. Every instance of the class gets
its own copy of its instance method.
172 Q What is the purpose of the Runtime class? A
The purpose of the Runtime class is to provide access to the Java runtime system.
173 Q What is the purpose of the System class? A The purpose of the System class
is to provide access to system resources.
174 Q Does the code in finally block get executed if there is an exception and a
return statement in a catch block? A
If an exception occurs and there is a return statement in catch block, the finally
block is still executed. The finally block will not be executed when the
System.exit(1) statement is executed earlier or the system shut down earlier or
the memory is used up earlier before the thread goes to finally block.
175 Q Considering notepad/IE or any other thing as process, What will happen if
you start notepad or IE 3 times? Where 3 processes are started or 3 threads are
started ? A
3 processes will start.
176 Q What are the restrictions placed on the values of each case of a switch
statement?
At compile time, each case values of switch statement must evaluate to a an int
value.
177 Q If aaaa is an array then why aaaa.length why not aaaa.length()? A Because
length is a property not a method. 178 Q What is dynamic typing? A
Dynamic typing means type errors are detected at run time by checking the actual
data types of the values against the required data types
179 Q What is static typig? A
Static typing means type errors are detected at compile time by checking the
inferred data type is a subtype of the required type
180 Q What is HashMap and Map? A
Map is Interface and HashMap is class that implements that.
181 Q What is an Object and how do you allocate memory to it? A
Object is an instance of a class and it is a software unit that combines a
structured set of data with a set of operations for inspecting and manipulating
that data. When an object is created using new operator, memory is allocated to
it.
182 Q What is UNICODE? A
Unicode is used for internal representation of characters and strings and it uses
16 bits to represent each other.
183 Q What is adapter class? A
An adapter class provides a default implementation of all methods in an event
listener interface. Adapter classes are useful when you want to process only some
of the events that are handled by a particular event listener interface. You can
define a new class by extending one of the adapter classes and implementing only
those events relevant to us.
184 Q What is a stream and what are the types of Streams and classes of the
Streams?A
A stream is a flow of data from one direction to another. . There are two types of
Streams Byte Streams: Provide a convenient means for handling input and output of
bytes. And Character Streams: Provide a convenient means for handling input &
output of characters.
185 Q What is the difference between TCP/IP and UDP? A
TCP/IP is a two-way communication between the client and the server and it is a
reliable and there is a confirmation regarding reaching the message to the
destination. UDP is a one-way communication only between the client and the server
and it is not a reliable and there is no confirmation regarding reaching the
message to the destination.
186 Q What is Inter-Thread communication? A Exchange of information between two
threads.
187 Q What is a policy? A
It's an abstract class for representing the system security policy for a Java
application environment (specifying which permissions are available for code from
various sources). Java security properties file resides in <JAVA-
HOME>/lib/security/java.security directory.
188 Q What is a thread group? A
A thread group is a data structure that controls the state of collection of thread
as a whole managed by the particular runtime environment.
189 Q Why is UTFDataFormatException thrown by DataOutputStream.writeUTF() when
serializing a String? A
DataOutputStream.writeUTF() does not support writing out strings larger than 64K.
The first two bytes of a UTF string in the stream are the length of the string. If
a java.lang.String is larger than 64K, it needs to be stored in the stream by an
alternative method rather than depending on the default method of storing a String
in the stream, writeUTF.
190 Q Why is OutOfMemoryError thrown after writing a large number of objects into
an ObjectOutputStream? A
The ObjectOutputStream maintains a table mapping objects written into the stream
to a handle. The first time an object is written to a stream, its contents are
written into the stream; subsequent writes of the object result in a handle to the
object being written into the stream. This table maintains references to objects
that might otherwise be unreachable by an application, thus, resulting in an
unexpected situation of running out of memory. A call to the
ObjectOutputStream.reset() method resets the object/handle table to its initial
state, allowing all previously written objects to be eligible for garbage
collection.
191 Q How can I get the serialVersionUID of a class? A By running the serialver
tool with the name of the class as the command line argumet, as shown in the
example that follows:serialver java.lang.String 192 Q What is serialVersionUID ? A

The serialVersionUID is a universal version identifier for a Serializable class.

Deserialization uses this identifier number to ensure that a loaded class
corresponds to a serialized object.
193 Q What is abstraction? A
An abstraction is an idea, concept, or word which defines the phenomena which make
up the concrete events or things which the abstraction refers to, the referents.
194 Q What is encapsulation? A
Encapsulation describes the ability of an object to hide its data and methods from
the rest of the world
195 Q What is inheritance? A
Inheritance is the ability to create new classes based on existing classes. It is
useful to reuse existing code.

SWING/AWT interview questions.

1 Q What is JFC?
A JFC stands for Java Foundation Classes. The Java Foundation Classes
(JFC) are a set of Java class libraries provided as part of Java 2 Platform,
Standard Edition (J2SE) to support building graphics user interface (GUI) and
graphics functionality for client applications that will run on popular platforms
such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX.
2 Q What is AWT?
A AWT stands for Abstract Window Toolkit. AWT enables programmers to
develop Java applications with GUI components, such as windows, and buttons. The
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is responsible for translating the AWT calls into the
appropriate calls to the host operating system.
3 Q What are the differences between Swing and AWT?
A AWT is heavy-weight components, but Swing is light-weight components.
AWT is OS dependent because it uses native components, But Swing components are OS
independent. We can change the look and feel in Swing which is not possible in
AWT. Swing takes less memory compared to AWT. For drawing AWT uses screen
rendering where Swing uses double buffering.
4 Q What are heavyweight components ?
A A heavyweight component is one that is associated with its own native
screen resource (commonly known as a peer).
5 Q What is lightweight component?
A A lightweight component is one that "borrows" the screen resource of an
ancestor (which means it has no native resource of its own -- so it's "lighter").
6 Q What is double buffering ?
A Double buffering is the process of use of two buffers rather than one
to temporarily hold data being moved to and from an I/O device. Double buffering
increases data transfer speed because one buffer can be filled while the other is
being emptied.
7 Q What is an event?
A Changing the state of an object is called an event.
8 Q What is an event handler ?
A An event handler is a part of a computer program created to tell the
program how to act in response to a specific event.
9 Q What is a layout manager?
A A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a
container.
10 Q What is clipping?
A Clipping is the process of confining paint operations to a limited area
or shape.
11 Q Which containers use a border Layout as their default layout?
A The window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their
default layout.
12 Q What is the preferred size of a component?
A The preferred size of a component is the minimum component size that
will allow the component to display normally.
13 Q What method is used to specify a container's layout?
A The setLayout() method is used to specify a container's layout.

14 Q Which containers use a FlowLayout as their default layout?

A The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default
layout.
15 Q Which method of the Component class is used to set the position and
size of a component?
A setBounds
16 Q What is the difference between invokeAndWait() and invokeLater()?
A invokeAndWait is synchronous. It blocks until Runnable task is
complete. InvokeLater is asynchronous. It posts an action event to the event queue
and returns immediately. It will not wait for the task to complete
17 Q Why should any swing call back implementation execute quickly?
A Callbacks are invoked by the event dispatch thread. Event dispatch
thread blocks processing of other events as long as call back method executes.

18 Q What is an applet?
A Applet is a java program that runs inside a web browser.
19 Q What is the difference between applications and applets?
A Application must be run explicitly within Java Virtual Machine whereas
applet loads and runs itself automatically in a java-enabled browser. Application
starts execution with its main method whereas applet starts execution with its
init method. Application can run with or without graphical user interface whereas
applet must run within a graphical user interface. In order to run an applet we
need a java enabled web browser or an appletviewer.
20 Q Which method is used by the applet to recognize the height and width?
A getParameters().
21 Q When we should go for codebase in applet?
A If the applet class is not in the same directory, codebase is used.

22 Q What is the lifecycle of an applet?

A init( ) method - called when an applet is first loaded
start( ) method - called each time an applet is started
paint( ) method - called when the applet is minimized or maximized
stop( ) method - called when the browser moves off the applet's page
 destroy( ) method - called when the browser is finished with the applet

23 Q Which method is used for setting security in applets?

A setSecurityManager
24 Q What is an event and what are the models available for event handling?
A Changing the state of an object is called an event. An event is an
event object that describes a state of change. In other words, event occurs when
an action is generated, like pressing a key on keyboard, clicking mouse, etc.
There different types of models for handling events are event-inheritance model
and event-delegation model
25 Q What are the advantages of the event-delegation model over the event-
inheritance model?
A Event-delegation model has two advantages over event-inheritance model.
a)Event delegation model enables event handling by objects other than the ones
that generate the events. This allows a clean separation between a component's
design and its use. b)It performs much better in applications where many events
are generated. This performance improvement is due to event-delegation model does
not have to be repeatedly process unhandled events as is the case of the event-
inheritance.
26 Q What is source and listener ?
A A source is an object that generates an event. This occurs when the
internal state of that object changes in some way. A listener is an object that is
notified when an event occurs. It has two major requirements. First, it must have
been registered with a source to receive notifications about specific event.
Second, it must implement necessary methods to receive and process these
notifications.
27 Q What is controls and what are different types of controls in AWT?
A Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your
application. AWT supports the following types of controls: Labels, Push Buttons,
Check Boxes, Choice Lists, Lists, Scrollbars, Text Components. These controls are
subclasses of Component.
28 Q What is the difference between choice and list?
A A Choice is displayed in a compact form that requires you to pull it
down to see the list of available choices and only one item may be selected from a
choice. A List may be displayed in such a way that several list items are visible
and it supports the selection of one or more list items.
29 Q What is the difference between scrollbar and scrollpane?
A A Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container whereas Scrollpane is a
Container and handles its own events and perform its own scrolling.
30 Q What is a layout manager and what are different types of layout
managers available?
A A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a
container. The different layouts are available are FlowLayout, BorderLayout,
CardLayout, GridLayout , GridBagLayout, Boxlayout and SpringLayout
31 Q How are the elements of different layouts organized?
A The elements of a FlowLayout are organized in a top to bottom, left to
right fashion. The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the borders (North,
South, East and West) and the center of a container. The elements of a CardLayout
are stacked, on top of the other, like a deck of cards. The elements of a
GridLayout are of equal size and are laid out using the square of a grid. The
elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a grid. However, the
elements are of different size and may occupy more than one row or column of the
grid. In addition, the rows and columns may have different sizes. It is the most
flexible layout.
32 Q What are types of applets?
A There are two different types of applets. Trusted Applets and Untrusted
applets. Trusted Applets are applets with predefined security and Untrusted
Applets are applets without any security.
33 Q What are the restrictions imposed by a Security Manager on Applets?
A Applets cannot read or write files on the client machine that's
executing it. They cannot load libraries or access native libraries. They cannot
make network connections except to the host that it came from. They cannot start
any program on the client machine. They cannot read certain system properties.
Windows that an applet brings up look different than windows that an application
brings up.
34 Q What is the difference between the Font and FontMetrics classes?
A The FontMetrics class is used to define implementation-specific
properties, such as ascent and descent, of a Font object.
35 Q What is the relationship between an event-listener interface and an
event-adapter class?
A An event-listener interface defines the methods that must be
implemented by an event handler for a particular kind of event. An event adapter
provides a default implementation of an event-listener interface.
36 Q How can a GUI component handle its own events?
A A component can handle its own events by implementing the required
event-listener interface and adding itself as its own event listener.
37 Q What is the difference between the paint() and repaint() methods?
A The paint() method supports painting via a Graphics object. The
repaint() method is used to cause paint() to be invoked by the AWT painting
thread.
38 Q What interface is extended by AWT event listeners?
A All AWT event listeners extend the java.util.EventListener interface.

39 Q What is Canvas ?
A Canvas is a Component subclass which is used for drawing and painting.
Canvas is a rectangular area where the application can draw or trap input events.

40 Q What is default Look-and-Feel of a Swing Component?

A Java Look-and-Feel.
41 Q What are the features of JFC?
A Pluggable Look-and-Feel, Accessibility API, Java 2D API, Drag and Drop
Support
42 Q What does x mean in javax.swing?
A Extension of java.
43 Q What are invisible components?
A They are light weight components that perform no painting, but can take
space in the GUI. This is mainly used for layout management.
44 Q What is the default layout for a ContentPane in JFC?
A BorderLayout.
45 Q What does Realized mean?
A Realized mean that the component has been painted on screen or that is
ready to be painted. Realization can take place by invoking any of these methods.
setVisible(true), show() or pack().
46 Q What is difference between Swing and JSF?
A The key difference is that JSF runs on server. It needs a server like
Tomcat or WebLogic or WebSphere. It displays HTML to the client. But Swing
program is a stand alone application.
47 Q Why does JComponent class have add() and remove() methods but Component
class does not?
A JComponent is a subclass of Container and can contain other components
and JComponents.
48 Q What method is used to specify a container's layout?
A The setLayout() method is used to specify a container's layout.

49 Q What is the difference between AWT and SWT?

A SWT (Standard Widget Toolkit) is a completely independent Graphical
User Interface (GUI) toolkit from IBM. They created it for the creation of Eclipse
Integrated Development Environment (IDE). AWT is from Sun Microsystems.

50 Q What is the difference between JFC & WFC?

A JFC supports robust and portable user interfaces. The Swing classes are
robust, compatible with AWT, and provide you with a great deal of control over a
user interface. Since source code is available, it is relatively easy to extend
the JFC to do exactly what you need it to do. But the number of third-party
controls written for Swing is still relatively small.
WFC runs only on the Windows (32-bit) user interface, and uses Microsoft
extensions to Java for event handling and ActiveX integration. Because ActiveX
components are available to WFC programs, there are theoretically more controls
available for WFC than for JFC. In practice, however, most ActiveX vendors do not
actively support WFC, so the number of controls available for WFC is probably
smaller than for JFC. The WFC programming model is closely aligned with the
Windows platform.
51 Q What is a convertor?
A Converter is an application that converts distance measurements between
metric and U.S units.
52 Q What is the difference between a Canvas and a Scroll Pane?
A Canvas is a component. ScrollPane is a container. Canvas is a
rectangular area where the application can draw or trap input events. ScrollPane
implements horizontal and vertical scrolling.
53 Q What is the purpose of the enableEvents() method?
A The enableEvents() method is used to enable an event for a particular
object. Normally, an event is enabled when a listener is added to an object for a
particular event. The enableEvents() method is used by objects that handle events
by overriding their event-dispatch methods.
54 Q What is the difference between a MenuItem and a CheckboxMenuItem?
A The CheckboxMenuItem class extends the MenuItem class to support a menu
item that may be checked or unchecked.
55 Q Which is the super class of all event classes?
A The java.awt.AWTEvent class is the highest-level class in the AWT
event-class hierarchy.
56 Q How the Canvas class and the Graphics class are related?
A A Canvas object provides access to a Graphics object via its paint()
method.
57 Q What is the difference between a Window and a Frame?
A The Frame class extends Window to define a main application window that
can have a menu bar. A window can be modal.
58 Q What is the relationship between clipping and repainting?
A When a window is repainted by the AWT painting thread, it sets the
clipping regions to the area of the window that requires repainting.
59 Q What advantage do Java's layout managers provide over traditional
windowing systems?
A Java uses layout managers to lay out components in a consistent manner
across all windowing platforms. Since Java's layout managers aren't tied to
absolute sizing and positioning, they are able to accommodate platform-specific
differences among windowing systems.
60 Q When should the method invokeLater() be used?
A This method is used to ensure that Swing components are updated through
the event-dispatching thread.