Project Report On Embedded Systems

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Thapar University
A Project ReportOn
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND DTMF BASED WIRELESS CAR
Submitted to: Submitted by:Dr. Amit Kumar Kohli Gurjyot Singh10706034
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work on Embedded Systems is an
authentic record of myown work carried out at ATECH, CHANDIGARH(sec24)
as requirements of six weeks projectterm for the award of degree of B.E.
(Electronics & Communication Engineering),
ThaparUniversity, Patiala,
under the guidance of Mr. VIKRAM , Project In Charge ATECH during08-June
to 20-July, 2009.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to thank Mr. Vikram, ADVANCE
TECHNOLOGIES,CHANDIGARH, who was also our supervisor, for his consistent
guidance on each and everystep of our project.Without his push and
direction, this project would have not been completed. His
continuoussupport and motivation made this project possible.Id also
like to thank our teachers in Thapar Universty who helped me in
understanding the basics of this course . Without their support I would
not have been able to excel in my project.
Lastly, Id like to thanks all my friends and teammates for believing me
in me and mycapabilities.Gurjyot Singh10706034Thapar University, Patiala.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction....................................................................
........................04Microprocessor
v/s
Microcontroller.....................................................05Embedded
Systems.........................................................................
........05Types
Of
Microcontrollers................................................................
.....068051
Family
................................................................................
............Harvard
Architecture....................................................................
.........Risc
v/s
Cisc............................................................................
.................8051
Architecture....................................................................
................
Types of
Memory..........................................................................
..........Addressing
Modes...........................................................................
........Timers..................................................................
....................................Interrupts..................................
..............................................................Serial
Port
Communication...................................................................
Project
Description.....................................................................
............27References
and
Bibliography.................................................................
INTRODUCTION
A digital computer typically consists of three major components: the
Central ProcessingUnit(CPU), program and data memory, and an
Input/Output (I/O) system. The CPU controlsthe flow of information among
the components of the computer. It also processes the data by performing
digital operations. Most of the processing is done in the
Arithmetic-Logic Unit(ALU)within the CPU. When the CPU of a computer is
built on a single printed circuit board,the computer is called a
minicomputer. A microprocessor is a CPU that is compacted into
asingle-chip semiconductor device. Microprocessors are general-purpose
devices, suitable for many applications. A computer built around a
microprocessor is called a microcomputer. Thechoice of I/O and memory
devices of a microcomputer depends on the specific application.
For example, most personal computers contain a keyboard and monitor as
standard input andoutput devices.A microcontroller is an entire computer
manufactured on a single chip. Microcontrollers areusually dedicated
devices embedded within an application. For example, microcontrollers
areused as engine controllers in automobiles and as exposure and focus
controllers in cameras. Inorder to serve these applications, they have a
high concentration of on-chip facilities such asserial ports, parallel
input output ports, timers, counters, interrupt control,
analog-to-digitalconverters, random access memory, read only memory,
etc. The I/O, memory, and on-chip peripherals of a microcontroller are
selected depending on the specifics of the targetapplication. Since
microcontrollers are powerful digital processors, the degree of control
and programmability they provide significantly enhances the
effectiveness of the application.
MICROCONTROLLER v/s MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor and microcontroller are two popular terms in world of
computer.However,microprocessor and microcontroller has different
functions and features.Microprocessors generally require external
components or circuits to implement programmemory, RAM memory and
Input/Output. Intel s 8085, 80386 and Pentium are examples
of microprocessors. Microcontrollers incorporate program memory, RAM
memory andinput/output port into one chip. Microchip s PIC series and
Atmel s AVR series are examples of microcontrollers.One of the main
differences is that microcontrollers are usually designed to perform a
small setof specific functions, for example as in the case of a
Automatic Braking System which performs a small set of input processing
functions, whereas microprocessors tend to bedesigned to perform a wider
set of general purpose functions. For example, microcontrollersare
widely used in modern cars where they will each perform a dedicated
task, i.e. amicrocontroller to regulate the brakes on all four wheels,
or a microcontroller to regulate thecar air conditioning, or a
microcontroller for automatic gate systems.These microcontrollers will
perform few other tasks (if any) other than those specified.Compare to a
microprocessor in a PC which performs a wide range of tasks related to
thegeneral requirements of a PC such as performing the necessary
calculations for a very wide setof software applications, performing
Input/Output for the main subsystems, peripheral controland etc.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few
dedicatedfunctions, often with real-time computing constraints. It is

embedded as part of a completedevice often including hardware and
mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer,such as a
personal computer, is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range
of an end-user s needs. Embedded systems control many of the common
devices in use today.Embedded systems are controlled by a main
processing core that is typically either amicrocontroller or a digital
signal processor (DSP).Since the embedded system is dedicated to
specific tasks, design engineers can optimize itreducing the size and
cost of the product and increasing the reliability and performance.
Someembedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of
scale.Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as
digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like
traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systemscontrolling nuclear
power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single
microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and
networks mounted inside a large chassisor enclosure.In general,
"embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have
someelement of programmability. For example, handheld computers share
some elements withembedded systems such as the operating systems and
microprocessors which power them, butare not truly embedded systems,
because they allow different applications to be loaded and
peripherals to be connected.
V
ariety Of Embedded systems
Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and there are many
examples of their use.Telecommunications systems employ numerous
embedded systems from telephone switchesfor the network to mobile phones
at the end-user. Computer networking uses dedicated routersand network
bridges to route data.Consumer electronics include personal digital
assistants (PDAs), mp3 players, mobile phones,videogame consoles,
digital cameras, DVD players, GPS receivers, and printers. Manyhousehold
appliances, such as microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers,
areincluding embedded systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and
features. Advanced HVACsystems use networked thermostats to more
accurately and efficiently control temperature thatcan change by time of
day and season. Home automation uses wired- and wireless-networkingthat
can be used to control lights, climate, security, audio/visual,
surveillance, etc., all of whichuse embedded devices for sensing and
controlling.Transportation systems from flight to automobiles
increasingly use embedded systems. Newairplanes contain advanced
avionics such as inertial guidance systems and GPS receivers thatalso
have considerable safety requirements. Various electric motors
brushless DC motors,induction motors and DC motors are using
electric/electronic motor controllers.Automobiles, electric vehicles,
and hybrid vehicles are increasingly using embedded systems tomaximize
efficiency and reduce pollution. Other automotive safety systems include
anti-lock braking system (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP),
traction control (TCS) andautomatic four-wheel drive.Medical equipment
is continuing to advance with more embedded systems for vital
signsmonitoring, electronic stethoscopes for amplifying sounds, and
various medical imaging (PET,SPECT, CT, MRI) for non-invasive internal
inspections.Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task,
rather than be a general-purposecomputer for multiple tasks. Some also have
real-time
performance constraints that must bemet, for reasons such as safety and
usability; others may have low or no performancerequirements, allowing
the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
Characteristic
1.
Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded
systems consistof small, computerized parts within a larger device that
serves a more general purpose.For example, the Gibson Robot Guitar
features an embedded system for tuning thestrings, but the overall
purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music.[5]Similarly,
an embedded system in an automobile provides a specific function as
asubsystem of the car itself.2.
The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as
firmware, andare stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips. They
run with limited computer
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