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Chapter 1 (Probability and Statistics For Engineers)

This document discusses key concepts in probability and statistics for engineers. It covers how probability allows inferences about hypothetical population data based on known population features, while statistics allows conclusions about real populations using sample data and inferential analysis. It also discusses different sampling methods like simple random sampling and stratified random sampling to select representative samples. Finally, it defines common measures used in statistics to describe data properties, such as mean, median, variance and standard deviation, which quantify values' location within or dispersion from a distribution.

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Mohamed Hegazy
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views

Chapter 1 (Probability and Statistics For Engineers)

This document discusses key concepts in probability and statistics for engineers. It covers how probability allows inferences about hypothetical population data based on known population features, while statistics allows conclusions about real populations using sample data and inferential analysis. It also discusses different sampling methods like simple random sampling and stratified random sampling to select representative samples. Finally, it defines common measures used in statistics to describe data properties, such as mean, median, variance and standard deviation, which quantify values' location within or dispersion from a distribution.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Hegazy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1 (Probability and Statistics for engineers):

For a statistical problem, the sample along with inferential statistics allows us
to draw conclusions about the population, with inferential statistics making
clear use of elements of probability (inductive). If no sample is
involved, here will be a population described with all features
of the population known. Focus is on the nature of data that
might be drawn from the population. So elements in
probability allows to draw conclusions about characteristics of
hypothetical data taken from the population, based on known
features of the population (deductive). An engineer may need
to study the effect of process conditions, temperature, humidity, amount of a
particular ingredient, and so on. He can systematically move these factors to
whatever levels are suggested according to whatever prescription or
experimental design is desired. But a forest scientist who is interested in a
study of factors that influence wood density in a certain kind of tree cannot
design an experiment. This case may require an observational study in
which data are collected in the field but factor levels can not be preselected.
Sampling:
1. Simple Random Sampling: any particular sample of a specified sample size
has the same chance of being selected as any other sample of the same size.
Sample size means the number of elements in the sample.
2. Stratified random sampling: Often the sampling units are not
homogeneous and naturally divide themselves into non-overlapping
groups that are homogeneous. These groups are called strata, so we
make random selection of a sample within each stratum to be sure that
each of the strata is neither over- nor
underrepresented.
Measures of location:
1. Sample Mean: where the center, or some
other location, of data is located.
2. Sample Median: reflect the central
tendency of the sample in such a way
that it is uninfluenced by extreme values
Measure of variability:
1. Sample variance & standard
deviation: The quantity n 1 is called
the degrees of freedom. The quantities inside parentheses sum to zero.
Then the computation of a sample variance does not involve n
independent squared deviations from the mean x because the last
value of x x is determined by the initial n 1 of them, we say that
these are n 1 pieces of information that produce s 2.

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