Assignment 1

Maximum Marks 30
Due Date 24, October 2004
Assignment Weight age 2%

Question 1
Solve the differential equation
dy
( x 2 − 1) + 2 y = ( x + 1)
2

dx
Solution

dy
( x 2 − 1) + 2 y = ( x + 1)2
dx

⇒ ( x 2 − 1)dy + 2 ydx = ( x + 1) 2 dx
⇒ ( x 2 − 1)dy − [( x + 1)2 − 2 y ]dx = 0
⇒ [( x + 1) 2 − 2 y ]dx − ( x 2 − 1)dy = 0 -----------(1)
here M = ( x + 1) − 2 y
2
N = 1 − x2
∂M ∂N
= −2 = −2 x
∂y ∂x
i.e., given differential equation is inexact, to make it exact we have to find an I.F.
∂M ∂N
−
∂y ∂x −2 + 2 x −2
Consider = = = P ( x)
N 1− x 2
x +1
−2
∫ dx 1
So, I.F. is u = e x +1 = e−2 ln( x +1) =
( x + 1) 2
Multiplying the (1) by I.F., we get

2y ( x − 1)
[1 − ]dx − dy = 0
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)
2y x −1
here M = 1− N =−
( x + 1) 2
x +1
∂M −2 ∂N −2
= =
∂y ( x + 1) 2
∂x ( x + 1) 2
i.e., now the given differential equation is exact.
∂F ∂F
sin ce =M =N
∂x ∂y
 ∂F 2y ∂F x +1
⇒ =1− and =−
∂x ( x + 1) 2
∂y x −1
Integrating first w.r.t. “x “.
2y
F = x+ + g ( y)
( x + 1)
Now, taking partial derivative w.r.t.”y”
∂F 2
= + g '( y )
∂y x + 1
∂F
Putting the value of in the above equation
∂y
⇒ g '( y ) = −1
⇒ g ( y) = − y
Thus,
2y
F ( x, y ) = x + −y=c
( x + 1)
y (1 − x)
F ( x, y ) = x + =c
( x + 1)

Question 2
(a)Find the value of k, so that the differential equation is exact.
(2 xy 2 + ye x )dx + (2 x 2 y + ke x − 1)dy = 0
Solution
We have to find the value of k for which the given differential equation is exact.
Here M = 2 xy 2 + ye x N = 2 x 2 y + ke x − 1
∂M ∂N
= 4 xy + e x = 4 xy + ke x
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
By the given condition should equal to
∂y ∂x
⇒ 4 xy + e = 4 xy + ke
x x

⇒ k =1
(b)Solve the differential equation by separating the variables.
dy  y + 1 
2

y ln x = 
dx  x 
Solution
By separating the variables, we have
y dy dx
= 2
( y + 1) 2
x ln x
Solving the L.H.S. by partial fraction
1 dx
1 1 x
[ − ]dy =
( y + 1) ( y + 1) 2 x ln x
Now, integrating on both side
1 ln ln x ln ln x
ln(1 + y ) + = + ∫ 2 dx +C
y +1 x x

Question 3

Solve the differential equation

dy 2 x + 9 y − 20
=
dx 6 x + 2 y − 10
Solution
Since the given differential equation is non homogenous,so putting
x=X+h y=Y+k
dY 2 X + 2h + 9Y + 9k − 20 2 X + 9Y + 2h + 9k − 20
= =
dX 6 X + 6h + 2Y + 2k − 10 6 X + 2Y + 6h + 2k − 10
2h + 9k − 20 = 0 − − − − − (1)
Put
6h + 2k − 10 = 0 − − − − − ( 2)
Multiplying (1) by 3 and subtract (2) from it, we get,
25k -50=0
k=2
Putting in (1), to get the value of “h”
h=1
Now the given differential equation is homogenous for h=1 and k=2
dY 2 X + 9Y
i.e. =
dX 6 X + 2Y
Putting now,
Y = VX
dY dV
=V + X
dX dX
dV 2 + 9V
⇒ V+X =
dX 6 + 2V
dV 2 + 3V − 2V 2
⇒ X =
dX 6 + 2V
Now separating the variables
 (6 + 2V )dV dX
=−
(2V + 1)(V − 2) X
After partial fraction of L.H.S., we get
 −2 2  dX
 2V + 1 + V − 2  dV = − X
Now integrating on both sides
− ln(2V + 1) + 2(V − 2) = − ln X + ln C
Using the properties of natural logarithm, we get
(V − 2) 2 C
=
2V + 1 X
Y
Since V = , so solution becomes
X
(Y − 2 X ) 2
=C
2Y + X
Since x = X +1 y =Y +2
⇒ X = x −1 Y = y−2
Now the solution becomes
( y − 2x )
2

=C
(2 y + x − 5)
 Assignment 2

Maximum Marks 30
Due Date 04, November 2004

Question 1
(a)Solve the differential equation
dy
+ 2 xy = 2e− x , y (0) =1
2

dx
Solution

dy
+ 2 xy = 2e− x
2

dx
I .F = e ∫
2 xdx
= ex
2

dy
+ 2 xye x = 2e− x e x
2 2 2 2
ex
dx
2
d ( ye x )
=2
dx
d ( ye x ) = 2dx
2

Integrate both sides

d ( ye x ) = 2dx
2

ye x = 2 x + c
2

applying y (0) = 1
c =1
ye x = 2 x + 1
2

y = 2 xe− x + e − x
2 2

(b)Solve the differential equation.

dy
2 + y = y 3 ( x − 1)
dx
Solution
 dy
2 + y = y 3 ( x − 1)
dx
dy
2 y −3 + y −2 = x − 1
dx
put v = y −2
dv dy
= −2 y −3
dx dx
dv dy
− = 2 y −3
dx dx
dv
− + v = x −1
dx
dv
− v = 1− x
dx
I .F = e ∫ = e − x
− dx

dv
e− x − ve− x = (1 − x)e − x
dx
d (ve− x )
= (1 − x)e − x
dx
d (ve− x ) = e− x dx − xe− x dx
Integrating both sides
ve− x = −e − x + xe− x + e − x + c
ve− x = xe− x + c
v = x+c
y −2 = x + c

Question 2

(a)Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family.

ay 2 = x3 Where “a” is the variable parameter

Solution

ay 2 = x3

This is the family of cubical parabolas.

First we eliminate the value of the parameter

 x3
ay 2 = x3 → a =
y2
dy
2ay = 3x 2
dx
x3 dy
2 2 y = 3x 2
y dx
dy
2x = 3y
dx
dy 3 y
=
dx 2 x

Next we write the DE or the orthogonal family

dy 1
=−
dx 3y
2x
dy 2x
=−
dx 3y
3 ydy = −2 xdx

Now integrate both sides

3 2
y = − x2 + c
2
3 y2 + 2 x2 = c
A family of similarly situated ellipses

Question 3

Show that the half-life of radioactive substance is, in general,

( t − t ) ln 2
t= 2 1
ln  1 
A
 A2 
Where A1 = A(t1 ) and A2 = A(t2 ), t1 < t2 .

Solution

Let A (t) be the amount at time t and A0 the initial amount of the radioactive substance i.e.
A (0) = A0 Now we solve the problem
dA
= kA, A1 = A(t1 ) and A2 = A(t2 )
dx
 dA
= kdt
A

Integrate both sides

ln A = kt + c1
Taking exponent on both sides
eln A = e kt +c1
A = ekt ec1
A = Cekt where C = ec1
sin ceA(0) = A0
C = A0
A = A0 ekt
If “t” the half-life then the constant is given k by
A0
= A0 ekt
2
1
= e kt
2
− ln 2 = kt
− ln 2
t= − − − (3)
k
Now applying A1 = A(t1 ) and A2 = A(t2 ) we get
A1 = A0 ekt − − − (1)
A2 = A0 ekt2 − − − (2)
Divide equation (1). By equation (2) we get
A1
= ek ( t1 −t2 )
A2
A1
ln = k (t1 − t2 )
A2
A1
ln
A2
k=
(t1 − t2 )
Substitute that value in equation (3)
− ln 2
t=
A
ln 1
A2
(t1 − t2 )
(t2 − t1 ) ln 2
t=
A
ln 1
A2
 Assignment 3

Maximum Marks 30
Due Date 17, November 2004

Question 1
(a) Determine whether the functions in problems are linearly independent or dependent on (− ∞, ∞ ) .

f1 ( x ) = cos 2 x, f 2 ( x ) = sin 2 x, f 3 ( x ) = 1

Solution

f1 ( x ) = cos 2 x, f 2 ( x ) = sin 2 x, f 3 ( x ) = 1
cos 2 x sin 2 x 1
−2sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x 0
−4 cos 2 x −4sin 2 x 0
= cos 2 x ( 0 ) − sin 2 x(0) + 1(8sin 2 2 x + 8cos 2 x)
=8≠0

Which shows set of functions is linearly independent.

(b) Verify that the given functions form a fundamental set of solutions of the differential equation on
the indicated interval. Form the general solution.

y ''− 4 y = 0; cosh 2 x,sinh 2 x, (−∞, ∞)

Solution
To verify that set forms fundamental set of solutions we need to see whether both are linearly
independent or not so we see wronskian is non-zero or not
W ( cosh 2 x,sinh 2 x )
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
=
2sinh 2 x 2 cosh 2 x
= 2 ( cosh 2 2 x − sinh 2 2 x )
=2
Is non-zero
So the above set forms fundamental set of solutions

Question 2
(a)Verify that the given two-parameter family of functions is the general solution of the non-
homogeneous differential equation.
y ''+ 8 y = 5 x ; y = c1 cos 2 2 x + c2 sin 2 2 x
Solution

y = c1 cos 2 2 x + c2 sin 2 2 x

(
y ' = 2 2 −c1 sin 2 2 x + c2 cos 2 2 x )
(
y '' = −8 c1 cos 2 2 x + c2 sin 2 2 x )
Now we substitute above in the associated homogeneous differential equation, if equation satisfies
then two parameter family forms general solution of the associated homogeneous differential
equation

Consider the associated homogeneous equation

y ''+ 8 y = 0
(
8(c1 cos 2 2 x + c2 sin 2 2 x) − 8 c1 cos 2 2 x + c2 sin 2 2 x = 0 )
It shows that two parameter family forms general solution of the associated homogeneous
equation.
(b) Find the 2nd solution of each of Differential equations by reducing order or by using the formula.

x 2 y ''− 4 xy '+ 6 y = 0 ; y = x 2 + x 3
Solution

x 2 y ''− 4 xy '+ 6 y = 0 ; y = x 2 + x 3
It can also be written as
4 6
y ''− y '+ 2 y = 0
x x
Then 2nd solution is given by
e ∫
− pdx

y2 = y1 ∫ 2 dx
y1
4
∫
− − dx

y2 = ( x 2 + x 3 ) ∫
x
e
dx
( x 2 + x3 )
2

4
∫ x dx
y2 = ( x 2 + x 3 ) ∫
e
dx
( x + x3 )
2 2

e4ln x
y2 = ( x 2 + x 3 ) ∫ dx
( x 2 + x3 )
2

x4
y2 = ( x + x
2 3
)∫ dx
x 4 (1 + x )
2
 y2 = ( x 2 + x 3 ) ∫
1
dx
(1 + x )
2

(1 + x )
−2 +1

y2 = ( x 2 + x 3 )
−2 + 1
1
y2 = − x 2 ( x + 1)
( x + 1)
y2 = − x 2

Question 3

Solve the given differential equations subject to the indicated initial conditions.
y '''− 5 y ''+ 3 y '+ 9 y = 0, y (0) = 1, y '(0) = 2, y ''(0) = 3

Solution
Given differential equation
y '''− 5 y ''+ 3 y '+ 9 y = 0
Put
y = e mx
y ' = memx
y '' = m 2 emx
y ''' = m3emx
Substituting in the given differential equation, we have
e mx ( m3 − 5m 2 + 3m + 9 ) = 0
Since e mx non zero ∀ x, the auxiliary equation
( m3 − 5m2 + 3m + 9) = 0
By using synthetic division we find the roots of the cubic equation
-1 satisfied the equation so
−1)1 −5 3 9
−1 6 −9
1 −6 9 0
(m 3
− 5m 2 + 3m + 9 ) = 0
→ ( m + 1) ( m 2 − 6m + 9 ) = 0

( m + 1)( m − 3) =0
2

m = −1,3,3
y = c1e − x + ( c2 + c3 x ) e3 x
Now applying initial conditions
y (0) = 1
y = c1e − x + ( c2 + c3 x ) e3 x
1 = c1 + c2 − − − (1)
y '(0) = 2
y ' = −c1e − x + 3 ( c2 + c3 x ) e3 x + c3e3 x
2 = −c1 + 3c2 + c3 − − − (2)
y '' = c1e− x + 9 ( c2 + c3 x ) e3 x + 3c3e3 x + 3c3e3 x
y ''(0) = 3
3 = c1 + 9c2 + 9c3 − − − (3)
Now by solving simultaneously above three equation
1 = c1 + c2 − − − (1)
2 = −c1 + 3c2 + c3 − − − (2)
3 = c1 + 9c2 + 9c3 − − − (3)
3 25 4
c1 = , c2 = , c3 = −
28 28 7
3  25 4 
y = e − x +  − x  e3 x
28  28 7 

Is required solution
 Assignment 4

Maximum Marks 30

Question 1

Solve the given differential equations subject to the indicated initial conditions by using method of
undetermined coefficient (superposition approach)
y ''− 4 y '+ 4 y = ( 3 + x ) e −2 x , y (0) = 2, y '(0) = 5

Solution

Complimentary function
To find y , we first solve the associated homogeneous equation
c
y ''− 4 y '+ 4 y = 0
We put y = e mx , y ′ = me mx , y ′′ = m 2 e mx
Then the associated homogeneous equation gives
(m 2 − 4m + 4)emx = 0
Therefore, the auxiliary equation is
m2 − 4m + 4 = 0 as emx ≠ 0, ∀ x
Using the quadratic formula, roots of the auxiliary equation are
m = 2, 2
Thus we have real and distinct roots of the auxiliary equation
m1 = 2 and m2 = 2
Hence the complementary function is
y = (c1 + c2 x)e2 x
c

Next we find a particular solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation.

Particular Integral

Since the input function

g ( x) = ( 3 + x ) e−2 x

Is a quadratic polynomial Therefore, we assume that

y p = ( Ax + B)e−2 x
Then y p / = (−2 Ax − 2 B + A)e −2 x and y p // = (4 Ax + 4 B − 4 A)e −2 x
Therefore y p // − 4 y p / + 4 y p = (16 Ax + 16 B − 8 A)e−2 x

Substituting in the given equation, we have

(16 Ax + 16 B − 8 A)e−2 x = (3 + x)e −2 x

16 Axe −2 x + (16 B − 8 A)e−2 x = xe−2 x + 3e−2 x
Or
Equating the coefficients of xe−2 x , e−2 x , we have

16A = 1 , -8A+16B = 3

Solving this system of equations leads to the values

1 7
A= , B=
16 32

Thus a particular solution of the given equation is

e −2 x  7
yp = x+ .
16  2

Hence, the general solution of the given non-homogeneous differential equation is given by
y = y + yp
c

e −2 x  7
Or y = (c1 + c2 x )e 2 x + x+ 
16  2

Question 2

Find the annihilator operator of the following functions.

(1) 12 x + 8 x 2 − sin 4 x

Solution

Suppose that
y1( x) = 12 x + 8 x 2 , y2 ( x) = sin 4 x
Then
 D3 y1 (
= D3 12 x + 8 x 2 = 0, )
Since the differential operator
(D 2
− 2α D + α 2 + β 2 ( ))
is the annihilator operator of the following functions.
eα x sin β x
Then if we take α = 0, β = 4
Then the differential operator
(D 2
− 2α D + α 2 + β 2 ( ))
(D ) (D )
2 2
2
+ 16 y2 = 2
+ 16 sin 4 x = 0.
Therefore, the product of two operators
( )
2
D3 D 2 + 16
Annihilates the given function f ( x) = 12 x + 8 x 2 − sin 4 x

(2) e 2 x sin x − e5 x cos x

Solution

Suppose that
y1( x) = e2 x sin x, y2 ( x) = e5 x cos x
Since the differential operator
(D 2
(
− 2α D + α 2 + β 2 ))
is the annihilator operator of the following functions.
eα x cos β x And eα x sin β x
Then if we take
α = 2, β = 1
Then the differential operator
(D 2
(
− 2α D + α 2 + β 2 ))
(D 2
− 4 D + 5 ) y1 = (D 2
− 4 D + 5 ) e2 x sin x = 0,
And if we take
α = 5, β = 1
Then the differential operator
(D 2
− 2α D + (α 2 + β 2 ) )
(D 2
− 10 D + 26 ) y2 = (D 2
− 10 D + 26 ) e5 x cos x = 0.
Therefore, the product of two operators
(
D 2 − 10 D + 26 D 2 − 4 D + 5 )( )
Annihilates the given function f ( x) = e2 x sin x − e5 x cos x

Question 3

Solve the given differential equations using method of variation of parameter.

y ''+ y ' = tan x

Solution

y ''+ y ' = tan x

This equation is already in standard form
y’’+ P(x)y’ +Q(x)y = f(x)
Therefore, we identify the function f(x) as
f(x) = tanx
To find y , we first solve the associated homogeneous equation
c
y ''+ y ' = 0
We put y = e mx , y ′ = me mx , y ′′ = m 2 e mx
Then the associated homogeneous equation gives
(m 2 + m)emx = 0
Therefore, the auxiliary equation is
m2 + m = 0 as emx ≠ 0, ∀ x
Using the quadratic formula, roots of the auxiliary equation are
m(m + 1) = 0
m = 0, −1
Thus we have real and distinct roots of the auxiliary equation
m1 = 0 and m2 = −1
Hence the complementary function is
y = c1 + c2 e− x
c

We construct the determinants

Since y1 = 1 , y2 = e− x so
1 e− x
W ( y1 , y2 ) = −x
= −e − x
0 −e
0 e− x
W1 = −x
= −e− x tan x
tan x −e
1 0
W2 = = tan x
0 tan x
We determine the derivatives of the function u1 and u2
 W1 −e − x tan x
u '1 = = → u1 = ∫ tan xdx
W −e − x
W tan x
u '2 = 2 = − x → u2 = − ∫ e x tan xdx V
W −e
y p = u1 + u2e − x

Is required particular solution

 Assignment 5

Maximum Marks 30

Question 1

Solve the given differential equations.

4 x 2 y ''+ y = 0, y (−1) = 2, y '(−1) = 4

Solution

Suppose that y = x m , then

dy d2y
= mx m −1 , 2
= m(m − 1) x m −2 .
dx dx
Substituting in the differential equation, we get:
4 x 2 y ''+ y = 0 = x m (4m(m − 1) + 1) = x m (4m 2 − 4m + 1) = 0
If 4m 2 − 4m + 1 = 0 or (2m − 1) 2 = 0 .
1
Since m1 = , the general solution is
2
1 1
y = c1 x 2 + c2 x 2 ln x
y = c1 x + c2 x ln x
2 = c1 −1 + c2 −1 ln(−1)
ln (z) = ln z +i arg(z) where arg(z)= tan -1 y/x , z=x+iy
since -1 is also complex number as -1+0i
so
ln( -1)=ln -1 +itan -1 0/-1 =ln1+i0=0
Applying y (−1) = 2
2=c1i + c2i (0)
2=c1i → −2i=c1
Now y = c1 x + c2 x ln x
c1 c2 c x
y'= +ln x + 2
2 x 2 x x
c c c
y ' = 1 + 2 ln x + 2
2 x 2 x x
 Applying y '(−1) = 4
c c c
4 = 1 + 2 ln(−1) + 2
2i 2i i
c1 c2
4= +
2i i
−2i c2
4= +
2i i
c
4 +1 = 2
i
c2 = 5i
y = −2i x + 5i x ln x

Question 2

Write the solution of the given initial value problem in form x ( t ) = A sin (ωt + φ )
.1x ''+ 10 x = 0
x(0) = 1, x '(0) = 1

Solution

d 2x
.1 + 10 x = 0
dt 2
1 d 2x
+ 10 x = 0
10 dt 2
d 2x
+ 100 x = 0
dt 2
d 2x
Put x = e mt , 2
= m 2 e mt
dt
Then, the auxiliary equation is
m2 + 100 = 0
⇒ m = 0 ± 10i
Therefore, the general solution is:
x ( t ) = c1 cos10t + c2 sin10t
Now we apply the initial conditions.
x ( 0 ) = 1 ⇒ c1.1 + c2 .0 = 1
Thus c1 = 1
So that x ( t ) = (1) cos10t + c2 sin10t
 dx
= −10sin10t + 10c2 cos10t
dt
Therefore x′ ( 0 ) = 1 ⇒ −10 ( 0 ) + 10c2 .1 = 1
1
Thus c2 =
10
Hence, the solution of the initial value problem is
1
x ( t ) = cos10t + sin10t
10
Thus amplitude of motion is given by
2
1 101
A = (1) +   =
2
= 1.000498
 10  10
And the phase angle is defined by
1 10
sin φ = = >0
101 /10 101
1/10 1
cos φ = = >0
101 /10 101
Therefore
tan φ = 10
or φ = tan −1 (10 ) = 84.2894 radians
Hence the required form of the solution is
x ( t ) = A sin (ωt + φ ) 84.2894
x ( t ) = 1.000498sin (10t + 84.2894 )

Question 3

Solve the given differential equations by alternative method of Cauchy –Euler equation.
5
x 2 y ''+ 9 xy '− 20 y =
x3

Solution

First consider the associated homogeneous differential equation.

5
x 2 y ''+ 9 xy '− 20 y = 3
x
 d d2
With the notation = D, 2 = D 2 , the differential equation becomes:
dx dx
( x D + 9 xD − 20) y = 0
2 2

With the substitution x = et or t = ln x , we have:

xD = ∆ , x 2 D 2 = ∆(∆ − 1)

So the homogeneous differential equation becomes:

[∆(∆ − 1) + 9∆ − 20] y = 0
(∆ 2 + 9∆ − 20) y = 0
d2y dy
or 2
+ 9 − 20 y = 0
dt dt
Put y = emt then the AE is:
m + 9m − 20 = 0 or
2
m = −10, 2
∴ yc = c1e−10t + c2e2t , as x = et
yc = c1x−10 + c2 x2
For y p we write the differential equation as:
9 20 5
y ''+ y '− 2 y = 5
x x x
5
we make the identification f ( x) = 5
. Now with y1 = x −10 , y 2 = x 2 , and
x
y p = u1x−10 + u2 x2 , where u1 and u 2 are functions given by
W W
u1′ = 1 , u2′ = 2 ,
W W
with
x −10 x2 12 0 x2 5
W = −11
= 2 x1−9 + 10 x 2−11 = 12 x −9 = , W1 = =− , and
−10 x 2x x 9
5 x −5 2x x3

x −10 0 5
W2 = =
−11 −5
−10 x 5x x15

5 5
3 5 6 15 5
So that u ′ 1= x = − x and u′ 2 = x = 6
12 12 12 12 x
x9 x9
5 7 5
∴u1 = − ∫ x dx = − x7
12 84
 5 1
and u2 = ∫ 12 x6 dx = − 12 x5 .
Therefore
 1 
y p = x −10  −
5 7 5 −3 1 −3 1 −3
x  + x2  − =− x − x =− x
 84  5
 12 x  84 12 7
Hence the general solution is:
y = yc + y p
1
y = c1x−10 + c2 x2 − x −3
7
 Assignment 6

Maximum Marks 30

Question 1

(a)The first four terms of a power series in x for the given function.

2
 x2 x4 x6 
1 − + − + ... 
 2 3 4 

Solution

2
 x2 x4 x6 
 1 − + − + ... 
2 3 4 
 
 x2 x4 x6  x2 x4 x6 
= 1− + − + ...   1 − + − + ... 
 2 3 4  2 3 4 
  
 x2 x4 x6  x2  x2 x4 x6 
= 1 1 − + − + ...  −  1 − + − + ...  +
 2 3 4   
  2  2 3 4 
x4  x2 x4 x6  x6  x2 x4 x6 
 1 − + − + ...  −  1 − + − + ...  + ...
3  2 3 4 
 4  2 3 4 
 x2 x4 x6   x 2 x 4 x 6 x8 
= 1− + − + ...  −  − + + ... 
 2 3 4   8 
   2 4 6
 x 4 x 6 x8 x10   x 6 x8 x10 x12 
+ − + − + ...  −  − + − + ...  + ...
 3 6 9 12   
   4 8 12 16 
now we just collect the terms of x 0 , x 2 , x 4 , x 6
 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1
= 1 +  − −  x 2 +  + +  x 4 +  − − − −  x6 + ⋯
 2 2 3 4 3  4 6 6 4
11x 4 5 x 6
= 1 − x2 + − +⋯
12 6

Question 1

(b) Find the interval of convergence of the given power series.

 ( −1)
k
∞

∑ ( x − 5)
k
k
k =1 10

Solution

Firstly we need to find radius of convergent

∞ ∞ ∞
( −1)
k
( − 1 )k =
∑ ak = ∑ ck ( x − a ) = ∑ k
( x − 5) , a=5, ck =
k

k =0 k =0 k =1 10k 10k
( − 1 )k
Then
c
R= lim n = lim 10k = lim
( − 1 ) 10k +1
k
= 10
n→∞ cn +1 n→∞ ( − 1 )k +1 n→∞ ( − 1 )k 10k
10k +1
( x − a ) <R
( x − 5) <10
-10<x-5<10
-10+5<x<15
-5<x<15
This means that the power series converges if x belongs to the interval
(− 5,15)
The series diverges outside this interval i.e. when x > − 5 or x < 15 . The convergence of the power
series at the numbers − 5 and 15 must be investigated separately by substituting into the power series.
a) When we substitute x = − 5 , we obtain
∞
( − 1 )k
∑ k ( − 5 − 5 )k
k =1 10
∞
( −1)
k ∞
( − 1 )k ( − 1 )k
∑ 10 k ( x − 5) = = ∑
k
k ( 10 )k
k =1 k =1 10
∞
= ∑ ( − 1)
2k

k =1
which is a divergent by divergent test.
 b) When we substitute x = 15 , we obtain
∞
( − 1)k
∑ ( 15 − 5 )k
k =1 10k
∞
( −1)
k ∞
( − 1)k
∑ ( x − 5) = = ∑
k
( 10 )k
10k
k
k =1 10 k =1
∞
= ∑ ( − 1)
k

k =1
which is divergent, by divergent test. Hence, the interval of convergence of the power series is
( − 5,15 ) . This means that the series is convergent for those vales of x which satisfy
− 5 < x < 15

Question 2

Show that the indicial roots do not differ by an integer. Use the method of frobenius to obtain two
linearly independent series solutions about the regular singular point x0 = 0 Form the general solution
on (0, ∞ )

2 x 2 y ''− x( x − 1) y '− y = 0
Solution
As x = 0 is regular singular points of the differential equation
2 x 2 y ''− x( x − 1) y '− y = 0
∞
We try a solution of the form y = ∑ cn x n+r .
n=0
∞
Therefore y ′ = ∑ (n + r )c n x n + r −1 .
n=0
∞
And y ′′ = ∑ (n + r )(n + r − 1)c n x n + r − 2 .
n=0
∞
( ) n∑=0 (n + r )cn xn+ r −1 -
∞ ∞
2 x y ''− x( x − 1) y '− y = 2 x
2 2
∑ (n + r )(n + r − 1)c x
n =0
n
n+ r − 2 2
− x −x ∑c
n =0
n x n+r .

∞
= ∑ 2(n + r )(n + r − 1)cn x n + r + 2 − 2
n =0
∞ ∞ ∞
− ∑ (n + r )cn x n + r −1+ 2 + ∑ (n + r )cn xn + r −1+1 − ∑ cn x n+r .
n =0 n =0 n=0

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
= ∑ 2(n + r )(n + r − 1)cn xn + r − ∑ (n + r )cn xn + r +1 + ∑ (n + r )cn xn + r − ∑ c n x n+r .
n =0 n=0 n =0 n=0
 ∞ ∞ ∞
= ∑ 2(n + r )(n + r − 1)cn xn + r − ∑ (n + r )cn xn + r +1 + ∑ cn xn + r (n + r − 1)
n =0 n=0 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
= ∑ 2(n + r )(n + r − 1)cn xn + r + ∑ cn x n + r (n + r − 1) − ∑ (n + r )cn x n + r +1
n =0 n =0 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
= ∑ 2(n + r )(n + r − 1)cn xn + r + ∑ cn x n + r (n + r − 1) − ∑ (n + r )cn x n + r +1
n =0 n =0 n=0
∞ ∞
= ∑ cn x n + r (n + r − 1) [ 2n + 2r + 1] − ∑ (n + r )cn x n + r +1
n =0 n =0
∞ ∞ 

= x r ( r − 1) (2r + 1)c0 x 0 + ∑ (n + r − 1)(2n + 2r + 1)cn x n − ∑ (n + r )cn x n +1 
 n =1 n=0 
k = n −1 k=n
∞
 
Then x r ( r − 1) (2r + 1)c0 + ∑ [(k + 1 + r − 1)(2k + 2 + 2r + 1)ck +1 − ck ( k + r )]x k +1  = 0
 k =0 
∞
 
x r ( r − 1) (2r + 1)c0 + ∑ [(k + r )(2k + 2r + 3)ck +1 − ck (k + r )]x k +1  = 0
 k =0 
∞
 
x r ( r − 1) (2r + 1)c0 + ∑ (k + r ) x k +1[(2k + 2r + 3)ck +1 − ck ] = 0
 k =0 
This implies ( r − 1) (2r + 1)c0 = 0

(k + r )[(2k + 2r + 3)ck +1 − ck ] = 0 , k = 0,1, 2,...

Since nothing is gained by taking c0 = 0 , we must then have
1
( r − 1) (2r + 1) = 0 [Called the indicial equation and its roots r = 1, − are called
2
indicial roots or exponents of the singularity.]
ck 1
And ck +1 = , k = 0,1, 2,... Substitute r1 = −
(2k + 2r + 3) 2
and r2 = 1 in the above equation and these values will give two different recurrence relations:
1 ck
For r1 = − , ck +1 = k = 0,1, 2,... (1)
2 (2k + 2r + 3)

ck
For r2 = 1 , ck +1 = k = 0,1, 2,... (2)
(2k + 2r + 3)
c0 c c
Iteration of (1) gives c1 = = 0 = 0
2(−1/ 2) + 3 −1 + 3 2
c1 c c c
c2 = = 1 = 0 = 02
2 + 2(−1/ 2) + 3 5 − 1 2.4 2!2
c2 c c c
c3 = = 2 = 0 = 0
4 + 2(−1/ 2) + 3 7 − 1 2.4.6 3!23
 c3 c c0 c
c4 = = 3 = = 0
6 + 2(−1/ 2) + 3 9 − 1 2.4.6.8 4!24
c
In general cn = 0 n , n = 0,1, 2,...
n !2

Iteration of (2) gives

c0 c
c1 = = 0
0+2+3 5
c1 c c
c2 = = 1= 0
2 + 2 + 3 7 5.7
c2 c c
c3 = = 1 = 0
4 + 2 + 3 9 5.7.9
c3 c c0
c4 = = 1 =
6 + 2 + 3 11 5.7.9.11

c0
In general cn = , n = 1, 2,...
5.7.9...(2n + 3)

Thus we obtain two series solutions

1 ∞

− c0 n 
y1 = c 0 x 1 +
2
∑ n
x  (3)
 n =1 n !2 
∞
 1 
y2 = c0 x1 1 + ∑ xn  . (4)
 n =1 5.7.9...(2n + 3) 
By the ratio test it can be demonstrated that both (3) and (4) converge for all finite values of x. Also it
should be clear from the form of (3) and (4) that neither series is a constant multiple of the other and
therefore, y1 ( x) and y 2 ( x) are linearly independent on the x-axis. Hence by the superposition
principle
 2 ∞ 1 n+ 
2
y = C1 y1 ( x) + C 2 y 2 ( x) = C1  x 3 + ∑ x 3
 n =1 n !5.8.11.14...(3n + 2) 

∞
 1 
+C2 1 + ∑ xn  , x <∞
 n=1 n !1.4.7...(3n − 2) 

is an other solution of the differential equation. On any interval not containing the origin, this
combination represents the general solution of the differential equation

Question 3
(a) Find the general solution of the Bessel differential equation
 1 
x 2 y′′ + xy′ +  x 2 −  y = 0 On (0, ∞ )
 361 
Solution

The Bessel differential equation is

( )
x 2 y ′′ + xy ′ + x 2 − v 2 y = 0 (1)

 1 
x 2 y′′ + xy′ +  x 2 − y=0 (2)
 361 
1 1
Comparing (1) and (2), we get v2 = , therefore v = ±
361 19
So general solution of (1) is y = C1J1/19 ( x ) + C2 J −1/19 ( x )
Question 3

(b) Express the given Bessel function in terms of sin x and cos x , and power of x .
J − 3 / 2 ( x ) and J 3 / 2 ( x )
2v
J v −1 ( x ) + J v +1 ( x ) = Jv ( x )
x
If
2 2
J1/ 2 ( x) = sin x, J − 1/ 2 ( x ) = cos x
πx πx
Solution

To find J 3 / 2 ( x )
Consider
2v
J v −1 ( x ) + J v +1 ( x ) = Jv ( x )
x

1
For v =
2

J 1 −1 ( x ) + J 1 +1 ( x ) =
( 2) J
2 1
( x)
1
2 2 x 2
1
J− 1 ( x) + J3 ( x ) = J1 ( x)
2 2 x 2
1
J3 ( x) = J 1 ( x ) − J− 1 ( x )
2 x 2 2
 2 2
As given (we know) J1/ 2 ( x) = sin x, J − 1/ 2 ( x) = cos x
πx πx
1 2  2
J3 ( x) =  sin x  − cos x
2 x πx  π x
2  sin x 
J3 ( x) =  − cos x 
2 πx  x 
To find J −3 / 2 ( x )
Consider
2v
J v −1 ( x ) + J v +1 ( x ) = Jv ( x )
x

1
For v = −
2

J − 1 −1 ( x ) + J − 1 +1 ( x ) =
(
2 −1 )
−1 ( )
2 J x
2 2 x 2
1
J 3 ( x)+ J1 ( x) = − J 1 ( x)
−
2 2 x − 2
1
J− 3 ( x) = − J 1 ( x)− J1 ( x)
2 x − 2 2
2 2
As given (we know) J1/ 2 ( x) = sin x, J − 1/ 2 ( x) = cos x
πx πx
1 2  2
J 3
− ( x) = − cos x  − sin x
2 x πx  πx
2  cos x 
J −3 ( x) = − − sin x 
2 πx  x 

Assignment 6

Maximum Marks 30

Question 1

(a)The first four terms of a power series in x for the given function.
 2
 x2 x4 x6 
1 − + − + ... 
 2 3 4 

Solution

2
 x2 x4 x6 
 1 − + − + ... 
2 3 4 
 
 x2 x4 x6  x2 x4 x6 
= 1− + − + ...   1 − + − + ... 
 2 3 4  2 3 4 
  
 x2 x4 x6  x2  x2 x4 x6 
= 1 1 − + − + ...  −  1 − + − + ...  +
 2 3 4   
  2  2 3 4 
x4  x2 x4 x6  x6  x2 x4 x6 
 1 − + − + ...  −  1 −
 
+ − + ...  + ...

3  2 3 4  4  2 3 4 
 x2 x4 x6   x 2 x 4 x 6 x8 
= 1− + − + ...  −  − + + ... 
 2 3 4   8 
   2 4 6
 x 4 x 6 x8 x10   x 6 x8 x10 x12 
+ − + − + ...  −  − + − + ...  + ...
 3 6 9 12   
   4 8 12 16 
now we just collect the terms of x 0 , x 2 , x 4 , x 6
 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1
= 1 +  − −  x 2 +  + +  x 4 +  − − − −  x6 + ⋯
 2 2 3 4 3  4 6 6 4
11x 4 5 x 6
= 1 − x2 + − +⋯
12 6

Question 1

(b) Find the interval of convergence of the given power series.

( −1)
k
∞

∑ ( x − 5)
k
k
k =1 10

Solution

Firstly we need to find radius of convergent

∞ ∞ ∞
( −1)
k
( − 1)
k
∑ ak = ∑ ck ( x − a) = ∑ k
( x − 5) =
k
, a=5, ck =
k =0 k =0 k =1 10k 10k
 ( − 1 )k
Then
c
R= lim n = lim 10k = lim
( − 1 ) 10k +1
k
= 10
n→∞ cn +1 n→∞ ( − 1 )k +1 n→∞ ( − 1 )k 10k
10k +1
( x − a ) <R
( x − 5) <10
-10<x-5<10
-10+5<x<15
-5<x<15
This means that the power series converges if x belongs to the interval
(− 5,15)
The series diverges outside this interval i.e. when x > − 5 or x < 15 . The convergence of the power
series at the numbers − 5 and 15 must be investigated separately by substituting into the power series.
a) When we substitute x = − 5 , we obtain
∞
( − 1 )k
∑ k ( − 5 − 5 )k
k =1 10
∞
( −1)
k ∞
( − 1 )k ( − 1 )k
∑ 10 k ( x − 5) = = ∑
k
k ( 10 )k
k =1 k =1 10
∞
= ∑ ( − 1)
2k

k =1
which is a divergent by divergent test.
b) When we substitute x = 15 , we obtain
∞
( − 1)k
∑ k ( 15 − 5 )k
k =1 10
∞
( −1)
k ∞
( − 1)k
∑ 10 k ( x − 5) = = ∑
k
k ( 10 )k
k =1 k =1 10
∞
= ∑ ( − 1)
k

k =1
which is divergent, by divergent test. Hence, the interval of convergence of the power series is
( − 5,15 ) . This means that the series is convergent for those vales of x which satisfy
− 5 < x < 15
Question 2

Show that the indicial roots do not differ by an integer. Use the method of frobenius to obtain two
linearly independent series solutions about the regular singular point x0 = 0 Form the general solution
on (0, ∞ )

2 x 2 y ''− x( x − 1) y '− y = 0
Solution
As x = 0 is regular singular points of the differential equation
2 x 2 y ''− x( x − 1) y '− y = 0
∞
We try a solution of the form y = ∑ cn x n+r .
n=0
∞
Therefore y ′ = ∑ (n + r )c n x n + r −1 .
n=0
∞
And y ′′ = ∑ (n + r )(n + r − 1)c n x n + r − 2 .
n=0
∞
( ) n∑=0 (n + r )cn xn+ r −1 -
∞ ∞
2 x y ''− x( x − 1) y '− y = 2 x
2 2
∑ (n + r )(n + r − 1)c x
n =0
n
n+ r − 2 2
− x −x ∑c
n =0
n x n+r .

∞
= ∑ 2(n + r )(n + r − 1)cn x n + r + 2 − 2
n =0
∞ ∞ ∞
− ∑ (n + r )cn x n + r −1+ 2 + ∑ (n + r )cn xn + r −1+1 − ∑ cn x n+r .
n =0 n =0 n=0

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
= ∑ 2(n + r )(n + r − 1)cn xn + r − ∑ (n + r )cn xn + r +1 + ∑ (n + r )cn xn + r − ∑ c n x n+r .
n =0 n=0 n =0 n=0

∞ ∞ ∞
= ∑ 2(n + r )(n + r − 1)cn xn + r − ∑ (n + r )cn xn + r +1 + ∑ cn xn + r (n + r − 1)
n =0 n=0 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
= ∑ 2(n + r )(n + r − 1)cn xn + r + ∑ cn x n + r (n + r − 1) − ∑ (n + r )cn x n + r +1
n =0 n =0 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
= ∑ 2(n + r )(n + r − 1)cn xn + r + ∑ cn x n + r (n + r − 1) − ∑ (n + r )cn x n + r +1
n =0 n =0 n=0
∞ ∞
= ∑ cn x n + r (n + r − 1) [ 2n + 2r + 1] − ∑ (n + r )cn x n + r +1
n =0 n =0
∞ ∞ 

= x ( r − 1) (2r + 1)c0 x + ∑ (n + r − 1)(2n + 2r + 1)cn x − ∑ (n + r )cn x n +1 
r 0 n

 n =1 n=0 
 k = n −1 k=n
∞
 
Then x r ( r − 1) (2r + 1)c0 + ∑ [(k + 1 + r − 1)(2k + 2 + 2r + 1)ck +1 − ck ( k + r )]x k +1  = 0
 k =0 
∞
 
x r ( r − 1) (2r + 1)c0 + ∑ [(k + r )(2k + 2r + 3)ck +1 − ck (k + r )]x k +1  = 0
 k =0 
∞
 
x r ( r − 1) (2r + 1)c0 + ∑ (k + r ) x k +1[(2k + 2r + 3)ck +1 − ck ] = 0
 k =0 
This implies ( r − 1) (2r + 1)c0 = 0

(k + r )[(2k + 2r + 3)ck +1 − ck ] = 0 , k = 0,1, 2,...

Since nothing is gained by taking c0 = 0 , we must then have
1
( r − 1) (2r + 1) = 0 [Called the indicial equation and its roots r = 1, − are called
2
indicial roots or exponents of the singularity.]
ck 1
And ck +1 = , k = 0,1, 2,... Substitute r1 = −
(2k + 2r + 3) 2
and r2 = 1 in the above equation and these values will give two different recurrence relations:
1 ck
For r1 = − , ck +1 = k = 0,1, 2,... (1)
2 (2k + 2r + 3)

ck
For r2 = 1 , ck +1 = k = 0,1, 2,... (2)
(2k + 2r + 3)
c0 c c
Iteration of (1) gives c1 = = 0 = 0
2(−1/ 2) + 3 −1 + 3 2
c1 c c c
c2 = = 1 = 0 = 02
2 + 2(−1/ 2) + 3 5 − 1 2.4 2!2
c2 c c c
c3 = = 2 = 0 = 0
4 + 2(−1/ 2) + 3 7 − 1 2.4.6 3!23
c3 c c0 c
c4 = = 3 = = 0
6 + 2(−1/ 2) + 3 9 − 1 2.4.6.8 4!24
c
In general cn = 0 n , n = 0,1, 2,...
n !2

Iteration of (2) gives

c0 c
c1 = = 0
0+2+3 5
c1 c c
c2 = = 1= 0
2 + 2 + 3 7 5.7
c2 c c
c3 = = 1 = 0
4 + 2 + 3 9 5.7.9
 c3 c c0
c4 = = 1 =
6 + 2 + 3 11 5.7.9.11

c0
In general cn = , n = 1, 2,...
5.7.9...(2n + 3)

Thus we obtain two series solutions

1 ∞
−  c 
 ∑ 0n x 
n
y1 = c 0 x 2 1 + (3)
 n =1 n !2 
∞
 1 
y2 = c0 x1 1 + ∑ xn  . (4)
 n =1 5.7.9...(2n + 3) 
By the ratio test it can be demonstrated that both (3) and (4) converge for all finite values of x. Also it
should be clear from the form of (3) and (4) that neither series is a constant multiple of the other and
therefore, y1 ( x) and y 2 ( x) are linearly independent on the x-axis. Hence by the superposition
principle
 2 ∞ 1 n+ 
2
y = C1 y1 ( x) + C 2 y 2 ( x) = C1  x 3 + ∑ x 3
 n =1 n !5.8.11.14...(3n + 2) 

∞
 1 
+C2 1 + ∑ xn  , x <∞
 n=1 n !1.4.7...(3n − 2) 

is an other solution of the differential equation. On any interval not containing the origin, this
combination represents the general solution of the differential equation

Question 3

(a) Find the general solution of the Bessel differential equation

 1 
x 2 y ′′ + xy′ +  x 2 −  y = 0 On (0, ∞ )
 361 
Solution

The Bessel differential equation is

( )
x 2 y ′′ + xy ′ + x 2 − v 2 y = 0 (1)

 1 
x 2 y ′′ + xy′ +  x 2 − y=0 (2)
 361 
 1 1
Comparing (1) and (2), we get v2 = , therefore v = ±
361 19
So general solution of (1) is y = C1J1/19 ( x ) + C2 J −1/19 ( x )
Question 3

(b) Express the given Bessel function in terms of sin x and cos x , and power of x .
J − 3 / 2 ( x ) and J 3 / 2 ( x )
2v
J v −1 ( x ) + J v +1 ( x ) = Jv ( x )
x
If
2 2
J1/ 2 ( x) = sin x, J − 1/ 2 ( x ) = cos x
πx πx
Solution

To find J 3 / 2 ( x )
Consider
2v
J v −1 ( x ) + J v +1 ( x ) = Jv ( x )
x

1
For v =
2

J 1 −1 ( x ) + J 1 +1 ( x ) =
( 2) J
2 1
( x)
1
2 2 x 2
1
J− 1 ( x) + J3 ( x ) = J1 ( x)
2 2 x 2
1
J3 ( x) = J 1 ( x ) − J− 1 ( x )
2 x 2 2
2 2
As given (we know) J1/ 2 ( x) = sin x, J − 1/ 2 ( x) = cos x
πx πx
1 2  2
J3 ( x) =  sin x  − cos x
2 x πx  πx
2  sin x 
J3 ( x) =  − cos x 
2 πx  x 
To find J −3 / 2 ( x )
Consider
2v
J v −1 ( x ) + J v +1 ( x ) = Jv ( x )
x
 1
For v = −
2

J − 1 −1 ( x ) + J − 1 +1 ( x ) =
(
2 −1 )
2 J
( x)
x −1
2 2 2
1
J− 3 ( x)+ J1 ( x) = − J 1 ( x)
2 2 x − 2
1
J 3 ( x) = −
J 1 ( x)− J1 ( x)
−
2 x − 2 2
2 2
As given (we know) J1/ 2 ( x) = sin x, J − 1/ 2 ( x) = cos x
πx πx
1 2  2
J 3 ( x) =  − cos x  − sin x
− x πx π x
2 
2  cos x 
J −3 ( x) = − − sin x 
2 πx  x 