MAS.

836
HOW TO BIAS AN OP-AMP

Op-Amp Circuits:
Bias, in an electronic circuit, describes the steady state operating characteristics with no
signal being applied. In an op-amp circuit, the operating characteristic we are concerned
with is the output voltage of our op-amp. If an op-amp is said to be biased to 2.5V, this
means that, for no incoming signal or no sensor excitation, the output voltage will rest at
2.5V. Bias is, therefore, strictly a DC value. Once an AC signal is applied, the output
will then begin to move about the bias point. We bias an amplifier to a particular value to
keep the op-amp from saturating (amplifying a signal beyond the supply voltage
limitations) and to allow the signal to have as large of a range as possible. It is very
important to bias an amplifier before sending its signals to the input of an A/D converter.
If your signal does not occupy the full input voltage range of your A/D, you will not get
the full bit resolution on your data.

There are, essentially, only three op-amp configurations, and they are shown below.
These configurations can be set up to be either AC or DC coupled. An AC coupled
amplifier will only amplify signals which change with time, and will not respond to any
signals which do not change with time. A DC amplifier will amplify both types of
signals, making it more difficult to bias, since our bias voltages are also DC signals. So,
unless you need to know the steady state value of an input, you should always AC couple
your signals. This not only makes your circuit easier to bias, it also reduces any noise
which might exist in the frequencies below those of interest.

Inverting Amplifier:
Non-Inverting Amplifier:

Differential Amplifier:

How to Bias an Amplifier:

In order to bias an amplifier, you must put a bias voltage at the INPUT of your op-amp.
The output of an op-amp is very strong, and will merely overpower any bias voltage you
apply there. But, since the output reflects the voltages present at the input, you can apply
a bias voltage at the input, and allow the negative feedback around your amplifier to
bring the output to the voltage you desire. A simple rule to follow when biasing your
amplifier, is to replace any ground in your circuit with your bias voltage. There are only
two caveats to this rule. First, you do not need to replace the ground with a bias voltage
if that ground is only connected to a capacitor. Since a capacitor can not pass DC signals,
it has no effect on the bias of a circuit, so you need not connect it to your bias voltage.
Second, you do not need to replace a ground with a bias voltage if that ground is not
connected in some way to the input of your op-amp. Since only the input of an op-amp
can affect its output, those parts of your circuit which do not affect the input do not need
to be biased.

There are three ways to create this bias voltage which will be placed at the input of your
amplifier, and they are as follows.

Voltage Divider Biasing: This method is particularly useful when you have a number of
op-amps which need to be biased to the same voltage, as you can create a single bias
voltage that they will all use. For DC coupled amplifiers, it is important to remember that
R1 and R2 must be much, much smaller than any of the other resistors to which they are
connected. This will prevent the bias resistors from adding with those resistors and
changing the gain or offsets in your circuit. For AC coupled circuits, you need not worry
about the size of the resistors, as long as the cut-off frequency of the voltage divider, as
shown below, is much, much lower than the lowest cut-off frequency in the associated
circuit. This will ensure that the impedance of the bias network will not add significantly
at the frequencies of interest. The capacitor also helps eliminate power supply and pick-
up noise which could be coupled in to your circuit.

Voltage Follower Biasing: This method is exactly the same as the voltage divider
biasing, except it uses an op-amp (or transistor) to buffer the bias voltage, so choosing
small resistor values is no longer necessary. This can help reduce power consumption in
a circuit, and give even more accurate gain and offset values, as the impedance the
biasing op-amp will present to the rest of your circuit will be infinitesimal compared to
any other method. It can also supply a very stable bias voltage to any number of circuits,
and will eliminate any cross-coupling of signals between circuits, which might be
problematic with a simple voltage divider biasing scheme.
Split Resistor Biasing: This method is the simplest to construct, but has the greatest
amount of noise, as capacitors can not be used. Basically, any resistor which used to go
to ground, is now split into two resistors; one which goes to ground, and one which goes
to the power supply rail. The ratio of R1 and R2 determine the bias voltage, and as long
as R1//R2 is equal to the old resistor value, the circuit will operate the same way. This
method has the drawback, that if multiple bias voltages are required, it will be very
difficult to get the same voltages at each point. So, if there is DC coupling, you can very
quickly begin to amplify this error in bias voltages.

How to Select Component Values:

In order to bias your amplifier, you will need to know two things. First, how much gain
does your application require. To find this, merely measure your input signal to find its
minimum and maximum values. The difference is your input voltage swing. Now,
decide how large your output voltage swing should be, and divide this number by your
input voltage swing. The result is your gain. Next, what is the bias voltage you would
like to see at the output when you have no signal coming in. For AC amplifiers, this is a
simple concept, as it is the center point about which your output will oscillate. But, for
DC amplifiers, you will have to select a single operating point to calculate values for.
This will include an input voltage and the corresponding output voltage you would like to
see. For example, you may want the output to swing from 0V to 5V when the input goes
from 2V to 1V. In this case, the gain is (5V - 0V) / (1V - 2V) = -5, and you can use
either (2V, 0V), or (1V, 5V) as your operating point. Typically, operating points which
have 0V as one of their values will be easier to calculate values for, as the 0 quickly
drops out of the equations.
The bias equations for the three main amplifier types are shown below. Both split
resistor and bias voltage methods are shown. For the bias voltage methods, either voltage
divider or voltage follower circuits can be used.

Inverting Amplifier (DC Coupled):

In this case, the voltage divider biasing method is the best to use, unless you happen to
have a voltage follower bias already in your circuit, in which case you can merely
connect to that. Since the voltage divider is only connected to the input pin of the op-
amp, which draws no current, you can make the resistors arbitrarily large. Also, if you
have multiple inverting amplifiers in your circuit, you can connect them all to the same
voltage divider, as they all draw no current from the divider.

As an example of solving for the bias voltage, we can use our previous numbers of a gain
of -5 and an operating point of (2V, 0V). First you select R1 and R2 to give a gain of 5,
and then you put G = 5, Vi = 1V, and Vo = 0V into the Vb equation, which gives:

Vb = (0V + 5 x 1V) / (1 + 5) = 5V / 6 = 0.833V.

Now you can select R3 and R4 to give a Vb of 0.833V, based upon your Vs.
Inverting Amplifier (AC Coupled):
The AC coupled amplifier is biased exactly the same way as the DC amplifier. You
select R1 and R2 to give the gain you need, but you no longer need to calculate Vb, as
you merely select R3 and R4 to set Vb to the voltage you want the output to be at when
there is no input signal.

Non-Inverting Amplifier (DC Coupled):

It is important to note that you may not be able to bias the DC coupled, non-inverting
amplifier to any arbitrary voltage. Since the gain (G) will always be greater than one, the
denominator in the bias voltage equation will always be negative. And, if you do not
have negative voltages in your circuit (which is often the case when biasing), you will be
limited to conditions where G x Vi is greater than Vo. For example, if you have an input
voltage swing of 0V to 1V, and you would like to bias this up to 1V to 5V, a negative
bias voltage would be required (5 x 0V < 1V). For these cases, the DC coupled
differential amplifier must be used, usually with the V- terminal connected to ground.
Non-Inverting Amplifier (AC Coupled):
The AC coupled amplifier is biased a bit differently than the DC coupled amplifier.
Rather than place the bias voltage at the inverting input, the inverting input is now
decoupled from ground via a capacitor, and the bias voltage is placed at the non-inverting
input. The gain is the same, and the bias voltage is merely the voltage you want to see at
the output when there is no signal applied. It is important to remember to select R and C
values appropriate for the frequencies you are interested in.
Differential Amplifier (DC Coupled):
The differential amplifier is perhaps the easiest DC coupled amplifier to bias, as the gain
of the amplifier does not come into the equation when calculating the bias voltage. But,
now you need to know V+, V-, G, and Vo to specify an operating point.

Differential Amplifier (AC Coupled):

The AC coupled amplifier is exactly the same as the DC coupled amplifier, except there
are capacitors at the inputs (as can be seen on page 2), so it will not be shown. The
equations are identical as well. The only difference is that you must remember to pick
your R and C values to pass the frequencies of interest, as is the case with all AC coupled
amplifiers.