Transactional Analysis (T.A.

Analytical way to understand self,

analyze set of behaviors and change
of attitude
Basic Mysteries about self

 Who Am I?
 Why do I behave the way I do?
 Can I change my behavior?
Basic Mysteries about Others

 Why do some people suffer from recurring

negative thoughts and feelings?
 Why does their attitude, whether towards
themselves or others, or towards the world
at large become tinted or blurred?
 Why do their efforts go in vain?
 Why don’t they succeed in life?
Let’s explore through
Transactional Analysis
Transactional Analysis (T.A.)

 T.A. is propounded by Dr. Eric Berne in 1958

 T.A. is introduced in India by Father George Kandathil

in 1972
What is Transaction

 A transaction is a stimulus coupled with

response.
 It is exchange – in communication,
there is exchange of information,
feelings, like and dislikes.
What is transactional analysis?

 Self help psychology

 Easy to understand for common people
 Simple to adopt in daily life
 An effective way to understand human mind
and personality and to adopt the changes
required for personal growth
Why Transactional Analysis?

 How relevant is our personality at the

present
 Find out damage or loss to us due to
faulty personality
 Can we be successful without
developing personality
 How to develop our personality
Assumptions of T.A.

Human beings are by nature capable of living in harmony

with self, others and nature
All are equal in potential and intelligence.
Everybody has capacity to think. People decide their own
destiny. Decisions taken in life can be changed, if required.
Every person is unique in his/her feeling & behaviour.
Basically people have happy nature like children.
I am ok; you are ok
Where T.A. is used?

 Counseling individuals, couples and

families
 HRD and OD
 Education
 Team building
Do we like feedback?

Does feedback matter us?

Do we like appreciation?

How we react to criticism?

STROKES

Stroke is defined as a unit of RECOGNITION.

Stroke is a biological necessity.
Positive Stroke → Energy is given
Negative Stroke→ Energy is taken

FORMS OF STROKE
Physical Verbal Non-Verbal
Touch Praise Smile
Pat Wish Nod
Beat Greet Bow
Shake hand Appreciate Listen
Kick Abuse Look
Shout Signal
Scold
Types of Strokes

1. Positive Conditional Stroke (+C) ------- Doing / Performance

2. Positive Unconditional Stroke (+UC) ------- Being / Person

3. Negative Conditional Stroke (-C) ------- Doing / Performance

4. Negative Unconditional Stroke (-UC) ------- Being / Person

5. No Stroke ------- Ignoring

6. Plastic stroke ------- False

7. Counterfeit stroke ------- Sounding + ve Stroke with – ve sting

RESULT OF POSITIVE STROKE

 Self Confidence, Self Respect, Health Improvement, Make others happy, Winning friends,
Help developing talents, Become a winner, Feel that I am OK and others are also OK.
 Unconditional Positive Stroke or Unconditional love is the most powerful known stimulant
of the “Immune System”
 Higher stroking environment prevents disease
Effect of Stroke

 Positive Stroke Negative Stroke

 Self Confidence  Inferiority Complex
 Become Winner  Become Loser
 Feel that I am Okay  Feel that I am not Okay
 Feel that Others are also  Talents and Abilities
Okay Inhibited
 Self Respect Increases  Feel sad
 Help Winning Friends
 Help Developing talents
 Self Esteem Increases
But what happens in life

 We don’t give strokes

 We don’t accept strokes
 We do not ask for strokes
 We do not stroke our self
 We don’t reject stroke
What is human personality?

P Parent

A Adult

C Child

 Ego State means the state of mind at a particular moment

 Ego state is visible behavior pattern of self

 Every individual has 3 behavior patterns within himself – or 3 personalities – Parent,

Adult, Child
Child Ego State

IN CHILD EGO STATE, YOU FEEL,THINK,AND ACT LIKE A LITTLE PERSON, YOU ONCE WERE.

A. GENERAL BEHAVIOUR
Adapted Free / Natural
Stubborn Active, Affectionate
Rebellious Intuitive
Complaining Exuberant
Competitive Boastful
Co-operative Self-centered
Lethargic Curious
Guilty Artistic, self-indulgent
Anxious Excited,
Repeater of mistakes Playful, Sexual.
Obedient Laughter
Patient Shouting, Stamping
Disobedient Forgets
Child Ego State

B. Body Language
Adapted Free/ Natural
False Smile Mischievous Smile
Vindictive Smile Wide Open Eyes
Down Cast Eyes Looking Innocent

C. Words & Phrases

I can’t- If only- Super- Come On- Ouch- Won’t- What a
shame-I don’t know really- Hey –Darling.
FREE/NATURAL CHILD

+ve -ve
Playful Over - Emotional
Fostering care Over playful
No inhibition Careless
Ambitious Irresponsible
Creative Rebellious
Spontaneous Impulsive
Forgiving Shouting
Natural Naughty
Curious Extravagant
Sincere Destructive
Intuitive
Adapted Child Behavior

+ve -ve
Rebellious Aggressive
Assertive Angry
Confront Rude
Revolutionary Hurt
Adult Ego State

Adult Ego State is a state of mind when we analyze data, information or

situations. It is like a computer. It helps a person to make a logical
decision

A. GENERAL BEHAVIOUR
Acquiring Knowledge Looking for Options & Probabilities
Comprehend Weighing Pros & Cons
Perceive Reorganize
Interpret Organize
Classify Checking for Truth
Discriminating Unifying Data
Extrapolating Creativity
Adult Ego State

B. BODY LANGUAGE
Quiet, Alert, Pleasant, Smile, Forward Leaning, Clear straight gaze,
Unprejudiced air, Relaxed, Eye to Eye Contact

C. WORDS AND PHRASES

“I understand” “I remember” “Suppose”

“The information I have is ---------”
“What? How? Where?” “However”
“Another way of looking at ---”
Adult Behavior

+ve -ve
Matured Serious
Responsible Obstinate
Dutiful Too much calculative
Independent Arrogant
Self – Confident Over – Confident
Reasonable Too factual
Rational Machine like
Parent Ego State

 Parent ego state resembles behavior of parental figures

 You are responding as one of your parents with the same

gestures, words, feelings etc.

 In Parent ego state, you feel, think and act, as you saw your
parents act when you were little
Parent Ego State

Parent Ego State is a set of Thinking, Feeling and Behaviour patterns that
resemble those of parental figures.

A. GENERAL BEHAVIOUR
Critical Nurturing
Disciplining Caring
Judging Guiding
Compelling Encouraging
Scolding Supporting
Questioning Agreeing
Disagreeing Clinging
Ridiculing Falsely Praising
Direct Let me help you
Rescuing
Parent Ego State

B. BODY LANGUAGE
Critical Nurturing
Pointed Finger Nod
Heavy strides Embrace
Stern Look Consoling Touch
Jerking Fist Giving attitude
Foot tapping Concerned Look
Hands On Hips Arm around Shoulder

C. WORDS & PHRASES

Should, Should Not Take Care
Must, Necessary Don’t worry
Never, Always Don’t be afraid
Critical Parent Behavior

+ve -ve
Lead Demanding
Authoritative Expecting highly
Commanding Overly controlling
Assert Dictator
Nurturing Parent Behavior

+ve -ve
Protects Over – Permissive
Caring Over – Nurturing
Encouraging Rescuer
Listening Falsely praising
Loving Clinging
Negative Effect of Ego State

 Critical Parent Autocratic, Domination

 Nurturing Parent Overdependence,

Weak sentimentality

 Adult Ego State Incessant doubt

 Adapted Child Loss of Identity

 Natural Child Unbridled License

Ego States Formation

P
Taught Beliefs, Customs, Values Persecuting, Rescuing Dominance
Standards, Culture Permission, Protection.

A
Thought Awareness, Here and now Calculation, Skill Equality
experience, Current reality Options, Pros & Cons

C
Felt Satisfaction, Imagination Desires, Wishes Dependence
Creativity Wants, Needs
How do I behave?

 There is no general rule

 Depending on situation, you can use parent to child or child
to parent
 But for a balanced approach to life, Adult to Adult is
recommended
Where I go wrong
STRUCTURAL PATHOLOGY

A. CONTAMINATION
1. Parent Contamination

P
Prejudice
A

WHEN WRONG INFORMATIONS,PREJUDICES, SLOGANS AND BELIEFS RECEIVED

FROM PARENTAL FIGURES,ARE MISTAKEN FOR REAL FACTS.
2. Child Contamination

A
Delusion

WHEN “OLD CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES” ARE INACCURATELY

USED IN HERE AND NOW REALTY SITUATIONS
3. Double Contamination

P
Prejudice
A
Delusion
C

WHEN ADULT IS CONTAMINATED BY PARENT BELIEFS AND OLD

CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AT THE SAME TIME
STRUCTURAL PATHOLOGY

B. EXCLUSION
( Type 1 –One Ego
P State is excluded)
1. Excluded Parent
A

PARENT EGO STATE IS NOT BEING OPERATED BY THE INDIVIDUAL

2. Excluded Adult

THE INDIVIDUAL IS NOT OPERATING ADULT EGO STATE

3. Excluded Child

THE INDIVIDUAL DOES NOT OPERATE CHILD EGO STATE

EXCLUSION
(Type 2 – Two Ego States are excluded)
a) Constant Parent

THE INDIVIDUAL REMAINS IN PARENT EGO STATE ONLY.

b) Constant Adult

THE INDIVIDUAL REMAINS IN ADULT EGO STATE ONLY

c) Constant Child

THE INDIVIDUAL REMAINS IN CHILD EGO STATE ONLY.

Interpersonal Relating

 You think you understood what I spoke, but are you sure you
understood what I “meant”
Transactions

Transaction = Stimulus + Response

T =S+R
---------------------------------------------------------------------
A transaction is
1. Basic unit of conversation/behavior
2. Unit of social intercourse
---------------------------------------------------------------------
There are three kinds of Transactions namely,
Parallel, Cross & Ulterior Transactions
Parallel or Complementary Transaction

Communication will proceed smoothly as long as transactions are

complementary.
Two ego states only are involved, one from each person.
Stimulus & response vectors ( communication paths) are parallel.
There are 9 types of Complementary Transactions

P P
S = What time is it?
R = My watch says 12:30.
A A

C C
Parallel or Complementary Transaction

P P S = Students are becoming lazy and they always

welcome spoon -feeding.
A A R = These are the signs of the times

C C

P P S = I like your company.

R = I like talking with you
A A

C C
Parallel or Complementary Transaction

Boss Subordinate BOSS (Male) = Look, how many mistakes you have made in this
report !
P P SECRETARY (Female) = Sorry sir, it won’t happen again.

A A

C C

Boss Subordinate

BOSS(Lady) = I’m afraid, we have to rewrite the initial part in that

P P report.
Secretary (Male) = Don’t worry Madam, I’ll take care of it.
A A

C C
 Cross Transactions

There are 72 types of Cross Transactions

Colleague-I Colleague-2

P P

S = What is the time?

A A R = Why don’t you use your watch?

C C

Boss Subordinate

P P
Boss = Have you lost that important file?
Subordinate = How dare you say it to me?
A A

C C
Cross Transactions

Husband Wife

P P

S = Do you know where my cufflinks are?

A A R = You always blame me for everything.

C C

Friend - 1 Friend - 2

P P
S = What is the score?
A A R = Wow, We are winning.

C C
BERNE’S RULES OF COMMUNICATION

Ỹ Communication can continue indefinitely so long as transactions remain

complementary. In complementary transactions, the ego state
addressed is the one which responds
Ỹ Communication is broken when a transaction is crossed. In crossed
transaction, the ego state addressed is not the one which responds
Ỹ The outcome of an ulterior transactions is determined at the
psychological level and not at the social level. When people
communicate in two levels, the outcome of secret message is attained
BASIC LIFE POSITION
HOW A PERSON FEELS ABOUT HIMSELF/
HERSELF ABOUT OTHERS IS CALLED
BASIC LIFE POSITION

I+U+ Hope — Feel positive about himself/Herself and others-

Mentally healthy – Intimate relationship — Builds trust
Self Confidence – Prince/princess – Life is worth living
based on conscious thought and faith — Conversion
experience

I+U - Feel victimized – Blame others – Less friends-- Persecutors Feel

superior – Homicide – Critical – Deprived of strokes from
others – Showing power – He is unable to be objective
about his own capacity.-- Exaggerate his capacity –
Develop routine ―Yes‖ men who praise — Show overblown
confidence.
How I Am?
 BASIC LIFE POSITION

I-U+ Feel inferior – Compare with others – withdraw from other and
situations – Seek negative stroke – Inadequate – Depression My
life is not worth much – shows low confidence — Person feels
living at the mercy of others — Does not take initiative Devalues
his own contribution – My life is not worth much- Non Assertive
– Submissive

I-U- Feel Hopeless – Suicide Feelings — Neurotic Problem

Alcoholic — Frequently sick – Sadness – Futile – Life is not
worth anything at all – Reject stroke – Drug Addict — Lacks
energy — Go Crazy
 BASIC LIFE POSITION
(O.K. CORRAL) By Franklin Earnst

I–U+ I+U+
G.A.F. (Get Away From) G.O.W. (Get On With)
Loveless Healthy
Suicidal Self awareness
Feel foolish Be here
LIFE NOT MUCH WORTH LIFE WORTH LIVING

I–U– I+U–
G.N.W. (Get No Where) G.R.O. (Get Rid Of)
Mindless Joyless
Frustration Homicidal
Blank Lacks Intimacy
LIFE NOT WORTHY AT ALL LIFE NOT WORTH LIVING
Why I Behave In this way?
DRIVERS……DO MESSAGES

 The negative restrictive Do messages that

come from parents are called drivers
 These drivers lead us to not-Ok feeling.
 These messages are transmitted to a child
either from negative Nurturing or negative
Critical Parent Ego State of parents.
 Driver behavior of a person which appears
for few seconds can be detected
DRIVERS—DO MESSAGES

DRIVERS NEGATIVE MESSAGE

BE PERFECT You are not Ok, if you are not perfect

PLEASE OTHERS You are not Ok, if you do not please others

TRY HARD You are not Ok, if you are not trying hard

BE STRONG You are not Ok, if you are not strong.

HURRY UP You are not Ok, if you do not hurry up

What are the hurdles?
INJUNCTIONS - DON’T MESSAGES

 Injunctions are stoppers or prohibition to the child’s proper,

mental growth. It is a non- verbal command from a parent
to a child.
 Injunctions are a set of ulterior transactions from parents
to off springs.
 Injunctions limit the independence of a person.
 Injunctions are given from Critical Parent or Pig parent or
Crazy Child of parents.
 Injunctions are implanted before the age of 8
IMPORTANT INJUNCTIONS

1. Don’t exist (Don’t be ).

2. Don’t be you.
3. Don’t grow up.
4. Don’t be a child ( Don’t enjoy).
5. Don’t be important (Don’t be famous).
6. Don’t be close.
7. Don’t succeed (Don’t achieve)
8. Don’t feel ( Don’t show your feelings)
9. Don’t be sane.
10. Don’t be well.
11. Don’t think.
12. Don’t love others.
13. Don’t believe others
14. Don’t belong
 THANK YOU