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Three-Dimensional Object Representations

Graphics is a field of many different kind of objects display on the screen. In 2-D object representations we can’t access the proper view of an object, its only give the front view. 3-D object representation allows for creating a proper view of any natural scene both externally and internally. There are several ways to represent 3-D objects including using polygon and quadric surfaces, spline surfaces, fractal construction, and physically based modeling. Boundary representation and space-partitioning representation are two common schemes used to represent solid 3-D objects.

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Rishab Mehta
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9K views

Three-Dimensional Object Representations

Graphics is a field of many different kind of objects display on the screen. In 2-D object representations we can’t access the proper view of an object, its only give the front view. 3-D object representation allows for creating a proper view of any natural scene both externally and internally. There are several ways to represent 3-D objects including using polygon and quadric surfaces, spline surfaces, fractal construction, and physically based modeling. Boundary representation and space-partitioning representation are two common schemes used to represent solid 3-D objects.

Uploaded by

Rishab Mehta
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECT REPRESENTATIONS:-

Graphics is a field of many different kind of objects display on the screen e.g.;-trees, flowers,
clouds, rocks etc. In 2-D object representations we can’t access the proper view of an object,
its only give the front view of the object.so to make the object clear there is a 3-D object
representation creating a proper view of any natural scene i.e .Externally and Internally.Now
to design an object in 3-D form we have to categorised the object into some model
representation:-

• Polygon and quadric surfaces=Euclidean objects

• Spline surfaces and construction technique=aircraft wings with curved surfaces

• Fractle construction and particle system=accurate natural objects

• Physically based modelling method=non-rigid behaviour of an object

• Octree encoding=internal features of object like CT images

• Visualization technique=3-D discrete data sets to obtain visual representation of the


data

Represent scheme for solid objects are:-

1. Boundary representation:-tells about 3-D set of surfaces, separate the object


interior from the environment.

2. Space-partitioning representation:-tells about interior properties, partitioning the


spatial region.

Example:-oc-tree representation.

In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical


representation of any three-dimensional surface of object either inanimate or living via
specialized software. The product is called a 3D model. It can be displayed as a two-
dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of
physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D Printing devices.

Models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process of


preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting.

3-D Models
3D models represent a 3D object using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by
various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, curved surfaces, etc. Being a collection of
data points, 3D models can be created by hand, algorithmically procedural modeling,
or scanned.

3D models are widely used anywhere in 3D graphics. Actually, their use predates the
widespread use of 3D graphics on personal computers. Many computer games used pre-
rendered images of 3D models as sprites before computers could render them in real-time.

Today, 3D models are used in a wide variety of fields. The medical industry uses detailed
models of organs. The movie industry uses them as characters and objects for animated and
real-life motion pictures. The video game industry uses them as assets for computer and
video games. The science sector uses them as highly detailed models of chemical
compounds. The architecture industry uses them to demonstrate proposed buildings and
landscapes through Software Architectural Models. The engineering community uses them as
designs of new devices, vehicles and structures as well as a host of other uses. In recent
decades the earth science community has started to construct 3D geological models as a
standard practice.

3-D Representation
Almost all 3D models can be divided into two categories.

 Solid - These models define the volume of the object they represent like a rock. These
are more realistic, but more difficult to build. Solid models are mostly used for non visual
simulations such as medical and engineering simulations, for CAD and specialized visual
applications such as ray tracing and constructive solid geometry

 Shell/boundary - these models represent the surface, e.g. the boundary of the object,
not its volume like an infinitesimally thin eggshell. These are easier to work with than
solid models. Almost all visual models used in games and film are shell models.

Because the appearance of an object depends largely on the exterior of the object, boundary
representations are common in computer graphics. Two dimensional surfaces are a good
analogy for the objects used in graphics, though quite often these objects are non-manifold.
Since surfaces are not finite, a discrete digital approximation is required: polygonal
meshes and to a lesser extent subdivision surfaces are by far the most common
representation, although point-based representations have been gaining some popularity in
recent years. Level sets are a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo
many topological changes such as fluids.

The process of transforming representations of objects, such as the middle point coordinate of
a sphere and a point on its circumference into a polygon representation of a sphere, is
called tessellation. This step is used in polygon-based rendering, where objects are broken
down from abstract representations primitives such as spheres, cones etc., to so-
called meshes, which are nets of interconnected triangles. Meshes of triangles instead of
e.g. squares are popular as they have proven to be easy to render using scan-line
rendering. Polygon representations are not used in all rendering techniques, and in these cases
the tessellation step is not included in the transition from abstract representation to rendered
-scene.

3-D Modeling processes

There are five popular ways to represent a model:

 Polygonal modeling - Points in 3D space, called vertices, are connected by line


segments to form a polygonal mesh. Used, for example, by Blender. The vast majority of
3D models today are built as textured polygonal models, because they are flexible and
because computers can render them so quickly. However, polygons are planar and can
only approximate curved surfaces using many polygons.
 NURBS modeling - NURBS Surfaces are defined by spline curves, which are
influenced by weighted control points. The curve follows but does not necessarily
interpolate the points. Increasing the weight for a point will pull the curve closer to that
point. NURBS are truly smooth surfaces, not approximations using small flat surfaces,
and so are particularly suitable for organic modeling. Maya, Rhino 3d and solid
Thinking are the most well-known commercial software that uses NURBS natively.
 Splines & Patches modeling - Like NURBS, Splines and Patches depend on curved
lines to define the visible surface. Patches fall somewhere between NURBS and polygons
in terms of flexibility and ease of use.
 Primitives modeling - This procedure takes geometric primitives like balls, cylinders,
cones or cubes as building blocks for more complex models. Benefits are quick and easy
construction and that the forms are mathematically defined and thus absolutely precise,
also the definition language can be much simpler. Primitives modeling is well suited for
technical applications and less for organic shapes. Some 3D software can directly render
from primitives like POV-Ray, others use primitives only for modeling and convert them
to meshes for further operations and rendering.
 Sculpt modeling - Still fairly new method of modeling 3D sculpting has become very
popular in the few short years it has been around. There are 2 types of this currently,
Displacement which is the most widely used among applications at this moment, and
volumetric. Displacement uses a dense model often generated by Subdivision surfaces of
a polygon control mesh and stores new locations for the vertex positions through use of a
32bit image map that stores the adjusted locations. Volumetric which is based loosely
on Voxels has similar capabilities as displacement but does not suffer from polygon
stretching when there are not enough polygons in a region to achieve a deformation. Both
of these methods allow for very artistic exploration as the model will have a new
topology created over it once the models form and possibly details have been sculpted.
The new mesh will usually have the original high resolution mesh information transferred
into displacement data or normal map data if for a game engine.

The modeling stage consists of shaping individual objects that are later used in the scene.
There are a number of modeling techniques, including:

 constructive solid geometry


 implicit surfaces
 subdivision surfaces

Modeling can be performed by means of a dedicated program , or an application component


or some scene description language . In some cases, there is no strict distinction between
these phases; in such cases modeling is just part of the scene creation process .

Complex materials such as blowing sand, clouds, and liquid sprays are modeled with particle
systems, and are a mass of 3D coordinates which have either points, polygons,texture splats,
or sprites assign to them.

3D Representations provide the foundations for


 Computer Graphics, Computer-Aided Geometric
 Design, Visualization, Robotics
• They are languages for describing geometry
 Semantics Syntax
 values data structures
 operations algorithms

 Set of 3D points mapping to pixels of depth image

TYPES OF SURFACES TO DISPLAY 3-D OBJECT:-


1. Polygon surfaces:-it represent a polyhedron precisely
which defines the surface features o f the object. It consist of
polygon tables, plane equation and polygon meshes.

2. curved line and surfaces:-It represent the surface from an


input set of mathematical function in which a set of data
points are specified.

Example:-quadrics and super-quadrics.


3. Quadric surfaces:-these are particularly spheres and
ellipsoids that are common element of graphic scenes and
they are available on the graphics packages as primitives to
construct more complex objects.

It is mainly consist of sphere,ellipsoid, torus.

4. SuperQuadrics:-It is incorporation ofadditional parameters


into quadric equations to provide increase flexibility for
adjusting object shapes.

No. Of additional parameters=dimension of the


object

It consist of superellipse and superellipsoid

5. Blobby objects:-these objects can be defining as blobbiness


and are simply refer as a blobby object because there shapes
show a certain degree of fluidity.

3-D view of blobby objects

3D object representation using canonical views

 partitioning the viewing hemisphere of 3D object in areas of similar views - aspect


bubbles
 comparison of tracking and matching techniques for bubbles generating (utilizing
Gabor wavelets)
 distribution of areas of view bubbles for TOM sequence for tracking and
matching. Warmer colors encode larger areas of view bubbles.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.answers.com

www.ask.com

www.w3schools.com

www.workstuff.com

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