Module

12
Yield Line Analysis for
Slabs
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 Lesson
30
Basic Principles, Theory and
One-way Slabs
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Instructional Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

• state the limitations of elastic analysis of reinforced concrete slabs,

• explain the meaning of yield lines,

• explain the basic principle of yield line theory,

• state the assumptions of yield line analysis,

• state the rules for predicting yield patterns and locating the axes of rotation
of slabs with different plan forms and boundaries,

• state the upper and lower bound theorems,

• explain the two methods i.e., (i) method of segmental equilibrium and (ii)
method of virtual work,

• explain if the yield line analysis is a lower or upper bound method,

• analyse one-way slab problems to determine the location of yield lines and
determine the collapse load applying the theoretical formulations of (i)
method of segmental equilibrium and (ii) method of virtual work.

12.30.1 Introduction
The limit state of collapse method of design of beams and slabs considers
the actual inelastic behaviour of slabs when subjected to the factored loads.
Accordingly, it is desirable that the structural analysis of beams and slabs has to
be done taking the inelastic behaviour into account. Though the coefficients in
Annex D-1 of IS 456 to determine the bending moments for the design of two-
way slabs are based on inelastic analysis, the code also recommends the use of
linear elastic theory for the structural analysis in cl. 22.1. Moreover, IS 456 further
stipulates the use of coefficients of moments and shears for continuous beams
given in Tables 12 and 13 of cl. 22.5 in lieu of rigorous elastic analysis. These
coefficients of beams are also applicable for the design of one-way slabs, based
on linear elastic theory. Thus, there are inconsistencies between the methods of
analysis and design.

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 The above discussion clearly indicates the need of adopting the inelastic
analysis or collapse limit state analysis for all structures. However, there are
sufficient justifications for adopting the inelastic analysis for slabs as evident from
the following limitations of the elastic analysis of slabs:

(i) Slab panels are square or rectangular.

(ii) One-way slab panels must be supported along two opposite sides
only; the other two edges remain unsupported.

(iii) Two-way slab panels must be supported along two pairs of

opposite sides, supports remaining unyielding.

(iv) Applied loads must be uniformly distributed.

(v) Slab panels must not have large opening.

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 Therefore, for slabs of triangular, circular and other plan forms, for loads
other than uniformly distributed, for support conditions other than those specified
above and for slabs with large openings (Figs.12.30.1a to d); the collapse limit
state analysis has been found to be a powerful and versatile method.

Inelastic or limit analysis is similar to the plastic analysis of continuous

steel beams which is based on formation of plastic hinges to form a mechanism
of collapse. However, full plastic analysis of reinforced concrete beams and
frames is tedious and time consuming. One important advantage of the
reinforced concrete slabs over the reinforced concrete beams and frames is that
the slabs are mostly under-reinforced. This gives a large rotation capacity of
slabs, which may be taken as the presence of sufficient ductility.

12.30.2 Yield Line Theory

The yield line theory, thus, is an ultimate or factored load method of
analysis based on bending moment on the verge of collapse. At collapse loads,
the slab begins to crack as they are mostly under-reinforced, with the yielding of
reinforcement at points of high bending moment. With the propagation of cracks
the yield lines are developed gradually. Finally, a mechanism is formed when the
slab collapses due to uncontrolled rotation of members. Yield lines, therefore, are
lines of maximum yielding moments of the reinforcement of slab. The essence is
to find out the locations of the appropriate yield lines.

Yield line analysis, though first proposed by Ingerslev in 1923 (vide, “The
strength of rectangular slabs”, by A. Ingerslev, J. of Institution of Structural
Engineering, London, Vol. 1, No.1, 1923, pp. 3-14), Johansen is more known for
his large extension of the analysis (please refer to (i) Brutlinieteorier, Jul.
Gjellerups Forlag, Copenhagen, 1943, by K.W. Johansen, English translation,
Cement and Concrete Association London 1962; and (ii) Pladeformler, 2d ed.,
Polyteknisk Forening, Copenhagen, 1949, by K.W. Johansen, English
translation,” Yield Line formulas for slabs, Cement and Concrete Association,
London, 1972). Its importance is reflected in the recommendation of the use of
this method of analysis of slabs in the Note of cl. 24.4 of IS 456. It is to note that
only under-reinforced bending failure is considered in this theory ignoring the
effects due to shear, bond and deflection. Effect of in-plane forces developed is
also ignored.

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12.30.3 Basic Principles

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 As mentioned earlier, reinforced concrete slabs are mostly under-
reinforced and they fail in flexure. Figures 12.30.2a and b show such a reinforced
concrete simply supported one-way slab subjected to short term loading. The
maximum bending moment is along CC, at a distance of L/2 from the supports,
where the deflection and curvature will be the maximum. The curvature φ is
expressed by (Fig. 12.30.2c):

φ = ∈max/x (12.1)

where ∈max is the compressive strain in concrete in the outermost fibre

and x is the depth of the neutral axis. Figure 12.30.2b shows the plastic curvature
φp distributed over a short length DE adjacent to the failure section and the
ignored elastic curvatures φe elsewhere on the slab.

Figure 12.30.3 shows the schematic moment-curvature diagrams of the

slab of Fig.12.30.2a. It is evident from Fig.12.30.3 that up to the point D, when
the crack first appears anywhere along the line CC of Figs.12.30.2a, the line OD
is elastic. Thereafter, the slope of the line changes gradually with the progress of
cracks. Accordingly, the stiffness of the slab is reduced. The reinforcement starts
yielding at point F, when the ultimate strength is almost reached. The two paths
FH for the mild steel reinforcing bars and FI for the deformed bars show marginal
increase in moment capacities. Two points H and I are the respective failure
points showing larger disproportionate deformations and curvatures when the
maximum moment capacity i.e., the resistance of the cross-section Mp is
reached. It may be noted that at these points (H and I), the plastic curvatures φp

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are much larger than the elastic curvature φe. Neglecting these marginal moment
capacities in the regions beyond F, the moment curvature diagram is idealised as
OEG. The extended zone of increasing curvature at nearly constant moment and
considering φp as much larger than φe, it is justified to neglect the elastic
curvature φe totally. This amounts to shifting the point E to E′ in Fig. 12.30.3.

The first crack starting anywhere along CC of the one-way slab of

Fig.12.30.2a, after reaching the maximum moment capacity Mp, proceeds
forming plastic hinges. In the process, the crack line or yield line CC is formed
when the slab collapses forming a mechanism. It is worth mentioning that even at
collapse; the two segments AC and BC remain elastic and plane.

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 It us thus seen that only one yield line is needed to form a mechanism with
two real hinges for the collapse of the statically determinate one-way slab of
Fig.12.30.2a. In case of statically indeterminate slab, the clamped-clamped slab
of Fig.12.30.4a, however, can sustain the loads without collapse even after the
formation of one or more yield lines. Figures 12.30.4c to f show the bending
moment and deflection diagrams of the slab with increasing loads w1 < w2 < w3 <
w4. It is known that during the elastic range, the negative moment at the clamped
ends (w1l2/12) is twice of the positive moment at mid-span (w1l2/24), as shown in
Fig.12.30.4c. Assuming that the slab has equal reinforcement for positive and
negative moments, the highly stressed clamped ends start yielding first. Though
the support line hinges rotate, the restraining moments continue to act till the
mid-span moment becomes equal to the moment at the supports. Accordingly, a
third hinge is formed (Fig.12.30.4f). Now, the three hinges form the mechanism
and the slab collapses showing large deflection and curvature. The moment
diagram just before the collapse is shown in Fig.12.30.4f.

It is clear from the above discussion that such mechanism is possible with
the bending moment diagram of Fig.12.30.4f, if the slab is having adequate
reinforcement to resist equal moments at the support and mid-span. The elastic
bending moment ratio of 1:2 between the mid-span and support could be
increased to 1:1 by the redistribution of moment, which depends on the
reinforcement provided in the supports and mid-span sections and not on the
elastic bending moment diagram shown in Fig.12.30 4c.

12.30.4 Assumptions
The following are the assumptions of the yield line analysis of reinforced
concrete slabs.

1. The steel reinforcement is fully yielded along the yield lines at collapse.
Rotation following yield is at constant moment.

2. The slab deforms plastically at collapse and is separated into

segments by the yield lines. The individual segments of the slab
behave elastically.

3. The elastic deformations are neglected and plastic deformations are

only considered. The entire deformations, therefore, take place only
along the yield lines. The individual segments of the slab remain plane
even in the collapse condition.

4. The bending and twisting moments are uniformly distributed along the
yield lines. The maximum values of the moments depend on the
capacities of the section based on the amount of reinforcement
provided in the section.

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 5. The yield lines are straight lines as they are the lines of intersection
between two planes.

12.30.5 Rules for Yield Lines

The first requirement of the yield line analysis is to assume possible yield
patterns and locate the axes of rotation.

It has been observed that assuming the possible yield patterns and
locating the axes of rotation are simple to establish for statically determinate or
indeterminate (simply supported or clamped) one-way slabs. For other cases,
however, suitable guidelines are needed for drawing the yield lines and locating
the axes of rotation.

It is worth mentioning that other cases of two-way slabs will have sufficient
number of real or plastic hinges to form a mechanism while they will be on the
verge of collapse. The yield lines will divide the slabs into a number of segments,
which will rotate as rigid bodies about the respective axes of rotation. The axes of
rotations will be located along the lines of support or over columns, if provided as
point supports. The yield line between two adjacent slab segments is a straight
line, as the intersection of two-plane surfaces is always a straight line. The yield
line should contain the point of intersection, if any, of the two axes of rotation of
two adjacent segments as such point of intersection is common to the two
planes.

The two terms, positive and negative yield lines, are used in the analysis
to designate the yield lines for positive bending moments having tension at the
bottom and negative bending moments having tension at the top of the slab,
respectively.

The following are the guidelines for predicting the yield lines and axes of
rotation:

1. Yield lines between two intersecting planes are straight lines.

2. Positive yield line will be at the mid-span of one-way simply supported

slabs.

3. Negative yield lines will occur at the supports in addition to the positive
yield lines at the mid-span of one-way continuous slabs.

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4. Yield lines will occur under point loads and they will be radiating
outward from the point of application of the point loads.

5. Yield line between two slab segments should pass through the point of
intersection of the axes of rotation of the adjacent slab segments.

6. Yield lines should end at the boundary of the slab or at another yield
line.

7. Yield lines represent the axes of rotation.

8. Supported edges of the slab will also act as axes of rotation. However,
the fixed supports provide constant resistance to rotation having
negative yield lines at the supported edges. On the other hand, axes of
rotation at the simply supported edges will not provide any resistance
to rotation of the segment.

9. Axis of rotation will pass over any column support, if provided, whose
orientation will depend on other considerations.

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 Some examples are taken up to illustrate the applications of the guidelines
for predicting the possible yield patterns in Figs.12.30.5a to g.

12.30.6 Upper and Lower Bound Theorems

According to the general theory of structural plasticity, the collapse load of

a structure lies in between the upper bound and lower bound of the true collapse
load. Therefore, the solution employing the theory of plasticity should ensure that
lower and upper bounds converge to the unique and correct values of the
collapse load.

The statements of the two theorems applied to slabs are given below:

(A) Lower bound theorem: The lower bound of the true collapse load is that
external load for which a distribution of moments can be found satisfying
the requirements of equilibrium and boundary conditions so that the
moments at any location do not exceed the yield moment.

(B) Upper bound theorem: The upper bound of the true collapse load is that
external load for which the internal work done by the slab for a small
increment of displacement, assuming that moment at every plastic hinge
is equal to the yield moment and satisfying the boundary conditions, is
equal to the external work done by that external load for the same amount
of small increment of displacement.

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 Thus, the collapse load satisfying the lower bound theorem is always
lower than or equal to the true collapse load. On the other hand, the
collapse load satisfying the upper bound theorem is always higher than or
equal to the true collapse load.

The yield line analysis is an upper bound method in which the predicted
failure load of a slab for given moment of resistance (capacity) may be higher
than the true value. Thus, the solution of the upper bound method (yield line
analysis) may result into unsafe design if the lowest mechanism could not be
chosen. However, it has been observed that the prediction of the most
probable true mechanism in slab is not difficult. Thus, the solution is safe and
adequate in most of the cases. However, it is always desirable to employ a
lower bound method, which is totally safe from the design point of view.

12.30.7 Methods of Analysis

After predicting the general yield pattern and locating the axes of rotation,
the specific pattern and locations of axes of rotation and the collapse load for the
slab can be determined by one of the two methods given below:

(1) Method of segmental equilibrium

(2) Method of virtual work.

The two methods are briefly explained below.

(1) Method of segmental equilibrium

In this method, equilibrium of the individual slab segments causing the

collapse forming the required mechanism is considered to arrive at a set
of simultaneous equations. The solutions of the simultaneous equations
give the values of geometrical parameters for finalising the yield pattern
and the relation between the load capacity and resisting moment.

Thus, in segmental equilibrium method, each segment of the slab is

studied as a free body (Fig.12.30.5b) which is in equilibrium at incipient
failure under the action of the applied loads, moment along the yield lines,
and reactions or shear along the support lines. Since, yield moments are
principal moments, twisting moments are zero along the yield lines.
Further, in most of the cases, shear forces are also zero. Thus, with
reference to Fig.12.30.5b, the vector sum of moments along yield lines AO

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 and OB (segment AOB) is equal to moments of the loads on the segment
AOB about the axis of rotation 1-1 just before the collapse.

It should be specially mentioned that equilibrium of a slab segment should

not be confused with the general equilibrium equation of the true
equilibrium method, which is lower bound. Strip method of slab design,
developed by A. Hillerborg, (vide “Equilibrium theory for reinforced
concrete slabs” (in Swedish), Betong, vol.4 No. 4, 1956, pp. 171-182) is a
true equilibrium method resulting in a lower bound solution of the collapse
load, which is safe and preferable too. The governing equilibrium equation
for a small slab element of lengths dx and dy is

∂ 2 Mx ∂ 2 Mxy ∂ 2 My
+ 2 + =−w (12.2)
∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2

where w is the external load per unit area; Mx and My are the bending
moments per unit width in x and y directions, respectively; and Mxy is the
twisting moment. However, strip method of analysis is beyond the scope
of this course. For more information about strip method, the reader may
refer to Chapter 15 of “Design of concrete structures” by A.H. Nilson, Tata-
McGraw – Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

(2) Method of virtual work

This method is based on the principle of virtual work. After predicting the
possible yield pattern and the axes of rotation, the slab, which is in
equilibrium with the moments and loads on the structure, is given an
infinitesimal increase in load to cause the structure further deflection. The
principle of virtual work method is that the external work done by the loads
to cause a small virtual deflection should be equal to the internal work
done by the yield moments to cause the rotation in accommodating the
virtual deflection. The relation between the applied loads and the ultimate
resisting moments of the slab is obtained by equating the internal and
external works. As the elastic deflections and rotations are small
compared to the plastic deformations and rotations, they are neglected in
the governing equation. Further, the compatibility of deflection must be
maintained. The work equation is written as follows:

∑wΔ = ∑Mθ l (12.3)

where

w = collapse load,

Δ = vertical deflection through which the collapse load w moves,

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 M = moment capacity of the section per unit length,

θ = rotation of the slab segment satisfying the compatibility of deflection,

and

l = length of the yield line.

As mentioned earlier, both the methods of segmental equilibrium and virtual work
are upper bound methods. Therefore, the collapse load obtained by either
method of yield line analysis will be at the higher end of the true collapse load.
Accordingly, each of the two methods should be developed to get the correct
solution for predicted mechanism. However, the true collapse load will be
obtained only if the correct mechanism has been predicted.

Thus, the solution of any of the two upper bound methods has two essential
parts: (1) predicting the correct yield pattern, and (2) determining the geometric
parameters that define the exact location and orientation of the yield pattern and
solving for the relation between applied load and resisting moments.

12.30.8 Analysis of One-Way Slab

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Figures12.30.6a and b show one-way continuous slab whose one span of width
one metre is considered. The factored moments of resistance are MA and MB at
the continuous supports A and B where negative yield lines have formed and MC
at C where the positive yield line has formed. All the moments of resistance are
for one metre width. Figure 12.30.6c shows the free body diagrams of the two
segments of slab, which are in equilibrium. We now apply the method of
segmental equilibrium in the free body diagrams of Fig.12.30.6c.

(1) Method of segmental equilibrium

The line CC, where the positive yield line has formed is at a distance of x from
AA. The shear V = 0 at C as the bending moment is the maximum (positive)
there. Here there are two unknowns x, the locations of the positive yield line and
w, the collapse load, which are determined from the two equations of equilibrium
∑V = 0 and ∑M = 0.

From the statical analysis, we know that the vertical reactions VA and VB at A and
B, respectively are, (assuming MA > MB):

VA = (wL/2) + (MA – MB) / L (12.4)

VB = (wL/2) – (MA – MB) / L (12.5)

Now, ∑V = 0 gives: VA – wx = 0
(12.6)

Substituting the expression of VA from Eq. 12.4 in Eq. 12.6, we have, wL/2 + (MA
– MB) / L – wx = 0, which gives:

w = -2 (MA – MB) / L (L-2x) (12.7)

∑M = 0 gives:
VA x – MA – wx2/2 – Mc = 0
(12.8)

Substituting the expression of VA from Eq. 12.4 in Eq. 12.8, we have,

{wL/2 + (MA – MB) / L}x – MA – wx2/2 – MC = 0

(12.9)

Substituting the expression of w from Eq. 12.7 into Eq. 12.9, we have,

(MB – MA) x2 + 2 (MA + MC) Lx – (MA + MC) L2 = 0 (12.10)

Equation 12.10 will give the values of x for known values of MA, MB and MC.
Equation12.7 will give the value of w after getting the value of x from Eq. 12.10.

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(2) Method of virtual work

The work equation (Eq.12.3) is written equating the total work done by the
collapse loads during the rotation of slab segments, maintaining the deflection
compatibility to the total internal work done by bending and twisting moments on
all the yield lines. Figure12.30.6d presents the rigid body rotations of the two slab
segments. The left segment AACC rotates by θA in the clockwise direction and
the right segment BBCC rotates by θB in the anticlockwise direction, while
maintaining the deflection Δ compatible, as shown in Fig.12.30.6d.

External work done = wx (Δ/2) + w (L-x) Δ/2 = wLΔ/2

(12.11)

Internal work done = + MA θA + MB θB + MC (θA + θB)

(12.12)

From Fig.12.30.6d:

θA = Δ/x and θB = Δ/(L-x)

(12.13)

Substituting the values of θA and θB from Eq.12.13 into Eq.12.12, we have:

Internal work done = MA (Δ/x) + MB (Δ /L-x) + MC (Δ/x + Δ/L-x)

(12.14)

Equating the works, we have form Eqs.12.11 and 12.14, wL Δ/2 = MA (Δ/x) + MB
(Δ/L-x) + MC (Δ/x + Δ/L-x)

or, w = 2MA / Lx + 2MB / L (L-x) + 2 MC / x (L-x)

(12.15)

In the method of segmental equilibrium, we have two equations

(Eqs.12.7 and 12.9) for the two unknowns x and w. In the method virtual work,
however, we have only one equation (Eq.12.15) to determine the two unknowns
x and w. Accordingly; we generate another equation with the help of differential
calculus. Since the method of analysis is upper bound, we have to consider the
minimum value of w satisfying Eq.12.15. This can be obtained by differentiating
w of Eq.12.15 with respect to x and putting dw/dx = 0. Hence, we have:

dw/dx = (2MA / L) (-1 /x2) + (2 MB /L){1/(L-x)2}+ 2 MC [(1/L-x) (-1/x2) + (1/x){1/(L-

x)2}] = 0
(12.16)

After arranging the coefficients of x2, x and constant terms, we have:

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 (MB – MA) x2 + 2 (MA + MC) Lx – (MA + MC) L2 = 0
(12.10)

This is the same equation (Eq.12.10), as we obtained in the method of segmental

equilibrium.

In the method of virtual work, therefore, we get the values of x from the same
equation, Eq.12.10, and then we get w from Eq.12.15.

We consider two special cases of simply supported and clamped slabs from the
above equations.

Case (i): Simply Supported Slab

Here, we have MA = MB = 0. We get the values of x and w from Eqs.12.10 and

12.7, respectively, by the method of segmental equilibrium and from Eqs.12.10
and 12.15, respectively, by the method of virtual work.

Equation 12.10 becomes 2 MC Lx – MC L2 = 0, when MA = MB = 0, which gives x

= L/2.

However, Eq. 12.7 gives division by zero for the simply supported case, when MA
= MB = 0 and x = L/2. So, we use Eq.12.8 ( ∑M = 0) when MA = MB = 0 and x =
L/2. This gives w = 8MC / L2.

In the method of virtual work, Eq.12.10 (the same as in the method of segmental
equilibrium) gives x = L/2. Thereafter, Eq.12.15 is used for determining w, which
gives (when MA = MB = 0 and x = L/2),

w = 8MC / L2

Thus, we get the following values of x and w for the simply supported slab

x = L/2 and w = 8MC / L2

(12.17)

Case (ii) Clamped Slab with MA = MB = 2MC

Here, we get x = L/2 from Eq.12.10. Then, we use Eq.12.8 as Eq.12.7 involves
zero by zero case, as explained in case (i) above. This gives w = 24 MC / L2
(when MA = MB = 2MC and x = L/2). These values are by the method of
segmental equilibrium.

Similarly, by the method of virtual work, Eq.12.10 gives x = L/2. Then, Eq.12.15
gives, w = 24 MC / L2.

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Thus, we get for the clamped slab, when MA = MB = 2 MC,
B

x = L/2 and w = 24 MC /L2

(12.18)

It is clear from the two cases that there will be positive yield line at the centre of
the slab when it is simply supported and there will be two negative yield lines at
the two supports in addition to the positive yield line at the centre of the slab
when the slab is clamped at both ends. The collapse loads are: w = 8 MC / L2 and
24 MC / L2 for the simply supported and clamped slabs, respectively. However, it
is worth mentioning that the formation of those specific yield lines and the
respective collapse loads are possible only if the slab is designed with adequate
positive and negative reinforcement, as assumed to get the solution.

In the practical cases of continuous one-way slabs, the negative moments

over the supports may be anywhere in the range of wl2/8 and wl2/12. Moreover, it
is not essential that the negative moment of resistances at the two ends should
be equal. Depending on the values of MA, MB and MC as per the reinforcement
provided, the values of x and w shall be determined using the respective
equations employing either the method of segmental analysis or the method of
virtual work.

We now take up numerical problems in the next section for the purpose of
illustration.

12.30.9 Numerical Problems

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Problem 1. The factored moment capacities of the one-way continuous
reinforce concrete slab of Figs. 12.30.7 are MA = 32 kNm, MB = 36
kNm and MC = 30 kNm. The span of the slab is 5 m. Determine the
location of plastic hinges and the collapse load employing methods
of segmental equilibrium and virtual work.

Solution 1:
(A) Method of segmental equilibrium

We have two equations (Eqs.12.10 and 12.7) to determine the

location of positive yield line (distance x) and the collapse load
(Figs.12.30.6a to d).

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 (MB – MA) x2 + 2 (MA + MC) Lx – (MA + MC) L2=0
(12.10)

Using the given values of MA = 32 kNm, MB = 36 kNm and MC = 30

kNm in Eq.12.10, we have
4 x2 + 2(62) (5) x – (62) (25) = 0

or, x2 + 155 x – 387.5 = 0 gives x = 2.4609 m.

w = - 2 (MA – MB) / L (L-2x) (12.7)

Using the values of MA = 32 kNm, MB = 36 kNm and x = 2.4609 m
in Eq.12.7, we have, w = 20.4604 kN/m.

Therefore, the locations of the positive yield line is at a distance of

2.4609 m from the left support at A, the negative yield lines are at
the supports A and B, and the collapse load = 20.4604 kN/m.

(B) Method of virtual work

In this method, we have Eqs.12.10 and 12.15 to determine x and w

(Figs.12.30.6a to d). In the method of segmental equilibrium (A)
above, Eq.12.10 gives: x = 2.4609 m.

w = 2 MA/Lx + 2 MB / L(L-x) + 2 MC /x (L-x)

(12.15)

Using MA = 32 kNm, MB = 36 kNm, MC = 30 kNm and x = 2.4609 m,

in Eq.12.15 above, we get w = 20.4749 kN/m. Thus, we get the
same location of positive yield line i.e., at x = 2.4609 m from the left
support A, negative yield lines are at the support A and B and the
collapse load w = 20.4749 kN/m .

The marginal difference of the two collapse loads is due to the

truncation error in the calculation. Otherwise, both the values
should be the same. The bending moment and shear force
diagrams are shown in Figs.12.30.7b and c, respectively.

12.30.10 Practice Questions and Problems with Answers

Q.1: Name five limitations of elastic analysis of reinforced concrete slabs.

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A.1: Second paragraph of sec.12.30.1

Q.2: What are yield lines and what is yield line theory?

A.2: First paragraph of sec.12.30.2

Q.3: Explain the basic principles of yield line theory.

A.3: Sec.12.30.3

Q.4: State the assumptions of yield line theory.

A.4: Sec.12.30.4

Q.5: What are the guidelines to draw the possible yield patterns and locate the
axes of rotations?

A.5: The last paragraph of sec.12.30.5

Q.6: State upper and lower bound theorems.

A.6: Sec.12.30.6

Q.7: Explain the two methods of yield line analysis.

A.7: Sec.12.30.7

Q.8: Compare the locations of positive and negative yield lines and the values
of the respective collapse loads of one 3 m × 6 m slab supported along 6
m direction (Figs.12.30.6a) carrying a total factored load of 20 kN/m for
the three cases: (i) the slab is simply supported, (ii) the slab is clamped
and (iii) the positive and negative reinforcements are identical to have the
equal resistance for the continuous slab. Discuss the results.

A.8: The moments MC at the mid-span for one simply supported slab is wl2/8 =
90 kNm and for another clamped supported slab MC = wl2 /24= 30 kNm.
The support moments for clamped slab MA = MB = -wl2/12 = - 60 kNm. For
the third case the magnitude of MA, MB and MC are equal for a continuous
slab. So, MA = MB = - 45 kNm and MC = + 45 kNm. Method of virtual work
is employed.

Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur

 Case (i): From Eq. 12.17, we have the distance of positive yield line x =
6/2 = 3 m and w = 8 MC /L2 = 8 (90) / 6(6) = 20 kN/m. There are no
negative yield lines as the slab is simply supported.

Case (ii): From Eq. 12.18, we have the distance of positive yield line x =
6/2 = 3 m and w = 24 MC /L2 = 24 (30) / 6(6) = 20 kN/m. The negative yield
lines of the clamped slab are at the two sides AA and BB.

Case (iii): Employing method of virtual work

(MB – MA)x2 + 2(MA + MC)Lx – (MA + MC)L2 = 0

(12.10)

w = 2MA / Lx + 2MB/L (L-x) + 2MC / x (L-x)

(12.15)

Using MA = MB = MC = 45 kNm in Eq.12.10, we have, 2x – L = 0 or x = L/2 = 6/2

= 3 m.

Using x = 3 m and MA = MB = MC = 45 kNm in Eq. 12.15, we have w =

90{1/6(3) + 1/6(3) + 1/3(3)} = 20 kN/m. The negative yield lines are over the
supports of continuous slab i.e., along AA and BB.

Discussion of results: All the three slabs have x =3 m and w = 20 kN/m.

However, the third case is the most economic as the depth of the slab may be
provided for M = 45 kNm and the areas of positive and negative steel are the
same. The simply supported slab has no negative moment and the clamped slab
has large difference between the positive and negative moments and
accordingly, wide variation is seen in the magnitudes of positive and negative
steel.

12.30.11 References

1. Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, 6th Edition, by Ashok K. Jain,

Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, 2002.
2. Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete, 2nd Edition, by P.C. Varghese,
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002.
3. Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, by P.C. Varghese, Prentice-Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2001.
4. Reinforced Concrete Design, 2nd Edition, by S. Unnikrishna Pillai and
Devdas Menon, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New
Delhi, 2003.

Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur

 5. Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, by P. Dayaratnam,
Oxford & I.B.H. Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.
6. Reinforced Concrete Design, 1st Revised Edition, by S.N. Sinha, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. New Delhi, 1990.
7. Reinforced Concrete, 6th Edition, by S.K. Mallick and A.P. Gupta, Oxford &
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1996.
8. Behaviour, Analysis & Design of Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements,
by I.C.Syal and R.K.Ummat, A.H.Wheeler & Co. Ltd., Allahabad, 1989.
9. Reinforced Concrete Structures, 3rd Edition, by I.C.Syal and A.K.Goel,
A.H.Wheeler & Co. Ltd., Allahabad, 1992.
10. Textbook of R.C.C, by G.S.Birdie and J.S.Birdie, Wiley Eastern Limited,
New Delhi, 1993.
11. Design of Concrete Structures, 13th Edition, by Arthur H. Nilson, David
Darwin and Charles W. Dolan, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited, New Delhi, 2004.
12. Concrete Technology, by A.M.Neville and J.J.Brooks, ELBS with
Longman, 1994.
13. Properties of Concrete, 4th Edition, 1st Indian reprint, by A.M.Neville,
Longman, 2000.
14. Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook, 10th Edition, by C.E.Reynolds
and J.C. Steedman, E & FN SPON, London, 1997.
15. Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice (4th
Revision), IS 456: 2000, BIS, New Delhi.
16. Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978, BIS, New Delhi.

12.30.12 Test 30 with Solutions

Maximum Marks = 50 Maximum Time = 30

minutes
Answer all questions.

TQ.1: Explain the basic principles of yield line theory.

A.TQ.1: Sec.12.30.3
[10 Marks]
TQ.2: State the assumptions of yield line theory.

A.TQ.2: Sec.12.30.4
[10 Marks]
TQ.3: What are the guidelines to draw the possible yield patterns and locate the
axes of rotations?

A.TQ.3: The last paragraph of sec.12.30.5

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 [10 Marks]
TQ.4: Determine the location of plastic hinges and collapse load of the one-way
slab supported at 4 m c/c (Fig.12.30.6a) having the positive and negative
reinforcements to have the factored moments of resistance MA = 25 kNm,
MB = 35 kNm and MC = 30 kNm. Use method of virtual work.
[20 Marks]

A.TQ.4: (MB – MA)x2 + 2(MA + MC)Lx – (MA + MC)L2 = 0

(12.10)

w = 2MA / Lx + 2MB/L (L-x) + 2MC / x (L-x)

(12.15)

Using MA = 25 kNm, MB = 35 kNm and MC = 30 kNm in Eq. 12.10, we

have, x = 1.9165 m and using the values of MA, MB, MC and x in Eq. 12.15,
we get w = 29.9478 kN/m2.

12.30.13 Summary of this Lesson

This lesson explains the basic principle of yield line analysis which is
required to remove the inconsistency between the elastic analysis and the design
by limit state method considering inelastic behaviour. Moreover, the limitations of
elastic analysis of slab are mentioned. The upper and lower bound theorems are
explained to show that the two methods of yield line analysis viz. (i) method of
segmental equilibrium and (ii) method of virtual work are upper bound methods.
The governing equations of both the methods are derived. The first requirement
of the yield line analysis is to predict the possible yield pattern and locate the
axes of rotation. Suitable guidelines are given for the same as the correctness of
the solution depends on the prediction of true yield line pattern and location of
the axes of rotation. Numerical problems are solved by both methods of analysis.

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