Data Guard: Setup and Administration
By Ashok Kapur Hawkeye Technology, Inc.
Agenda
Introduction New Features Logical and Physical Standby Databases Setup Physical and Logical Standby Databases Administration including Switchover and Failover Best Practices Questions
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Introduction
Enhanced Standby Database Capabilities Increased Database Availability Increased Data Protection Part of Disaster Recovery Plan Offers offloading reporting functionality
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New Features
New in Oracle 8i
Open Standby in Read-Only Mode Using RMAN to backup Primary db using Standby db
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New in Oracle 9.0.1
Renaming of Standby Database to Data Guard Data Guard Broker and Data Guard Manager No Data Loss and No Data Divergence Features Built-in Database Switchover/Switchback Auto detection of Archive gaps
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New in Oracle 9.0.1
Auto add datafiles and Logfiles Parallel Recovery More Archive Destinations (upto 10) Standby Redo Logs ARCn available on Standby Database Delayed log application Various new init params, views and enhanced syntax for SQL cmds
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New in Oracle 9.2
Logical Standby Database Database protection modes Cascading Standby Databases More views
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Physical and Logical Standby Databases
Physical Standby Database
Same as the Standby Database in Oracle 8i:
In Managed Recovery Mode In Read-Only Mode
Is Physically Identical to the Primary db Supports DDL and DML commands for all data types. Great for Disaster Recovery and Data Protection
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Logical Standby Database
Generally is not physically identical to Primary Database Can add additional objects: Indices, Materialized views, Can exclude objects or schemas Is OPEN during recovery Uses LogMiner technology for applying logs
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Logical Standby Database
Unsupported Data Types:
NCLOB, LONG, LONG RAW, BFILE,
UROWID, User Defined Types incl: Object Types, REFs, Varrays and Nested Tables
Great as a Reporting Database
Offload Reporting Functionality
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Setup Standby Database
Architecture
Redo Logs LGWR Net*8 Log Transport via LGWR Redo Logs
ARCH
Primary Database
Standby Database
ARCH
Archive Logs
Net*8 Log Transport via ARCH
Archive Logs
PRIMARY SITE
STANDBY SITE
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Standby Setup: Overview
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Backup Primary DB Ship backup to Standby Site Add Log Transport on Primary Add Net*8 settings on Primary Setup Standby database Setup Net*8 on Standby Site Start Recovery
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Create a Physical Standby Database
Pre-Requisites
Primary Database in ARCHIVE LOG mode To prevent against NOLOGGING activities, setup Primary database to FORCE LOGGING
Alter database force logging;
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Checklist
Site Steps Description Make Sure Primary Database is in ARCHIVE Log mode and is set to Auto1 Archive Primary 2 Create a Backup of Primary Database datafiles Primary 3 Create a Standby Control file Primary 4 Create a Copy of init.ora file for Standby database. Primary Ship backup data files, standby control file and standby init.ora file to 5 standby site Primary 6 Setup Net*8 on Primary site to access Standby site Primary 7 Setup Net*8 on Standby site to access Primary site Standby 8 Make Primary and Standby init.ora changes Standby 9 Startup Standby Database instance in recovery mode Standby 10 Create Standby redo log files, if applicable Standby 11 Setup instance parameters to ship redo log/archive log to standby site Primary Primary/ Standby 12 Verify shipping and application of archive log
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Database Protection Modes
Maximize Protection
No Data Loss and No data divergence Arch_dest: mandatory, lgwr, sync, affirm Primary db shutdown when unable to access stdby
Maximize Availability
Arch_dest: mandatory, lgwr, sync, affirm Protection auto lowered when stdby is unavailable
Maximize Performance
Arch_dest: lgwr/arch, sync/async, mandatory/optional Minimal performance impact
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Detailed Steps
1.
Verify primary db is ARCHIVE LOG mode
Select * from v$database; or Archive log list;
2. 3. 4. 5.
Take a consistent backup of Primary db Create standby control file
Alter database create standby controlfile;
Create a copy of primary db init.ora file Ship backup data files, standby controlfile and init.ora file to Standby Site
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Net*8 changes on Primary Site
Listener.ora
STDBY = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST=primesite)(PORT = 1522))) SID_LIST_STDBY = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/oracle/product/9.2.0) (SID_NAME = PRD01)))
Tnsnames.ora
Stdbysite = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = stdbysite) (PORT = 1522)) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = stb01)))
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Net*8 changes on Standby Site
Listener.ora
STDBY = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST=stdbysite)(PORT = 1522))) SID_LIST_STDBY = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/oracle/product/9.2.0) (SID_NAME = STB01)))
Tnsnames.ora
Primsite = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = primsite) (PORT = 1522)) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = prd01)))
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Init.ora Changes to Primary Db
Setup Log Archive Destination
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2 = SERVICE=stdbysite OPTIONAL REOPEN=20 LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2=ENABLE LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=arch%t%s.log LOG_ARCHIVE_START=TRUE REMOTE_ARCHIVE_ENABLE=TRUE
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LOG_ARCH_DEST parameters
[NO]AFFIRM ARCH/LGWR ASYNC=blocks [NO]DELAY[=minutes] MANDATORY/OPTIONAL SYNC
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Init.ora Changes to Standby db
Setup Log Archive Destination
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1=LOCATION=/u03/oradata/arch LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1=ENABLE LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=arch%t%s.log LOG_ARCHIVE_START=TRUE REMOTE_ARCHIVE_ENABLE=TRUE FAL_SERVER=primsite FAL_CLIENT=stdbysite DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=(/prd01, /std01) LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=(/prd01, /std01) STANDBY_ARCHIVE_DEST=/u03/oradata/arch STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO
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Startup Standby Database
Startup Standby Database:
Startup nomout; Alter database mount standby database;
Create Standby redo logs, if necessary:
Alter database add standby logfile group 5 (/u03/oradata/stb01/stbredo_51.log, /u03/oradata/stb01/stbredo_52.log) size 10m; Alter database add standby logfile group 5 (/u03/oradata/stb01/stbredo_61.log, /u03/oradata/stb01/stbredo_62.log) size 10m;
Recover managed standby database disconnect;
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Final Steps
Activate archive destination on Primary Database Set database protection
Alter database set standby to maximize performance;
Verify the process:
On Primary db:
Alter system switch logfile
On Standby db:
Review receipt of archive log file Review alert log to verify application of log file
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Create a Logical Standby Database
Pre-Requisites
Primary database running in ARCHIVELOG mode Determine whether primary db contains unsupported datatypes:
Select * from dba_logstdby_unsupported;
Ensure tables have primary keys
If not, create disabled RELY constraints on the
table
Alter table tabname add primary key(col1,col2) rely disable;
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Pre-Requisites
Enable supplemental logging on primary db
Select supplemental_log_data_pk,
supplemental_log_data_ui from v$database; Alter database add supplemental log data (primary key, unique index) columns;
Start Resource Manager if using Hot backup for standby database
Alter system set resource_manager_plan=system_plan; Restart database
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Pre-Requisites
Move LogMiner objects to alternate tablespace
Create tablespace logmnrtbs datafile /u05/oradata/prd01/logmnrtbs01.dbf size 50m; Exec dbms_logmnr_d.set_tablespace(logmnrtbs);
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Checklist
Steps 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Description Create a Backup of Primary Database datafiles Build LogMiner Dictionary Create a Backup Control file Create a Copy of init.ora file for Standby database. Ship backup data files, backup control file and standby init.ora file to standby site Setup Net*8 on Primary site to access Standby site Setup Net*8 on Standby site to access Primary site Make Primary and Standby init.ora changes Startup Standby Database instance Create data links from primary to stdby and from stdby to primary Setup instance parameters to ship redo log/archive log to standby site Verify shipping and application of archive log
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Site Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary Standby Standby Standby Standby Primary Primary/ Standby
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Detailed Steps
Backup data files: cold backup or hot backup Note current SCN
Select checkpoint_change# from v$database;
Build LogMiner Dictionary
Exec dbms_logstdby.build;
Switch logfile and capture resultant archivelog Copy data files, controlfile and archivelog to stdby db Make init.ora changes on Standby db
Controlfile location Standby_archive_dest Log_archive_format
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Startup Logical Standby Db
Startup mount exclusive; Rename datafiles Clear logfile groups to create them
Alter database clear logfile group x;
Recover database until SCN noted earlier Turn on Database Guard
Alter database guard [standby|all|none];
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Startup Logical Standby Db
Startup Standby database
Alter database open resetlogs; Shutdown; Startup mount exclusive;
Use nid utility to change database name
Nid target=sys/syspwd dbname=log01 setname=yes
Change DBNAME init.ora parameter to match new db name
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Startup Logical Standby Db
Startup db with reset logs
Startup mount exclusive; Alter database open;
Drop existing temp files and create new ones
Select * from v$tempfile; Alter database tempfile . drop; Alter tablespace tmptbs add tempfile ;
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Activate Standby Database
Register the manually copied archive log
Alter database register logical logfile
/u02/oradata/arch/arch1251.log;
Apply the log giving the starting SCN # obtained in an earlier step
Alter database start logical standby apply initial
<scn#>;
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Final Steps
Enable archiving to the standby site Verify the process:
On Primary db: Alter system switch logfile On Standby db: Review receipt of archive log file Review alert log to verify application of log file
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Post-Processing
On Primary db create dblink to standby db Bypass DataGuard
Exec dbms_logstdby.guard_bypass_on;
On Standby db create dblink to primary db ReEnable DataGuard
Exec dbms_logstdby.guard_bypass_off;
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Standby Administration
Administer Physical Standby Db
Can backup standby database and use it to recover primary database Monitor DataGuard via:
v$archive_dest, v$archive_dest_status, v$archive_gap,
v$archived_log,
Unlogged or Unrecoverable operations invalidate the Standby database
Direct Load
Datafile rename
Manually rename file on Standby db
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Administer Logical Standby
Skip maintenance of unneeded tables or schemas
Skip all DML statements on actlog table Alter database stop logical standby apply; Exec dbms_logstdby.skip( DML, APPL, ACTLOG, null); Exec dbms_logstdby.skip( SCHEMA_DDL, APPL, ACTLOG, null); Alter database start logical standby apply;
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Troubleshooting
Review v$ views for errors
Log Transport from Primary
v$archive_dest_status status of each destination v$archived_log review which archived logs have not been shipped to the standby destination
Log Application on Standby
v$managed_standby status of log transport and log apply v$archive_dest_status archived_seq# vs applied_seq# v$archived_log list of arch logs received from primary v$dataguard_status Data Gurard related alert messages dba_logstdby_progress progress of SQL apply v$archive_gap any gaps in archive logs
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Troubleshooting
Review alert log Trace Data Guard processes
Set LOG_ARCHIVE_TRACE on either
Primary or Standby or both Alter system set log_archive_trace = <level>
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Switchover and Failover
Switchover vs Failover
Switchover
Gracefully switching roles of Primary DB to Standby DB
and Standby DB to Primary DB No Data Loss Generally done for Os upgrades, etc.
Failover
Switching Standby DB to Primary DB Maybe data loss Done when Primary DB crashes Primary DB is lost and can not take over as Primary any longer
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Switchover
Pre-Requisites
Verify Primary site has updated Standby init.ora Verify Standby site has updated Primary init.ora Verify Standby site has caught up to the latest archive log file Standby database is running in ARCHIVELOG mode Verify all users have logged off the Primary db Verify possibility to switchover
Select switchover_status from v$database;
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Physical Standby Switchover
Physical Standby Switchover
Switchover Primary to Standby
Alter database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown; Shutdown; Startup pfile=stdbyinit.ora nomount; Alter database mount standby database;
Verify database status on old Primary
Select switchover_status from v$database; (Switchover Pending status)
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Physical Standby Switchover
Backup Standby Controlfile
Alter database backup controlfile to trace;
Switchover Standby to Primary
Alter database commit to switchover to primary with session shutdown; Shutdown Startup pfile=prodinit.ora;
Start Managed recovery on new Standby
Alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
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Physical Standby Switchover
Start archiving on new primary db
Alter system archive log start;
Verify Switchover success
On Primary: Alter system switch logfile; On Standby: verify arrival of new archive log Verify application of new archive log
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Recover From Errors
On old Primary db
Restore backup controlfile and startup database
On Old Standby db
Restore backup controlfile and startup database Start managed recovery
Verify Data Guard Environment
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Logical Standby Switchover
Logical Standby Switchover
Switchover Primary to Standby
Alter database commit to switchover to logical standby; (Dont need to restart database.)
Verify database status on new Standby (old Primary)
Select switchover_status from v$database; (Switchover Pending status)
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Logical Standby Switchover
Switchover Standby to Primary
Alter database commit to switchover to primary; Activate log_archive_dest_2 to send archive logs to new standby
Start Managed recovery on new Standby
Alter database start logical standby apply new primary <dblink to new primary>;
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Database Failover to Standby
Failover
Failover is initiated when the Primary Database has crashed and it would take longer to recover Primary db than to perform Failover Failover will render Primary db incapable of becoming Standby db Standby db needs to be recreated from new Primary
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Data Loss
Data loss potential depends on Data Protection Mode of Data Guard
Maximum Protection: No Data Loss Maximum Availability: Maybe no data loss Maximum Performance: Data Loss
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Failover Steps
Physical Standby db
Alter database recover managed standby database
finish; Alter database commit to switchover to primary;
Logical Standby db
Alter database activate logical standby database; Alter database commit to switchover to primary;
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Best Practices
Best Practices
Create a Separate LISTENER for log transport Increase Net*8 Packet size for redo log transport
SDU parameter on both listener.ora and tnsnames.ora Default Net*8 data pkt size 2K and default redo buffer size 1M
Have at least one Physical Standby database for Failiver Pre-create redo log files on Phy Stdby db
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Best Practices
Regularly monitor log transport and application Regularly practice Switchover and Failover Pre-write Failover instructions for a non-DBA Know how to manually Failover/Switchover Have Copy of Standby init.ora on Primary and copy of Primary init.ora on Standby
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Advanced Features/Further Study
Multiple Standby Databases Standby Database in a RAC environment Cascading Standby Databases Archive only Standby Databases
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Summary
Summary
New Features Create Physical Standby Database Create Logical Standby Database Administer Standby Databases Switchover from Physical to Primary Switchover from Logical to Primary Best Practices
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Questions?
References
Oracle 9i SQL Reference Oracle 9i Utilities Guide Oracle 9i Net Admin and Reference Manuals Oracle 9i Data Guard Concepts and Administration Metalink Notes:
150584.1, 180031.1, 219344.1, 175122.1, 185150.1
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Contact
Ashok Kapur Hawkeye Technology, Inc. http://www.hawkeyetechnology.com [email protected]
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