Angle Modulation (Part 2)

Angle Modulation
ADVANTAGES OF FM OVER AM 1. FM is more immune to noise than AM. 2. Rejection of interfering signals because of capture effect. 3. Lower power output requirements. 4. Better transmitter efficiency since class C amplifier may be used. 5. Improved signal to noise ratio. DISADVANTAGES OF FM OVER AM 1. Wider channel is required for FM 2. FM transmitter and receiver circuits are more complex and expensive. 3. Since the reception is line of sight, the area of reception for FM is smaller than for AM. 4. Maximum deviation is limited. Pre-emphasis high frequency modulating signals are boosted in amplitude prior to modulation to minimize interference from high frequency noise.
Angle Modulation
De-emphasis reducing the amplitude of the high frequency signals in order to restore the original amplitude vs. frequency characteristic of the information signals. This is done in the receiver after demodulation.
FM MODULATION TRANSMISSION
DIRECT FM - is an angle modulation in which the frequency of the carrier is varied directly by the modulating signal. Direct FM Modulators 1. Transistor Reactance Modulator 2. Reactance Tube Modulator 3. Varactor Diode Modulator 4. Linear IC Direct FM Modulator INDIRECT FM - is an angle modulation in which the frequency of the carrier is deviated indirectly by the modulating signal. It is accomplished by directly changing the phase of the carrier and is therefore a form of direct PM.
Angle Modulation
II. PHASE MODULATION (PM)
-Type of angle modulation wherein the phase of the constant-amplitude carrier signal is varied or changed according to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. - The greater the amplitude of the modulating signal, the greater the phase shift. - When the modulating signal goes positive, the phase shift becomes lagging. When the modulating signal goes negative, the phase shifts becomes leading.
VC (t ) VCsin 2f C t
Vm (t ) Vm sin 2f m t
VPM(t)
Angle Modulation
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF A PM WAVE
The instantaneous value of the PM signal is given by the equation,
VPM (t ) VC sin 2 f C t mp sin 2 f m t

where : fc = unmodulated carrier frequency, Hz fm = modulating signal frequency, Hz d = Frequency deviation Vc = peak amplitude of the carrier voltage, V mp = modulation index for PM
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FM AND PM

The PM modulation index is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal and independent of its frequency. The FM modulation index is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal and inversely proportional to its frequency. When the modulating frequency is changed, the PM modulation index will remain constant, whereas the FM modulation index will increase as modulation frequency is reduced.
Angle Modulation
Sample problems: 1. Given an FM wave with a voltage equation,
VFM ( t ) 12 sin 2 (300K) t 2 sin 2 (3K) t
determine the following, a) fc b) fm c) Mf d) d e) frequency spectrum of the FM wave. f) Actual bandwidth obtained from the Bessel function table g) Approximated bandwidth using Carsons rule
2. A 25-MHz carrier is modulated by a 400Hz audio sine wave. If the carrier voltage is 4V and the maximum deviation is 10KHz, write the equation of the FM and PM waves. If the modulating frequency is now changed to 2KHz, all else remains the same, write the new equation of the FM and PM waves.
Angle Modulation
3. Determine the carrier swing, the highest and lowest frequency attained, and the modulation index of the FM signal generated by frequency modulating a 101.6MHz carrier with an 8KHz sine wave causing a frequency deviation of 30KHz.
4. Calculate the frequency deviation and carrier swing of a FM wave which was produced by modulating a 50.4MHz carrier. The highest frequency reached by the FM wave is 50.406MHz. Also, calculate the lowest frequency reached by the FM wave.
REFERENCES
Electronic Communication Systems Through Advanced by W. Tomasi Communication Electronics by L. Frenzel Lecture Notes in Principles of Communication by A.H. Ballado and M.M. Sejera Electronic Communication Systems by G. Kennedy

Angle Modulation (Part 2)

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Angle Modulation (Part 2)

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Angle Modulation

VPM (t ) VC sin 2 f C t mp sin 2 f m t

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FM AND PM

VFM ( t ) 12 sin 2 (300K) t 2 sin 2 (3K) t

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