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Tutorial 3 Mal101 PDF

This document provides an overview of linear algebra concepts including: 1) It defines linear transformations and their properties such as being a linear combination of projections and their matrix representations. 2) It discusses properties of linear transformations such as rank, nullity, and conditions for invertibility. 3) It covers eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and diagonalizability of linear operators. 4) It provides examples of finding bases that put linear transformations into diagonal form.

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Yash Gupta
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55 views1 page

Tutorial 3 Mal101 PDF

This document provides an overview of linear algebra concepts including: 1) It defines linear transformations and their properties such as being a linear combination of projections and their matrix representations. 2) It discusses properties of linear transformations such as rank, nullity, and conditions for invertibility. 3) It covers eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and diagonalizability of linear operators. 4) It provides examples of finding bases that put linear transformations into diagonal form.

Uploaded by

Yash Gupta
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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9

MAL101:: Tutorial 3 :: Linear Algebra


Notation: F = R or C, Pn := {f F[x] : deg f < n} t 1 0 2 5 1 2 3 Find a basis of the row space of the following matrices: 2 3 4, 0 3 1 1 . 3 1 0 1 3 4 5 m For i {1, 2, . . . , m}, dene pi : F F by pi (x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ) = xi (the i-th projection). (a) Show that it is a linear transformation. (b) If T : Fm F is a linear transformation then it is an F-linear combination of the projections, that is, T = a1 p1 + a2 p2 + am pm for a1 , . . . , am F. (c) Further, show that S : Fm Fn is a linear transformation if and only if for each i {1, 2, . . . , n}, the composition S pi : Fm F is a linear transformation. (d) If S : Fm Fn is a linear transformation then S (x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ) = (y1 , y2 , . . . , yn ) where yi = ai1 x1 + ai2 x2 + + aim xm for aij F with (1 i, j m). Find the rank and nullity of the following linear transformations. Also write a basis of the range space in each case. (a) T : F3 F3 dened by T (x, y, z ) = (x + y + z, x y + z, x + z ). (b) Assume that 0 m n. T : Fn Fm dened by T (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ). Write the matrix representations of the linear operators with respect to the ordered basis B . (a) T : R2 R2 where T (x, y ) = (x, y ), B = {(1, 1), (1, 1)}. (b) D : Pn+1 Pn+1 such that D(a0 + a1 x + + an xn ) = a1 + 2a2 x + + nan xn1 , B = {1, x, . . . , xn }. 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 x+w z x y }. (c) T : M2 (F) M2 (F), , , , ,B ={ 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 z+w x z w Suppose dimV = dimW < and T : V W is a linear transformation. Show that the following statements are equivalent (a) T is an isomorphism. (b) T is injective (i.e., one to one). (c) kerT = 0. (d) T is surjective (i.e., onto). Suppose m > n. Justify the following statements: (a) There is no one to one (injective) R-linear transformation from Rm to Rn . (b) There is no onto (surjective) R-linear tranformation from Rn to Rm . Find the eigenvalues, eigenvectors and dimension of eigen-spaces of the following operators. (a) T : R2 R2 with T (x, y ) = (x + y, x), (b) T : R2 R2 with T (x, y ) = (y, x), (c) T : R2 R2 with T (x, y ) = (y, x) (d) T : C2 (C) C2 (C) with T (x, y ) = (y, x). (e) Cn Cn dened by (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) (xn , x1 , . . . , xn1 ). (f) C2 C2 dened by (z1 , z2 ) (z1 2z2 , z1 + 2z2 ). (To be discussed in the lecture class) Suppose {1 , . . . , t } is the complete set of distinct eigenvalues of a linear operator T : V V . Denote by Vi the eigenspace of i . If Bi is a basis of Vi then show that Bi is a basis of the sum
i=1 i=1 t t t

(1) (2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6) (7)

(8)

Vi . Conclude that it is a direct sum. Vi = V . Equivalently, show that T is

Further, show that T is diagonalizable if and only if


i=1

diagonalizable if and only if dimV = dimV1 + dimV2 + + dimVt . (9) Find a basis B such that [T ]B is a diagonal matrix in case T is diagonalizable. Find P such that [T ]B = P [T ]S P 1 where S is the standard basis in each case. (a) T : C2 C2 dened by T (x, y ) = (y, x). (b) T : R3 R3 dened by T (x, y, z ) = (5x 6y 6z, x + 4y + 2z, 3x 6y 4z ). (c) T : C2 C2 dened by T (x, y ) = (x cos + y sin , x sin + y cos ). :::END:::

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