STATE COLLEGE OF NURSING 107, Chander Nagar

SEMINAR ON
Lecture method
Submitted To :- Ms.Amita
Associate professor State college of nursing

Submitted by :- Ms.Durga Joshi

M.Sc Nursing State college of nursing

Submitted on :

19-10-2013

INDEX
1

S. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Content
Introduction Definition Historical aspects Types of lecture Purpose of lecture method Factors affecting in planning of lecture Characteristics of a good lecturer Stages of lecture method Guidelines for improving lecture method How to make lecture interesting Feedback & interaction Advantages of lecture methods Disadvantages of lecture methods Lesson plan Summary & conclusion Bibliography

Page no. 3 3 3 3-4 4 4-5 5 5 5-7 7 7 7-9 9-10 10 11 11

INTRODUCTION:
The term lecture is applied to a particular type of educational encounter in which a teacher transmits information to a number of students, with the teacher doing most of the talking & students mainly listening or writing. Teaching is the modern university is heavily oriented toward the lecture: in fact we can say it is without doubt the most important formal teaching method used. This is the
2

reason then for asking today. How good is the lecture as a vehicle for achieving our aims of education?

DEFINITION:
The lecture is a teaching procedure consisting of the classification or explanation of facts, principles or relationships which the teacher wishes the class to understand Lecture is defined loosely as a continuing oral presentation of information & ideas by the professor. The lecture method is a oldest method of teaching based on the philosophy of idealism and is an autocratic style of teaching. Suresh Sharma

HISTORICAL ASPECTS:
The lecture has its roots deep in history. It is reasonable to suppose that as soon as man developed language began to pass on his knowledge to the young by tell this developed into preaching and became tied to the priestly role in the society. In the classic societies the lecture became formalized as the art of rhetoric and of oratory under such greats as Aristotle and Cicero who gave us the idea that the perfect orator is the perfect man. Form that time on lecturing became an integral part of the scholastic process With the growth of university from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the formal lecture came into its own.

TYPES OF LECTURE:
a. The ideal lecture The hallmark of the ideal lecture is its voluntary nature; participants attend the lecture of their own volition and this implies commitment on their part. Example: political lecture

b. The classical lecture: In public educational systems, attendance at lectures is seen being largely compulsory in contrast to ideal lecture. This is more specific in its subject matter. c. The experimental lecture:
3

This form of lecture is used prior to experimental learning activities and is intended to give participants basic concept and explanation about the issue in question.

PURPOSES OF LECTURE METHOD:

Stimulate thinking in the students. Develop concentration in thinking. Achieve a very high order of cognitive objectives. Influence learner to inculcate the habits of listning & learning.

FACTOR AFFECTING IN PLANNING OF LECTURE :

There are a number of factors to be born in mind when planning a lecture as follows: a. Learners factor The most obvious factor to be considered is the type of course, the class is puruing as this will dictate large extent the level of objectives eg.ANM, GNM, BSC Nursing. Capability and ability Interest and attitude of learner Previous knowledge b. Subject matter factorThe domain of the objectives will exert profound influence over the planning of a lecture. If they are concerned mainly with the learning of psychomotor skills or changing of attitudes, then the lecture is not the best method of teaching these areas. c. Environmental factor Time of the day it said that morning lecture seems superior to afternoon lectures for recall information. Duration of length lecture more than 40 minutes can reduce the absorption and assimilation power of students. Use of audiovisual aids Good light facility in the lecture hall No external or internal disturbances d. Lecturer factor: Knowledge and mastery over the subject matter Teaching tactics include voice, gesture, eye contact & manners Teacher learner relationship
4

 Preparation of lecture before presentation Purpose or reason to be taught e. Psychological factors:-The organization of the content must be logical and meaningful and the sequence should progress from simple to complex, from concrete to the abstract and from known to unknown. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LECTURER Rapport- Teacher should establish rapport with students .This may be done through an exchange with students in a conversational tone about some event at school of their interest by beginning the lecture with review of previous lecture. Voice- Lecture should be presented in clear, audible, natural tone of voice in a particular medium of instruction. Gesture-Whatever gesture the lecturer uses should be in a natural part of the total expression of what is communicating. Eye sight-The teacher should address the students with his eye as well as with their voices. Teachers manner-Teacher should try to convey the impression warmth and acceptance towards the group this combined with a sense of humor will go a long way towards establishing the rapport.

STAGES OF LECTURE METHOD:

Planning stage Presentation stage Evaluation stage

GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING LECTURE STRATEGY ACCORDING TO STAGES OF LECTURE METHOD

PLANNING STAGE;

Define your learning objectives-before you ever step into the classroom, figure out why you are there? what do you want students to know and be able to do as result of this lecture? -on the basis of all specific and general objectives, lecture can impact good knowledge among their students.

 Choose a format- before going for lecture, we should always be ready with lesson plan as a format. Put up an outline and give cues:- make the organization of the lecture clear share your outline with students. Connect the new information with previous content : periodically a major points and help students see how concepts relate each other. Try to acquire sufficient mastery over the subject matter and content going to be delivered in the classroom through lecture. Consult useful references books, current journal and books other than prescribed text books for preparing your lecture notes. Choose a appropriate language. Try to highlight key concept. Have in your mind the total teaching learning environment available to you. PRESENTATION STAGE;-This stage requires the following consideration, Try to motivate your students for attending to lecture not only is beginning but to maintain it throughout. Always show your enthusiasm for the teaching. Try to exercise reasonable control over your voice. It should neither be too low or too shouting. In order to compensate the limitation of the lecture as a teaching strategy, it is better not confine to mere lecturing but to use their strategy with suitable variations in the shape of lecture cum discussion. Try to avoid showing your back to the class at the occasions like writing on the blackboard. Provide examples of the major points you are making-use relevant example, and if possible use current examples familiar to most of the students. Pace your presentation according to the complexity of the material-if the topic is a difficult one for students, go more slowly, stop for questions, repeat points and perhaps add another examples. Introduce variety to help keep students interest and attention-Stop periodically and let the students ask question relevant to your topic, inviting comments can also be helpful. Permit students to stop you to ask relevant questions make comments, or ask for review. Use periodic summarisation with in the lecture- Recap your major points to help students absorb the material.
6

 Emphasize important material-You could say something likestudents often have difficulty learning this, but its a very important concept. Review the major points from your last lecture:- At the start of each lecture , review quickly ,then ask if there are any question about the material covered in the last class . Do not waste time in irrelevant facts and un required detailed explanation. Do not turn lecturing into mere paper reading or notes dictating task. Try to summarize the key points of the prescribed material. Obviously avoid being boring :- passivity is found is the teacher who adds nothing beyond the text, offers no personal opinion,and ignorance students. Use multi media and technology: multimedia presentation (slides , audio) can make lecture more informative , vivid ,and immediate as well as provide variety EVALUATION STAGE This stage not necessarily at the end of the lesson. It can start at anytime during the lecture as and when he feels the need for doing so. Evaluation can be performed by oral questioning or by presenting response sheet. Besides evaluation of the student learning we can assess the effectiveness of teaching.

HOW TO MAKE LECTURE INTERSTING? Start class with a question , problem, current event or something that grabs the students attention: You might start with a seemingly unrelated but interesting story that will turn out to illustrate one of your main points. Plan for question and answer sessions: Mckeachi notes that before ,mast teaching was lecture with a lot of student memorization for multiple choice tests. - LOWMAN adds ,Experienced instructors now that lecture cannot carry the primary responsibility for conveying information or impacting skills. Reading as problem solving assignment should do that.
7

 Mix lecture & discussion : Forsyth (2003) suggests a mix of these two teaching tools. Lecture for a while,t hen ask the students their reaction or poll the class. FEEDBACK & INTERACTION Most lecture causes probably involve much more teacher talk than student talk . There are many ways than you can during a lecture,obtain feedback about how much students are learning ,and also enable them to interact with the course material. Watch the students much of the time when you are lecturing; - Do they seem to be following what you are saying? Are they taking notes? - If a small no. of students are falling asleep, reading the campus paper , its their choice and their responsibility ,not ours. - We cannot make them learn ! however, it is responsibility to prevent in attentive students from distracting those who want to learn. If you think your student really dont understand stop and ask them question: Try minute paper : near the end of class ,give the students a minute or more to answer, what is the most important thing you have learned in this class?

ADVANTAGES OF LECTURE METHOD:

It is an efficient method of teaching where one teacher can communicate with the large no. of students. Help to apparent time saving for the teachers and resources The teacher can play exactly the presentation in advance. Presence of teacher is needed so that student can see them. A well presented lecture may increase student motivation. Governs a large group of students. It enables to present large amount of information in a short time . It gives feeling of security New knowledge may be presented which is not yet in the text book It helps giving illustrational & inspirational talks and review of work. Teacher can integrate the subject matter better than students. It is a good for introducing a new topic, supplementing information, and introducing important incidental information.
8

 It is useful giving a framework upon which students can build. Since presence of teacher in the class, he has complete control over the content and can develop the presentation according to plan. The presence of a teacher avoids interruptions and disturbance and also gives feeling of security. The lecture method is particularly suitable for introducing a subject to ensure that all students have the necessary background to learn a subject, we can present basic information is a lecture. The lecture is often useful to supplement material from other sources for information difficult to obtain in other ways.

DISADVANTAGES OF LECTURE METHOD:

Although the lecture method can be an effective and efficient teaching method,it has a no. of disadvantages. The lecture does not lead to maximum achievements in certain types of learning, speech skills, cooperative group thinking and motor skills are difficult to teach with the lecture method. The lecture does not provide teacher with an opportunity to estimate student progress before an examination. To obtain, the lecture makes no provision for participation by the students. As a result , many students willingly allow the instructor to do all the work. Hearing is an active process, but the lecture method tends to faster passiveness and dependence on the instructor. Instructors may have to spend much time preparing for the lecture. Many instructors find it difficult to hold the attention of their students. When they lecture for an entire class period. It does not facilitate learning problem solving. Lecture do not cater for individual students need. It is difficult to distinguish difference in learning and background among students. It may be difficult for students to take complete and accurate notes. Pace of lecture does not suit all students. Students get material second hand rather than from primary source. Teachers bias may be evident. Low receptivity seen among students. It offers hardily and possibility of checking learning progress.
9

 Lecture strategy makes the teaching learning process totally one side affair. Lecture method place little as almost no attention to the needs, interest and ability of the students. All teachers are not good speaker. Lecture strategy provides full freedom to the teachers to speak at their will.

LESSON PLAN - Lesson plan is necessary for effective lecture.

Traditional format of lesson plan Name of the teacher Subject Name of the unitName of the topic Method of teaching Audio-visual aids Date & Time Venue Learners Previous experience Aims & objectives of lesson a. general objective b. specific objective

Time

Specific objectives

Content

Teaching learning activity

Evaluation

Bibliography:

SUMMARY: It is important to remember that the single overriding goal of a

presentation is to provide meaningful content in an entertaining way so that participants focus their attention, understand material and are receptive to implementing new ideas back home.
10

The whole preparation, presentation and content of a lecture must therefore be directed nor the speaker but to the audience needs and wants. I encouraged you to try some of technique provided so that your lecture may be perceived as more interactive , understood and remembered.

CONCLUSION:
To allow proper use of this kind of lecture , and to allow our students to obtain something more closely related to a true education , I full that some rather drastic changes are needed. The who combines power of creative vision of imagination, of intellect, of sympathy with human need, and the power to interpret these in a language vernacular and true is the real teacher who shall create poems in human being.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Basavanthappa. B.T, Nursing education, 2nd edition, Jaypee publication, page no. 452, 472-480. Neeraja.K.P, Textbook of Nursing education, first edition, Jaypee publication, page no. 255- 257 Sharma Suresh, Nursing communication & education, page no. 227-228 Sutherland NACTA Journal, September Willam E. Cashin, Idea paper, Effective lecturing WWW.Google.com WWW.Weekypedia.com

11