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Histograms, Frequency Polygons and Ogives: Most Common Graphs

The document discusses different types of graphs that can be used to represent frequency distributions including histograms, frequency polygons, ogives, Pareto charts, time series graphs, and pie charts. It provides the steps to construct each graph type and includes examples using a sample frequency distribution. Histograms use bars to show frequencies within class intervals, frequency polygons connect points plotted for the frequencies at class midpoints, and ogives represent cumulative frequencies against class boundaries.

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Fajrul Hisyam
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549 views

Histograms, Frequency Polygons and Ogives: Most Common Graphs

The document discusses different types of graphs that can be used to represent frequency distributions including histograms, frequency polygons, ogives, Pareto charts, time series graphs, and pie charts. It provides the steps to construct each graph type and includes examples using a sample frequency distribution. Histograms use bars to show frequencies within class intervals, frequency polygons connect points plotted for the frequencies at class midpoints, and ogives represent cumulative frequencies against class boundaries.

Uploaded by

Fajrul Hisyam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Histograms, frequency polygons and ogives

Once the data are organized in a frequency distribution the statistician should present it in a comprehensible way. Graphed data is easier to understand. Most common graphs: 1. histogram, 2. frequency polygon, . cumulative frequency graph or ogive. !he histogram is a graph that uses contiguous vertical bars to display the frequency of the data "unless the frequency equals #$ contained in each class. !he heights of the bars equal the frequency "after certain scale has been chosen$ and the bases of the bars lie on the corresponding class. Steps for constructing a histogram: 1. %raw and label the x "horizontal$ and the y "vertical$ a&es. 2. 'epresent the frequencies on the y a&is and the class boundaries on the x a&is. . (sing the frequencies as the heights draw vertical bars for each class. Note: )or the histogram we need the frequencies and the class boundaries. Example: *onstruct a histogram for the frequency distribution for the record high temperatures of the +# states. *lass ,imits 1##/1#0 1#+/1#1 11#/110 11+/111 12#/120 12+/121 1 #/1 0 *lass -oundaries 11.+/1#0.+ 1#0.+/1#1.+ 1#1.+/110.+ 110.+/111.+ 111.+/120.+ 120.+/121.+ 121.+/1 0.+ )requency "f) 2 2 12 1 3 1 1 *umulative )requency 2 1# 22 01 02 01 +# .idpoints "Xm) 1#2 1#3 112 113 122 123 1 2

4 frequency polygon is a graph that displays the data by using lines that connect points plotted for the frequencies at the midpoints of the classes. 5n the *artesian system OXY the midpoints are the first coordinates of the vertices of the polygon and the frequencies are the second coordinates. Steps for constructing a frequency polygon: 1. 2. . 0. %raw and label the x "horizontal$ and the y "vertical$ a&es. 'epresent the frequencies on the y a&is and the midpoints on the x a&is. 6lot the vertices of the polygon. *onnect ad7acent points with line segments. %raw a line bac8 to the x a&is at the beginning and the end of the graph at the same distance that the previous and the ne&t midpoints would be located.

Note: )or the frequency polygon we need the frequencies and the midpoints. Example: *onstruct a frequency polygon for the previous e&ample. 4n ogive is a graph that represents the cumulative frequencies for the classes in a frequency distribution. 5t shows how many of values of the data are below certain boundary. Steps for constructing an ogive: 1. %raw and label the x "horizontal$ and the y "vertical$ a&es. 2. 'epresent the cumulative frequencies on the y a&is and the class boundaries on the x a&is. . 6lot the cumulative frequency at each upper class boundary with the height being the corresponding cumulative frequency. 0. *onnect the points with segments. *onnect the first point on the left with the x a&is at the level of the lowest lower class boundary. Note: )or the ogive we need the class boundaries and the cumulative frequencies Example: *onstruct an ogive for the previous e&ample. Other types of graphs: 1. 6areto charts are the analogue to histograms in the case of a categorical variable. 2. !ime series graphs represent data that occur over a specific period of time "see )igure 2/1 "b$ on page 9 $ . 6ie graphs are circles that are divided into sections or wedges according to the percentage of frequencies in each category of the distribution.

Steps for constructing a pie graph: 1. *onvert the frequency for each class into a proportional part of the circle using the formula %egrees: 9#f/n, where f is the frequency for each class and n is the sum of the frequencies. 2. )ind the percentages corresponding to each class . (sing a protactor, graph each section and write its name and corresponding percentage. Example: %raw a 6areto chart and a pie graph for the following frequency distribution. *lass 4 O 4)requency + 3 1 0 2+ 6ercent 2# 22 9 19 1##

H;< p. +2/+1, =&. 1/11 "odd$ p. 32, =&. 1#/1

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