Topic 1 Algebraic

Expressions

SPM Notes
1. In algebra, like terms can be
combined into a single term by
addition or subtraction
a.

3x +5x =8x
b.

4y y = 3y
c.

5x
2
6x
2
= x
2

d.

4aa3b5b = 3a8b

2. Expansion is the process of getting
the product of
(a) a term with an expression,
i.

x(x y) = x
2
xy
ii.

3r(s+ t) = 3rs+ 3rt
(b) an expression with another
expression
i.

(y 5)(y +2) = y
2
3y 10
ii.

(pq)
2
=(pq)(pq) = p
2
2pq+q
2


SPM CLONE QUESTIONS
A. Simplify:
1.

(x +2)(x 3) x(x 2) =

2.

m(m2n) (mn)
2
=

3.

2x(x 3y) (3x y)
2
=

4.

(3mn)
2
m(m2n) =
B. Simplify the following
1.

m
2
+ n
2
(mn)
2


2.

3x
2
+ 4y
2
(x 2y)
2
x + 2y
=

3.

(3m)
2
(2m)(3+ m) =

4.

4 + x
2
(1 x)
2
=

5.

(3 p)
2
p( p3) =

6.

p( p+ 4) ( p2)
2
=

7.

5mn3(1mn) =

8.

(2x + 3y)(x 2y) =

9.

4m(m2n) (4mn)
2
=

10.

(3x + 4)(2x 3) =

11.

5p
2
p(1 p) =

12.

(2x 3y)
2
x(x 2y) =








Topic 2 Algebraic Fraction
SPM NOTES
1. The rules of simplifying algebraic
fractions and numerical fractions are
the same
2. To simplify two algebraic fractions
by addition or subtraction, use the
following steps:
i. Find the LCM of the two different
denominators.
ii. Express the two fractions having the
common denominators
iii. Add or sebtract the two numerators.
iv. Simplify the answer to its simplest
form.

SPM CLONE QUESTIONS
A. Simplify these fractions as a single
fraction in its simplest form.
1.

3x y
xy

9 y
3y


2.

3
m+ 3

2m 3
m(m+ 3)


3.

m
3n

3 m
n


B. Simplify
1.

x
3

x
2
1
3x
=

2.

2m+1
mn

6 n
3n

3.

6
y 2

6 + 3y
y(y 2)
=

4.

6 + x
3x

x + 2y
xy
=

5.

1
3d

6 e
15de
=

6.

m+1
4mn

3 4n
12n
=

7.

1
6e

3e
3e
2
=

8.

m+ 5
5m

2 m
m
=

9.

2
3x

4x 1
9x
2
=

10.

m
4n

1 m
n
=

11.

(5n
2
+ mn)
2m
n
2
(m+ 5n)


12.

p + 3
p
2

p +1
p
=

13.

x 5
x

2(3 x)
x
2
=




Topic 3 Linear Equations
SPM NOTES
Basic rules in solving linear equations
a.

x 2 =5


x =5+2


x = 7

b.

x + 3= 7


x = 73


x = 4

c.

x
4
= 3


x = 3(4)


x =12

d.

3x =6


x =
6
3



x =2

SPM CLONE QUESTIONS
1. Solve each of the following
equations
a.

x +
2
3
x = 5
b.

m
3
4 =
m
5


c. Given that

1
3
n + 2 = 5, find the
value of n.

d. Given that

3
2
5x = 3(2 x), find
the value of x.

e. Given that

x + 2
5
= 3x 2, find the
value of x.

2. Find the solution for each question.
i. Given that

m =
1
3
m2, find the
value of m

ii. Given that

y
2
3 =
y
5
, find the value
of y

iii. Given that

5p 3 =
1
2
( p +12), find
the value of p

iv. Given that

2
1
3
y = 5, find the
value of y

v. Given that

1
3
(12m) + 3= 2(m1) ,
find the value of m

vi. Given that

2x
3
5 =
1
3
, find the
value of x

vii. Given that

2
y
3
= y 2, find the
value of y

viii. Given that

2
1
3
x = 4, find the
value of x

ix. Given that

2p7 = 4(2 p), find
the value of p

x. Given that

133(2 y) =9y + 4
find the value of y

xi. Given that

x +1
3
= 2x 3

xii. Given that

y + 3 =
2(12y)
3
,
calculate the value of y













Topic 4 Simultaneous Linear
Equations

SPM NOTES
To solve simultaneous linear equations
we can use one of this three methode:
a. Elimination method
b. Substitution method
c. Matrices method


SPM CLONE QUESTIONS
A. Solve the following linear equations
1.

2x y = 7

3x 2y =11
2.

1
2
x 3y =10

5x +6y = 8

3.

m+2n =1

3m5n =25

4.

2d
2
3
e = 2

6d 3e =8

5.

x 2y =9

3x + y =13

6.

1
2
m2n =11

3m+ 4n =14

7.

3v 2w=12

6v + w=9

8.

h + 3k = 3

2
3
h k = 5

9.

m+2n =6

2m3n =16

10.

2h k = 7

h
1
3
k = 3












Topic 5 Algebraic Formulae

SPM NOTES

1. The subject of a formula is a
variable that is expressed in terms of
other variables.
(a). In the formula

E = mc
2
, E is the
subject of the formula, expressed in
terms of m and c.
(b). In the formula

m= mpr, m is
not the subject of the formula as m is
found on both sides of the formula.

2. Changing the subject of a formula
involves the rearrangement of the
formula so that a specific variable
becomes the subject of the formula

SPM CLONE QUESTIONS
A. Solve the followings.
1. Given that

x y(4 + x) = y express
x in terms of y

2. Given that

3
m
n =
n
4
, express n in
terms of m

3. If

x
3
=
4x 1
y
then

y =

4. Given that

G =
1
4
x
H
, express x in
terms of G and H


B. Solve the followings
1. If

x
y
= y 3x, then x =

2. If

m+ 3 n =
8m
5
, then n =

3. If

m
n
5 = m, then m =

4. If

p
q

5
2q
= 3p, then p =

5. If

g =
3x 2y
x
, then x =

6. If

gh
g + 5h
= 3, then h =

7. If

x
5
y
= xy , then x =

8. If

M
x
3y
|
\

|
.
|
= x , then y =

9. If

2pq =
p
q
5 then p =

10. Given that

G = 8
1
H + N



(

(
,
express H in terms of G and N

11. If

x
4
=
5x 1
y
, then y =

12. Given that

v =
w
3+ w
, express w in
terms of v.

13. Given that

5m2n
3
= mn + m,
express m in terms of n

14. Given that

M =
1
5
w
N
, express N
in terms of w and M.




















Topic 6 Linear Inequalities

SPM NOTES

1. An inequality is a relationship
between two unequal quantities.
2.
Symbol Meaning
> Greater than
< Less than

>
Greater than or equal to

s
Less than or equal to

3. Representation of an inequality on a
number line
(a)

x >2


-3 -2 -1 0 1

The empty circle o indicates that the
values of x do not include -2

(b)

x s2


- 1 0 1 2 3

The solid circle indicates that the
values of x include 2

4. To solve a linear inequality in one
unknown is to find its equivalent
inequalities in the simplest form.

x 1< 3


x < 3+ 4


x < 7

5. The symbol of inequality is reversed
when both sides of an inequality is
multiplied or divided by a negative
number
(a)

2x <10


x >
10
2



x >5


6. Solution for two simultaneous linear
inequalities in one unknown is to find
the common values or equivalent
inequalities that satisfy both the
inequalities.
(a)


x >2




x >0




The common solution for

x >2 and

x >0 is

x >0
(b)

x
3
> 5


x s5(3)


x s15
-3 -2 -1 0 1
(b)


x >2




x s0




The common solution for

x >2 and

x s0 is

2 < x s 0




(c)


x <0



x s2




The common solution for

x <0 and

x s2 is

x s 2







d.



x <2

x >0






No common values hence no solution
for

x <2 and

x >0.



SPM CLONE QUESTIONS
A. Solve the followings

1. Given that x is an integer, list all the
values of x which satisfy both the
inequalities

5 x >1 and

x > 2 +
x
2


2. Given that

p s x sq satisfies both
the inequalities

3
2x
3
>1 and

7+2x >5, find the value of p and of q.

3. List all the integers which satisfy
both inequalities

x
4
1s x and

1
2
(x + 3) > x

-3 -2 -1 0 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1
3. The solution for

3x + 4 <1
3x
4
is

B. Solve the followings

1. The smallest integer value of x
which satisfies the inequality

x + 6 >
1
3
(2 x) is

2. Given

p s x sq satisfies both the
inequalities

5
x
2
s 4 and

4(x + 3) s 30+ x , find the value of

p+q

3. If

7< 32ms8m, then

4. If

5y 3s 7 <2y +9, then

5. Given that

p s x s 3 satisfies both
the inequalities

2 x s1 and

x
3
+ 3 s 4, find the value of p

6. List all the interger values of x
which satisfy both the inequalities

3x +2 >2 and

5 x > 3

7. List all the integer values of y which
satisfy the inequality

2y + 7 <15 s 3y +9

8. List all the integer value of x which
satisfy both the inequalities

5x 9 > 3(x 1) and

6
x
2
> 2

9. The diagram represents two
simultaneous inequalities on a number
line








The inequality which represents the
common values of both the inequalities
is

10. List all the integers values of x
which satisfy both the inequalities

2x +1>17 and

3x
4
< 9

11. List all the integer values of x
which satisfy both the inequalities

x <6 and

152x s 7

12. Find the solution for

x
2
+1> 2x + 7

-3 -2 -1 0 1
13. List all the integer values of x
which satisfy the inequalities

3x 6 < x s 7+ 4x

14. List all the integer value of m
which satisfy both the inequalities

m
5
1s m and

1
2
(m+ 3) > m

15. The solution for

3x + 5 < 2
3
4
x


16. Draw a number line to represent
the solution of the simultaneous linear
inequalities

3x +1>5 and

2 x >1


















Topic 7 Indices

SPM NOTES
Laws of Indices

a
m
a
n
= a
m+n


a
n
=
1
a
n


a
m
a
n
= a
mn


(a
m
)
n
= a
mn


a
0
=1

a
1
n
= a
n


a
1
= a

a
m
n
= a
m n
= ( a
n
)
m


SPM CLONE QUESTIONS
A. Solve it
1. Find the value of

8
4
3
2
2

2. Simplify

2
1
2
(2
1
2
3
1
3
)
3


3. Simplify

4
2
7
1
3
14
2
|
\



|
.
|
|
|
3


4. Simplify

(2eb
2
)
3
4e
3
b

5. Find the value of

(85
6
)
1
3
(2
3
5
4
)

6. Given that

5
x
=
25
5
2x
, find the value
of x

7. Simplify

(p
2
)
3
p
4


8. Given that

6
n
=
36
6
3n
, find the value
of n.

9. Simplify

9
2
7
1
3
21
2
|
\



|
.
|
|
|
3


10.

5
3x
7
can be written as
A.

5
3
x
7

B.

5
3
x
7

C.

3
5
x
7

D.

15x
7


11. Simplify

(m
6
n
9
)
1
3
m
1
n
4


12. Simplify

(x
2
y
3
)
1
x
5
y
4


13. Simplify

( 64)
1
3
125
2
3
2
3


14. Simplify

(4 p
2
q)
3

1
8
p
2
q
1


15. Given

1
x
n
|
\

|
.
|
1
2
= x
3




16.

k
2
3
can be written as
A.

k
3

B.

k
2 3

C.

( k
3
)
2

D.

( k
2
)
3


17. Simplify

2n
2
(4 p
2
)
1
2
(n
6
p
3
)
1
3


18. If

1
k
n
|
\

|
.
|
2
= k
6
, then the value of n
is

19.

(mp
2
)
3
(m
1
p
4
) =

20. Given that

5
8
5
p
=5
2
, therefore
p =

21.

(81m
6
)
1
4
m
1
2
=